covid-19 presentation by Ahmad Raza (Pharm-D)

2. COVID-19
PRESENT BY:
• AHMAD RAZA (L1F19PHMD0061)
• ABU HURAIRA (L1F19PHMD0095)
• AMEER HAMZA (L1F19PHMD0120)

3. INTRODUCTION:
Corona virus pose serious health threats to
humans and other animals.
From 2002 to 2003, severe acute
respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-
CoV) infected 8,000 people, with a fatality
rate of 10%.
Since 2012, Middle East respiratory
syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) has
infected more than 1,700 people, with a
fatality rate of
36%.

4. • Corona viruses cause widespread
respiratory, gastrointestinal, and
central nervous system diseases in
humans and other animals,
threatening human health and
causing economic loss.
• Corona viruses are capable of
adapting to new environments
through mutation and recombination
with relative ease and hence are
programmed to alter host range and
tissue tropism efficiently.

5. • Therefore, health threats from
corona virus are constant and
long-term.
• Understanding the virology of
corona virus and controlling their
spread have important
implications for global health and
economic stability

6. STRUCTURE OF CORONA VIRUS
• Corona virus virions are spherical to pleomorphic
enveloped particles.
• The envelope is studded with projecting
glycoproteins, and surrounds a core consisting of
matrix protein enclosed within which is a single
strand of positive-sense RNA (6× 106) associated
with nucleoprotein.
• The envelope glycoproteins are responsible for
attachment to the host cell and also carry the main
antigenic epitopes, particularly the epitopes
recognized by neutralizing antibodies.
• OC43 also possesses a haemaglutin.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF CORONA VIRUS
• Over time, these viruses evolved and were eventually
transmitted to humans. These corona virus pose
more serious risks to human health. They’re
described below:
SARS-CoV:
• SARS-CoV causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS). According to the WHO, the first human cases
appeared in southern China in November 2002.
• SARS-CoV may have originated in bats and were
transmitted to other animals before infecting
humans.

8. MERS-CoV
• MERS-CoV causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS). According to WHO, it emerged in September
2012 in Saudi Arabia, although initial cases were later
traced back to Jordan.
• Humans contract MERS-CoV through contact with
camels that have contracted the infection. The virus is
also transmitted by coming into very close contact with
a person who has the infection.
• Since 2012, 27 countries have reported more than
2,400 MERS cases. To date, the majority of cases have
occurred in Saudi Arabia.
• In 2015, an outbreak in South Korea led to 186 cases
and 36 deaths. This outbreak originated with a traveler
returning from the Middle East.

9. SARS-CoV-2
• SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19. This new corona virus
appeared in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 after
health officials noticed an increase in pneumonia cases
with no known cause.
• These cases have since been linked to a market selling
seafood and poultry. Though the virus likely evolved from
an animal source, its exact source is unknown.
• Within a few months, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to hundreds
of countries around the world after being transmitted
through person-to-person contact.

10. DIAGNOSIS OF COVID-19
• There is no reliable clinical method to distinguish corona
virus colds from colds caused by rhinoviruses or less
common agents. For research purposes, virus
• human fetal or nasal tracheal epithelium.
• The virus in these cultures is detected by electron
microscopy or other methods.
• The most useful method for laboratory diagnosis is to
collect paired sera (from the acute and convalescent
phases of the disease) and to test by ELISA for a rise in
antibodies against OC43 and 229E.
• Complement fixation tests are insensitive; other tests are
inconvenient and can be used only for one serotype.
Direct hybridization and polymerase chain reaction tests
for viral nucleic acid have been developed and,
particularly with the latter, are the most sensitive assays
currently available for detecting virus .

11. TREATMENT
Currently, no antiviral medication
is recommended to treat COVID-
19, and no cure is available for
COVID-19. Antibiotics aren't
effective against viral infections
such as COVID-19. Ongoing
research is studying various drugs
that may be effective for treating
severe COVID-19. Treatment is
directed at relieving symptoms and
may include:
• Pain relievers (ibuprofen or
acetaminophen)
• Cough syrup or medication

12. • Rest
• Fluid intake
• There is no evidence that
ibuprofen or other non steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDS) need to be avoided.
• If you have mild symptoms, your
doctor may recommend that
you recover at home. He or she
may give you special
instructions to monitor your
symptoms and to avoid
spreading the illness to others.

13. • You may be asked to isolate
yourself as much as possible from
family and pets while you're sick,
wear a mask when you're around
people, and to use a separate
bedroom and bathroom. Your
doctor will likely recommend that
you stay in home isolation for a
period of time except to get
medical care. Your doctor will
likely follow up with you regularly.
• Check with your doctor about
when you can end home isolation .
If you're very ill, you may need to
be treated in the hospital

14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
• Signs and symptoms of corona virus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) may appear
two to 14 days after exposure. This time
after exposure and before having
symptoms is called the incubation
period. Common signs and symptoms
can include:
• Fever
• Cough
• Shortness of breath or difficulty
breathing Other symptoms can include:
• Tiredness
• Aches
• Chills
• Sore throat

15. • Loss of smell
• Loss of taste
• Headache
• Diarrhea
• Severe vomiting
• The severity of COVID-19 symptoms can
range from very mild to severe. Some
people may have only a few symptoms,
and some people may have no symptoms
at all. People who are older or who have
existing chronic medical conditions, such
as heart disease, lung disease, diabetes,
severe obesity, chronic kidney or liver
disease, or who have compromised
immune systems may be at higher risk of
serious illness. This is similar to what is
seen with other respiratory illnesses, such
as influenza.

16. PREVENTION:
• To prevent the spread of COVID-19:
• Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an
alcohol-based hand rub.
• Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is
coughing or sneezing.
• Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.

17. • Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow
or a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
• Stay home if you feel unwell.
• If you have a fever, a cough, and difficulty
breathing, seek medical attention.
• Follow the directions of your local health
authority.
• Avoiding unneeded visits to medical facilities
allows healthcare systems to operate more
effectively, therefore protecting you and others.