DAWOOD UET muhammadahmed191141@gmail.com

2.  INTRODUCTION
 PRODUCTION
 PROPERTIES
 USES
 MANUFATURING PROCESS
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 WASTE MANAGEMENT
 SAFTEY

3.  sulphuric acid is a colourless dense oily corrosive
liquid produced by the reaction of sulphur trioxide
with water and used in accumulators and in the
manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, and explosives.
Formula: H2SO4

4. 9th century: Islamic physician and alchemsit Ibn Zakariya
al-Razi – discovered dry distillation of vitriol (al-zajat), and
alcohol(ethanol).
17th century: German-Dutch chemist Johann
Glauber – burned sulphur with
saltpeter (potassium nitrate - KNO3)
18th century: Joseph Gay-Lussac, John Glover –
lead chamber process
19th century: Peregrine Phillips – contact process

5. Geometrical Shape : Tetrahedral
Bond angle : 109.5

6.  King of compounds
 Oil of vitriol
 Dipping acid
 Battery acid
 Electrolyte acid
 Mattling acid
 Dihydrogen sulphate

11. Sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst in the
following reactions:
C1 2H22O11 + H2SO4 12C + 11H2O
The dehydrating ability of sulfuric acid is
often utilised in laboratories to dry gas
mixtures that are being prepared or
analysed.

17. 75% of the SulfuricAcid that is produced is used to make
fertilizers such as
 Superphosphate
 Ammonium sulphate and
 Ammonium phosphate.
 Rock phosphate contains insoluble Calcium Phosphate .To
be made available to plants it needs to be converted to a
soluble form:
 Ca3(PO4)2, (s) + 2H2SO4 (l) + 4H2O
 Ca(H2PO4)2 (s) + 2CaSO4 • 2H2O
(s)

18. superphosphate

25. There are three industrial processes for
manufacturing of sulphuric acid.
 Contact process
 Lead chamber process
 Wet Sulfuric Acid Process (WSA)

26.  Sulphur (source sulphide ore .etc )
 Water
 Air

27.  • Sulfur burning
 • Pyrites roasting
 • Metal sulfide roasting and smelting
 • Metal sulfate roasting
 • Combustion of H2S or other sulfur-
containing gases

28. H = -296.7 kJ/mole

29.  Sulphurdioxide burner gas contains impurities like
CO2 , As , F , N2 , Cl2 and dust.
 Also contain moisture which can cause corrosion to
equipment.
 To remove all these impurities the burner gas is
passed through dust filter chamber ,washing tower
and then drying tower
Dust filter chamber Washing tower Drying tower

34. V2O5

35.  The conversion of SO2 into SO3 is and exothermic
reaction .
 It releases -197 kj per mole energy
 To remove this extra heat coolers or heat
exchangers are adjusted on the outlets of reaction
bed
 The temperature in the converter is maintained
between 400°C and 500°C and the pressure is close
to 1 atm.

36.  Using Le Chatelier’s principal, the equilibrium
yield of sulfur trioxide will increase:
▪ As temperature decrease. Since the reaction is
exothermic a decrease in temperature will favour
the forward reaction.
▪ As pressure increases. Since there are more gas
particles on the reactants the forward reaction will
result in a decreased pressure.
▪ If excess reactants are added.

37.  Direct reaction of SO3 with water is very exothermic which results
in the formation of steam .sulphuric acid as gas is very difficult to
collect .
 SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l) H= -103kjper mole
 Due to this SO3 is absorbed in H2SO4 to produce oleum
 SO3 (g)+ H2O (l ) H2S2O7(l)

38.  Oleum is mixed with water to form sulphuric
acid
 H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

42. ADVANTAGES
 Larger amount of sulphuric acid is manufactured
 High concentraion of sulphuric acid is obtained as compared
to all other processes
 Widely used
DISADVANTAGES
 The biggest problem is that the catalyst can be poisoned if
the sulfur dioxide is not fairly pure. Also it could be faster.

43. Advantages
 There are little or no waste by-products produced by this
process. It is also the most economic way to get rid of
sulfurous waste gases.
Disadvantages
 This process produces an acid with low concentration
instead of the high concentrations that the Contact Process
yields.

44. Advantages
 The original acid to be used can be obtained at any
concentration.
Disadvantages
 The acid in the chamber is between 62% and 68% sulfuric
acid.
 This process is not used as widely as the Contact Process is
today mainly because this process produces a more dilute
acid than the Contact Process which yields pure sulfuric acid.
The Contact Process also produces a much larger amount of
sulfuric acid than the Lead Chamber Process.

