2. Lectures on Environment
By
Dr. Fazal Mahmood
M.B.B.S(Pb), M.C.P.S(Pak)

3. ENVIRONMENT
 DEFINITION
 Allthose factors external to individual
human host which can affect his health &
susceptibility to illness e.g. Water,
Sanitation, Housing, Air etc.

4. GENERAL ENVIRONMENT
– TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT
 External / Macro Environment
 Internal / Micro Environment
 Physical Environment
 Biological Environment
 Psycho-Social Environment
 Occupational Environment
 Moral Environment

5. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
 Non Living Things
 Physical Factors
 Defective Environment
 Improvement
 Quality of Life

6. BIOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
 Universe of living things
 Constantly Working
 Disease Producing agents
 Reservoirs of Infection
 Intermediate Host
 Vectors of Diseases
 Harmonious Relationship

7. PSYCHO-SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
 Factors affecting Personal health
 Health Care, Community Well-being
 Harmony & Disharmony
 Impacts of Social Environment
 Positive & Negative aspects
 Diseases due to Social aspects

8. WATER
 DEFINITION
 It’s
a Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless Liquid,
Chemically a compound of Hydrogen &
oxygen. It is used as standard for Specific
Gravity & Specific Heat, Freezes at
0’C(32’F) & Boils at 100’C(212’F)

9. Distribution of Earths Water
 Ocean--------------------------96.5%
 Ground-------------------------1.7%
 Glacier--------------------------1.74%
 Ice-------------------------------0.0220
 Lakes----------------------------0.0130
 Swamps-------------------------0.0008
 Rivers----------------------------0.0002
 Biological-----------------------0.0001
 Atmosphere---------------------0.0010

10. ACCESS TO SAFE WATER
SUPPLY
URBAN RURAL TOTAL
 Developing 87 % 60 % 70 %
Countries
 South Asia 87 % 78 % 80 %
 Pakistan 96 % 71 % 79 %

11. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

12. FUNCTIONS OF WATER
 IN HUMAN BODY
 IN ENVIRONMENT

13. CLASSIFICATION OF
WATER
1. Clean Water
2. Polluted water
3. Contaminated water
4. Safe or Wholesome Water
 Pleasant to taste
 Free from harmful chemical substances
 Free from Pathogens
 Usable for domestic purpose

14. SOURCES OF WATER
 RAIN:-
 SURFFACE WATER
 Sea
 Rivers
 Streams
 Lakes
 Ponds
 Impounding Reservoirs

15. SOURCES OF WATER
RAIN :-
Hazards are in the form of
impurities such as:-
 Suspended Impurities:
Dust, Soot, Micro-organisms
 Gases:
CO2, O2 , NH 3, Gaseous Sulpher &
Nitrogen Oxides leading to Acid Rain.

16. IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS
 Are recipients of all sorts of contamination
IMPROVEMENTS:-
 Elevated edges
 Provision of fence
 Prohibibition of bathing
 Provision of elevated platform
 Periodic removal of weeds & filtration of water.

17. CATCHMENT AREA
 ORGANIC POLLUTION
 LEAD POISONING
 ALGAE GROWTH

18. HAZARDS OF OVER
STORAGE
 EUTRIPHICATION
 BIO-MAGNIFICATION
 THERMAL STRATIFICATION

19. SOURCES CONTD.-----!
 GROUD WATER :-
 SPRINGS
 Shallow
 Deep
 Thermal
 Rock Fault
 Mineral

20. SOURCES CONTND-----!
 WELLS:-
 Shallow
 Deep
 Artesian
 Sanitary

21. SANITARY WELL
 REQUIREMENTS:-
 Location
 Lining
 Parapet
 Platform
 Drain
 Covering

22. SANITARY WELL
 REQUIREMENTS CONTIND.---------
 Provisionof Hand Pump/Electric motor
 Health Education
 Quality of water

23. CONE OF FILTRATION
It is an imaginary inverted cone which is
significant with reference to the area which
may be responsible for polluting the well’s
water due to a source of contamination in it
like a Pond, Sewerage line etc.

24. Detection of Source of
Pollution in the well
 Chemical Method
 Bacteriological Method
 Dye Method