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Building material wikipedia, the free encyclopedi
1.
7/1/2015 Building material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material#Concrete 1/7 Concrete and metal rebar used to build a floor Building material From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many manmade products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work. They provide the makeup of habitats and structures including homes.[1] Contents 1 The total cost of building materials 1.1 Economic costs 1.2 Ecological costs 1.3 Energy costs 1.4 Social costs 2 Naturally occurring substances 2.1 Brush 2.2 Ice and snow 2.3 Mud and clay 2.3.1 Wetlaid clay walls 2.3.2 Structural clay blocks and bricks 2.4 Sand 2.5 Stone or rock 2.6 Thatch 2.7 Wood and timber 3 Manmade substances 3.1 Fired bricks and clay blocks 3.2 Cement composites 3.3 Concrete 3.4 Fabric 3.5 Foam 3.6 Glass 3.7 Gypcrete 3.8 Metal 3.9 Plastics 3.10 Papers and membranes 3.11 Ceramics 4 Building products 5 Testing and certification 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The total cost of building materials In history there are trends in building materials from being: natural to becoming more manmade and composite; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; and chosen for increased levels of firesafety. These trends tend to increase the initial and long term economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials. Economic costs The initial economic cost of building materials is the purchase price. This is often what governs decision making about what materials to use. Sometimes people take into consideration the energy savings or durability of the materials and see the value of paying a higher initial cost in return for a lower lifetime cost. For example an asphalt shingle roof costs less than a metal roof to install, but the metal roof will last longer so the lifetime cost is less per year. Risks when considering lifetime cost of a material is if the building is damaged such as by fire or wind, or if the material is not as durable as advertised. The cost of materials should be taken into consideration to bear the risk to buy combustive materials to enlarge the lifetime. It is said that, 'if it must be done, it must be done well'. Ecological costs Pollution costs can be macro and micro. The macro, environmental pollution of extraction industries building materials rely on such as mining, petroleum, and logging produce environmental damage at their source and in transportation of the raw materials, manufacturing, transportation of the products, retailing, and installation. An example of the micro aspect of pollution is the offgassing of the building materials in the building or
2.
7/1/2015 Building material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material#Concrete 2/7 View of a group of Mohaves in a brush hut Sod buildings in Iceland indoor air pollution. Red List building materials are materials found to be harmful. Also the carbon footprint, the total set of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the life of the material. A lifecycle analysis also includes the reuse, recycling, or disposal of construction waste. Two concepts in building which account for the ecological economics of building materials are green building and sustainable development. Energy costs Initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the material. The long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and deliver energy to the building for its use, maintenance, and eventual removal. The initial embodied energy of a structure is the energy consumed to extract, manufacture, deliver, install, the materials. The life time embodied energy continues to grow with the use, maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal of the building materials themselves and how the materials and design help minimize the lifetime energy consumption of the structure. Social costs Social costs are injury and health of the people producing and transporting the materials and potential health problems of the building occupants if there are problems with the building biology. Globalization has had significant impacts on people both in terms of jobs, skills, and self sufficiency are lost when manufacturing facilities are closed and the cultural aspects of where new facilities are opened. Aspects of fair trade and labor rights are social costs of global building material manufacturing. Naturally occurring substances Brush Brush structures are built entirely from plant parts and were used in primitive cultures such as Native Americans,[2] pygmy peoples in Africa[3] These are built mostly with branches, twigs and leaves, and bark, similar to a beaver's lodge. These were variously named wikiups, leantos, and so forth. An extension on the brush building idea is the wattle and daub process in which clay soils or dung, usually cow, are used to fill in and cover a woven brush structure. This gives the structure more thermal mass and strength. Wattle and daub is one of the oldest building techniques.[4] Many older timber frame buildings incorporate wattle and daub as non load bearing walls between the timber frames. Ice and snow Snow and occasionally ice,[5] were used by the Inuit peoples for igloos and snow is used to built a shelter called a quinzhee. Ice has also been used for ice hotels as a tourist attraction in northern climates.[6] Mud and clay Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct types. One being when the walls are made directly with the mud mixture, and the other being walls built by stacking airdried building blocks called mud bricks. Other uses of clay in building is combined with straws to create light clay, wattle and daub, and mud plaster. Wetlaid clay walls Wetlaid, or damp, walls are made by using the mud or clay mixture directly without forming blocks and drying them first. The amount of and type of each material in the mixture used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the soil being used. Larger amounts of clay are usually employed in building with cob, while lowclay soil is usually associated with sod house or sod roof construction. The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and straw/grasses. Rammed earth is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils between planks by hand; nowadays forms and mechanical pneumatic compressors are used.[7] Soil, and especially clay, provides good thermal mass; it is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer.[7] People building with mostly dirt and clay, such as cob, sod, and adobe, created homes that have been built for centuries in western and northern Europe, Asia, as well as the rest of the world, and continue to be built, though on a smaller scale. Some of these buildings have remained habitable for hundreds of years.[8][9] Structural clay blocks and bricks Mudbricks, also known by their Spanish name adobe are ancient building materials with evidence dating back thousands of years BC. Compressed earth blocks are a more modern type of brick used for building more frequently in industrialized society since the building blocks can be manufactured off site in a centralized location at a brickworks and transported to multiple building locations. These blocks can also be monetized more easily and sold.