46.  Sulfuric acid plants use sulfur or sulfur dioxide that is a
by-product from other industries.
 To maximise their conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur
trioxide most plants now use a double absorption
process.
 Any unreacted gas from the absorption tower is
passed over the catalytic beds again and re passed
through the absorption tower.
 This improves the percentage of sulfur dioxide
converted from 98% to better than 99.6%

47.  Improvements in conversion have also been
made by adding small amounts of caesium
to the vanadium oxide catalyst to increase
its efficiency and allow it to operate at lower
temperatures

48.  There is relatively little solid waste produced
from sulfuric acid manufacturing.
 The catalyst is dumped in landfill after
recovering the mildly toxic vanadium.
 The cooling water is recycled.
 Most sulfuric acid plants are located near
smelting and refining industries that produce
waste sulfur dioxide, a raw material for the
production of sulfuric acid

49.  All three processes are exothermic, meaning energy is
produced.The heat released is bring to boilers to produce
steamThis energy is used to generate its electricity or as a
source to produce other chemicals.

51.  Monitoring of Mist Emissions in the Stack
 Emissions from S.A. plants generally consist of some
unconverted SO2, unabsorbed
 SO3, and acid mist escaping from demisters installed in final
absorption tower.
 These are minimized by the following techniques:
 • Providing a continuously operating alkali scrubber for SCSA
plants.
 • Using a DCDA process instead of SCSA and cesium
promoted catalyst in the last
 pass of the converter.
 • Strict control of process temperatures and SO2
percentages in gases at the inlet to the converter.

52.  • Use of efficient hot gas filters and sulfur filters to
minimize the deposition of ash
 on the catalyst surfaces.
 • Automatic adjustment of dilution water addition
to control the strength of the
 circulating acid at optimum level (98.0–98.5%).
 • Control of temperatures of acid and gas at the
inlet to the absorption towers.
 • Sufficient flow of acid in all towers.

53.  The SO3 vapors generated by the oleum boiler should be
condensed or absorbed
 into a suitable medium.Apart from well designed,
fabricated, tested, and maintained
 storage and condenser plant, operators will find the
following practical suggestions
 useful for safe operation:
 1. Use only pureTeflon PTFE gaskets in SO3 vapor and liquid
lines. Conventional
 acid resistant gaskets may not be able to withstand attack by
SO3.

54.  2. Provide steam tracing lines, i.e., another steam line in
contact with or in the near
 vicinity of the liquid SO3 pipeline instead of a steam jacket.
 3. Maintain a temperature of between 28 and 33 °C in the
storage tanks for SO3.
 4. Provide a dual pressure gauge on the SO3 condenser,
which can indicate pressures
 below and above atmospheric.
 5. Use a falling film condenser instead of a shell and tube
type condenser wherein
 cooling water flows under pressure in the tubes.

55.  In the case of a tube leak, no water should enter the SO3
side.The tubes in the
 falling film condenser are open to the sky and, in the case of
a leak, the pressure
 gets released to the top opening.
 6. Safety vents, rupture discs, and air vents will form
standard mountings on the
 condenser and storages. Scrubbers will be connected to the
vents and irrigated by
 98% sulfuric acid for absorbing any SO3 vapors released
from the vents.

56.  Sulfuric acid is highly corrosive and can burn skin
and eyes severely.
 It can cause blindness and third degree burns on
contact.
 Exposure to sulfuric acid mist can cause other health
problems.
 Workers in sulfuric acid plants can also be exposed
to the acid through breathing air contaminated with
emissions containing oxides of sulfur

57.  Strict safety procedures including adequate
methods to trap the fumes are required to minimise
the risks to workers and the environment in the case
of accidently release
 Work areas must be well ventilated and employees
wear protective clothing.
 Acid spills are contained using materials such as
earth, clay or sand and then slowly diluted with
water before being neutralised with a base such as
limestone or sodium carbonate

58.  pulmonary edema ( fluid in lungs )
 burning sensation
 coughing
 wheezing
 shortness of breath
 headache, nausea
 vomiting

59.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acid
 http://www.akerkvaerner.com/Internet/IndustriesAndService
s/Metals/AcidPlants/SulphuricAcidConcentration.htm
 http://www.na-ag.com/NA_en/rohstoffe/roh_schwefel
 http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/sulphuric_aci
d/2SulphuricAcidUses.htm
 http://www.pollutionengineering.com/CDA/ArticleInformati
on/products/BNPProductItem/0,6654,150482,00.html
 http://www.noram-eng.com/technologies/sulphuric.html
 http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/5/chemistry/catalys
is/catsch3pg4.html
 http://www.ausetute.com.au/sulfacid.html
 http://www.ratson.com/chemicals/sulfuric.htm