3.
7/1/2015 Building material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material#Concrete 3/7 Toda tribe hut A woodframed house under construction in Texas, United States The Gliwice Radio Tower (the second tallest wooden structure in the world) in Poland (2012). Structural mud bricks are almost always made using clay, often clay soil and a binder are the only ingredients used, but other ingredients can include sand, lime, concrete, stone and other binders. The formed or compressed block is then air dried and can be laid dry or with a mortar or clay slip. Sand Sand is used with cement, and sometimes lime, to make mortar for masonry work and plaster. Sand is also used as a part of the concrete mix. An important lowcost building material in countries with high sand content soils is the Sandcrete block, which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay bricks.[10] Stone or rock Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock throughout the world, all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too; its main drawback as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density is also considered a big drawback, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources. Drystone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually, different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together, cement being the most commonplace now. The granitestrewn uplands of Dartmoor National Park, United Kingdom, for example, provided ample resources for early settlers. Circular huts were constructed from loose granite rocks throughout the Neolithic and early Bronze Age, and the remains of an estimated 5,000 can still be seen today. Granite continued to be used throughout the Medieval period (see Dartmoor longhouse) and into modern times. Slate is another stone type, commonly used as roofing material in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world where it is found. Stone buildings can be seen in most major cities; some civilizations built entirely with stone such as the Egyptian and Aztec pyramids and the structures of the Inca civilization. Thatch Thatch is one of the oldest of building materials known; grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. Many African tribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses and sand yearround. In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favor as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, though, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, for instance, many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top. Wood and timber Wood has been used as a building material for thousands of years in its natural state. Today, engineered wood is becoming very common in industrialized countries. Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. It is a generic building material and is used in building just about any type of structure in most climates. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species. This means specific species are better suited for various uses than others. And growing conditions are important for deciding quality. "Timber" is the term used for construction purposes except the term "lumber" is used in the United States. Raw wood (a log, trunk, bole) becomes timber when the wood has been "converted" (sawn, hewn, split) in the forms of minimallyprocessed logs stacked on top of each other, timber frame construction, and light frame construction. The main problems with timber structures are fire risk and moisturerelated problems. In modern times softwood is used as a lowervalue bulk material, whereas hardwood is usually used for finishings and furniture. Historically timber frame structures were built with oak in western Europe, recently douglas fir has become the most popular wood for most types of structural building. Many families or communities, in rural areas, have a personal woodlot from which the family or community will grow and harvest trees to build with or sell. These lots are tended to like a garden. This was much more prevalent in pre industrial times, when laws existed as to the amount of wood one could cut at any one time to ensure there would be a supply of timber for the future, but is still a viable form of agriculture. Manmade substances Fired bricks and clay blocks
4.
7/1/2015 Building material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material#Concrete 4/7 A pile of fired bricks. Clay blocks (sometimes called clay block brick) being laid with an adhesive rather than mortar Falkirk Wheel Bricks are made in a similar way to mudbricks except without the fibrous binder such as straw and are fired ("burned" in a brick clamp or kiln) after they have airdried to permanently harden them. Kiln fired clay bricks are a ceramic material. Fired bricks can be solid or have hollow cavities to aid in drying and make them lighter and easier to transport. The individual bricks are placed upon each other in courses using mortar. Successive courses being used to build up walls, arches, and other architectural elements. Fired brick walls are usually substantially thinner than cob/adobe while keeping the same vertical strength. They require more energy to create but are easier to transport and store, and are lighter than stone blocks. Romans extensively used fired brick of a shape and type now called Roman bricks.[11] Building with brick gained much popularity in the mid18th century and 19th centuries. This was due to lower costs with increases in brick manufacturing and firesafety in the ever crowding cities. The cinder block supplemented or replaced fired bricks in the late 20th century often being used for the inner parts of masonry walls and by themselves. Structural clay tiles (clay blocks) are clay or terracotta and typically are perforated with holes. Cement composites Cement bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood, particles, or fibers to make precast building components. Various fiberous materials, including paper, fiberglass, and carbon fiber have been used as binders. Wood and natural fibers are composed of various soluble organic compounds like carbohydrates, glycosides and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore, before using a wood in making cement bonded composites, its compatibility with cement is assessed. Woodcement compatibility is the ratio of a parameter related to the property of a woodcement composite to that of a neat cement paste. The compatibility is often expressed as a percentage value. To determine woodcement compatibility, methods based on different properties are used, such as, hydration characteristics, strength, interfacial bond and morphology. Various methods are used by researchers such as the measurement of hydration characteristics of a cementaggregate mix;[12][13][14] the comparison of the mechanical properties of cementaggregate mixes[15][16] and the visual assessment of microstructural properties of the woodcement mixes.[17] It has been found that the hydration test by measuring the change in hydration temperature with time is the most convenient method. Recently, Karade et al.[18] have reviewed these methods of compatibility assessment and suggested a method based on the ‘maturity concept’ i.e. taking in consideration both time and temperature of cement hydration reaction. Bricks were laid in lime mortar from the time of the Romans until supplanted by Portland cement mortar in the early 20th century. Cement blocks also sometimes are filled with grout or covered with a parge coat. Concrete Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder such as cement. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), portland cement and water. After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stonelike material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term "concrete". For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known as rebars). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete. In order to minimise any air bubbles, that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork. Concrete has been the predominant building material in the modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport. Recent advancements, such as insulating concrete forms, combine the concrete forming and other construction steps (installation of insulation). All materials must be taken in required proportions as described in standards. Fabric The tent is the home of choice among nomadic groups all over the world. Two wellknown types include the conical teepee and the circular yurt. The tent has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of tensile architecture and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid or internal, or by air pressure. Foam Recently, synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. It is lightweight, easily shaped, and an excellent insulator. Foam is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel, wherein the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement or insulating concrete forms. Glass Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material.
5.
7/1/2015 Building material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material#Concrete 5/7 Foamed plastic sheet to be used as backing for firestop mortar at CIBC bank in Toronto. Copper belfry of St. Laurentius church, Bad NeuenahrAhrweiler Plastic pipes penetrating a concrete floor in a Canadian highrise apartment building Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. Glass panes provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove called a kiln, and is very brittle. Additives are often included the mixture used to produce glass with shades of colors or various characteristics (such as bulletproof glass or light emittance). The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass "curtain walls" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a "space frame". These uses though require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass by itself is too brittle and would require an overly large kiln to be used to span such large areas by itself. Glass bricks were invented in the early 20th century. Gypcrete Gypcrete is a mixture of gypsum plaster and fibreglass rovings. Although plaster and fibres fiborous plaster have been used for many years, especially for ceilings, it was not until the early 1990s that serious studies of the strength and qualities of a walling system Rapidwall, using a mixture of gypsum plaster and 300mm plus fibreglass rovings, were investigated. It was discovered, through testing at the University of Adelaide, that these walls had significant, load bearing, shear and lateral resistance together with earthquakeresistance, fireresistance, and thermal properties. With an abundance of gypsum (naturally occurring and byproduct chemical FGD and phospho gypsums) available worldwide, gypcretebased building products, which are fully recyclable, offer significant environmental benefits. Metal Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as the Quonset hut, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time. The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Copper is a valued building material because of its advantageous properties (see: Copper in architecture). These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sustainability, recyclability, and a wide range of finishes. Copper is incorporated into roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor design elements. Other metals used include chrome, gold, silver, and titanium. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness. Plastics The term "plastics" covers a range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects, films, or fibers. Their name is derived from the fact that in their semiliquid state they are malleable, or have the property of plasticity. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today. Papers and membranes Building papers and membranes are used for many reasons in construction. One of the oldest building papers is red rosin paper which was known to be in use before 1850 and was used as an underlayment in exterior walls, roofs, and floors and for protecting a jobsite during construction. Tar paper was invented late in the 19th century and was used for similar purposes as rosin paper and for gravel roofs. Tar paper has largely fallen out of use supplanted by asphalt felt paper. Felt paper has been supplanted in some uses by synthetic underlayments, particularly in roofing by synthetic underlayments and siding by housewraps. There are a wide variety of damp proofing and waterproofing membranes used for roofing, basement waterproofing, and geomembranes. Ceramics Fired clay bricks have been used since the time of the Romans. Special tiles are used for roofing, siding, flooring, ceilings, pipes, flue liners, and more.
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7/1/2015 Building material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material#Concrete 6/7 Building products In the market place the term "building products" often refers to readymade particles/sections, made from various materials, that are fitted in architectural hardware and decorative hardware parts of a building. The list of building products excludes the building materials used to construct the building architecture and supporting fixtures, like windows, doors, cabinets, etc. Building products, rather, support and make building materials work in a modular fashion. "Building products" may also refer to items used to put such hardware together, such as caulking, glues, paint, and anything else bought for the purpose of constructing a building. Testing and certification ASTM International UL (safety organization) ETL SEMKO — Building Product Testing Laboratory in the USA, part of Intertek, based in London NTA Inc— Building Product Certification Agency based in Nappanee, Indiana, USA See also Biocidal natural building material List of building materials Phenomenology (architecture) Materiality (architecture) Thermal emittance Thermal mass Prefabrication References 1.
"building" def. 2 and 4, "material" def. 1. Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CDROM (v. 4.0)© Oxford University Press 2009 2. Nabokov, Peter, and Robert Easton. Native American architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. 16. Print. 3. Kent, Susan. Domestic architecture and the use of space: an interdisciplinary crosscultural study. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 131.Print. 4. Shaffer, G.D. "An Archaeomagnetic Study of a Wattle and Daub Building Collapse." Journal of Field Archaeology, 20, No. 1. Spring, 1993. 5975. JSTOR. Accessed 28 January 2007 (http://jstor.org/search) 5. Lyon, G. F.. The private journal of Captain G.F. Lyon, of H.M.S. Hecla, during the recent voyage of discovery under Captain Parry .... London: J. Murray, 1824. 280281. Print. 6. Hall, Colin Michael, and Jarkko Saarinen. Tourism and change in polar regions: climate, environments and experiences. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England: Routledge, 2010. 30. Print. 7. McHenry, Paul Graham. Adobe and rammed earth buildings: design and construction. New York: Wiley, 1984. 104. Print. 8. Smith, Michael G. "Cob Building, Ancient and Modern," in Kennedy, Smith and Wanek, (2002), 132133. 9. [1] (http://web.archive.org/web/20100416132054/http://www.takungpao.com/news/10/01/28/_IN1208245.htm) Earliest Chinese building brick appeared in Xi'an (中國最早磚類建材在西安現身)]. takungpao.com (2010128) 10. Zoya Kpamma, Z. Mohammed Kamil, K. AdinkrahAppiah, "Making Wall Construction Process Lean:The Interlocking Blocksystem as a Toole" [sic], International Conference on Infrastructural Development In Africa (ICIDA), KNUST, Kumasi,Ghana, March 2012. http://www.academia.edu/2647016/MAKING_WALL_CONSTRUCTION_PROCESS_LEAN_THE_INTERLOCKING_BLOCK_SYSTEM_AS_A_TOOL accessed 12/11/2013 11. [2] (http://www.wienerberger.com/naturalbuildingwithclay/historyofbricks) History of bricks wienerberger.com 12. Sandermann, W. and Kohler, R. (1964) Studies on mineralbonded wood materials. IV. A short test of the aptitudes of woods for cementbonded materials. Holzforschung 18, 53:59. 13. Weatherwax, R.C. and Tarkow, H. (1964) Effect of wood on setting of Portland cement. For. Prod. J. 14(12), 567570. 14. Hachmi, M., Moslemi, A.A. and Campbell, A.G. (1990) A new technique to classify the compatibility of wood with cement. Wood Sci. Technol. 24(4), 345354. 15. Hong, Z. and Lee, A.W.C. (1986) Compressive strength of cylindrical samples as an indicator of wood cement compatibility. For. Prod. J. 36(11/12), 87 90. 16. Demirbas, A. and Aslan, A. (1998) Effects of ground hazelnut shell, wood and tea waste on the mechanical properties of cement. Cement Concrete Res. 28(8), 11011104. 17. Ahn, W.Y. and Moslemi, A.A. (1980) SEM examination of woodPortland cement bonds. Wood Sci .13(2), 7782. 18. Karade SR, Irle M, Maher K (2003) Assessment of woodcement compatibility: A new approach. Holzforschung, 57: 672680. External links Media related to Building materials at Wikimedia Commons Materiales de Construcción (http://materconstrucc.revistas.csic.es) Bilingual (Spanish/English) Scientific journal published by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain. Informes de la Construcción (http://informesdelaconstruccion.revistas.csic.es) Scientific journal published by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building_material&oldid=663124806" Categories: Building materials
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7/1/2015 Building material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material#Concrete 7/7 This page was last modified on 19 May 2015, at 18:35. Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization.
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