Running head: SOURCE SUMMARY 1 SOURCE SUMARRY 2 Source Summary Eka Ikpe ENGL 147 N Professor Mark Wright DeVry University 03/12/2015 Childhood Obesity Theme: Childhood Obesity Topic: Causes of Childhood Obesity Title: A look into individual and socioenviromental factors associated with childhood obesity Target Audience: Daniels targets the general public with his message. He highlights the social and environmental factors that cause obesity to people of all ages from children to adult. The researcher also targets the research community with his message his intentions is contribute to the knowledge in the field. Background: Daniel is a researcher in the field of pediatric medicine. This is, therefore, places him in a better position to contribute to the topic under discussion. The Author’s Perspective: The position taken by Daniels concurs with numerous assertions on the causes of obesity. The author blames lifestyle and the food habits practiced people in the society. Daniels contends that lack of physical activity and the consumption of fast foods are the direct causes of obesity. Part 1: The Sentence Summary Daniels (2007), obesity can be attributed to individual, social and environmental factors. Part 2: The summary Daniels (2007), At the individual level, dietary patterns and poor eating habits that are characterized by high fat and calorie foods are important causes of obesity. It is also acclaimed that genetics can play a role in obesity where persons with certain genes (in the family) are more prone to obesity. Further, individual lifestyle characterized by indulgence in alcohol and smoking habits predisposes one to the risk of developing obesity. At the environmental level, availability and production of high calorie foods-fast foods is one factor that has led to the epidemic. Part 3: One more than Paragraph Summary At the environmental level, availability and production of high calorie foods-fast foods is one factor that has led to the epidemic. Environments that promote physical inactivity and that encourage intake of unhealthy foods have characterized the American society. On social matrix, the social class may determine access to healthy eating habits or healthy ways of cooking. The study also indicates that there is a disproportionate distribution of obesity risks across minority, low-income, less educated and rural population (social groups). Daniels (2007) looks into the real nature of metabolic abnormality. The pediatricians are also not sure about the extent of evaluation to be done on children to detect the underlying genetic causes of obesity. Daniels (2007) argues that the 85% of the underlying causes that cause obesity have short stature when compared to the other children that were evaluated for obesity. The study indicates that the thyroid-stimulating hormone was moderately elevated but was not the cause for metabolic disorder. Daniels (2007) also evaluated children with .

1. Running head: SOURCE SUMMARY 1
SOURCE SUMARRY 2
Source Summary
Eka Ikpe
ENGL 147 N
Professor Mark Wright
DeVry University
03/12/2015
Childhood Obesity
Theme: Childhood Obesity
Topic: Causes of Childhood Obesity
Title: A look into individual and socioenviromental factors
associated with childhood obesity
Target Audience: Daniels targets the general public with his
message. He highlights the social and environmental factors that
cause obesity to people of all ages from children to adult. The
researcher also targets the research community with his message
his intentions is contribute to the knowledge in the field.
Background: Daniel is a researcher in the field of pediatric
medicine. This is, therefore, places him in a better position to
contribute to the topic under discussion.
The Author’s Perspective: The position taken by Daniels
concurs with numerous assertions on the causes of obesity. The
author blames lifestyle and the food habits practiced people in
the society. Daniels contends that lack of physical activity and
the consumption of fast foods are the direct causes of obesity.

2. Part 1: The Sentence Summary
Daniels (2007), obesity can be attributed to individual, social
and environmental factors.
Part 2: The summary
Daniels (2007), At the individual level, dietary patterns
and poor eating habits that are characterized by high fat and
calorie foods are important causes of obesity. It is also
acclaimed that genetics can play a role in obesity where persons
with certain genes (in the family) are more prone to obesity.
Further, individual lifestyle characterized by indulgence in
alcohol and smoking habits predisposes one to the risk of
developing obesity. At the environmental level, availability and
production of high calorie foods-fast foods is one factor that has
led to the epidemic.
Part 3: One more than Paragraph Summary
At the environmental level, availability and production of high
calorie foods-fast foods is one factor that has led to the
epidemic. Environments that promote physical inactivity and
that encourage intake of unhealthy foods have characterized the
American society. On social matrix, the social class may
determine access to healthy eating habits or healthy ways of
cooking. The study also indicates that there is a
disproportionate distribution of obesity risks across minority,
low-income, less educated and rural population (social groups).
Daniels (2007) looks into the real nature of metabolic
abnormality. The pediatricians are also not sure about the
extent of evaluation to be done on children to detect the
underlying genetic causes of obesity. Daniels (2007) argues that
the 85% of the underlying causes that cause obesity have short
stature when compared to the other children that were evaluated
for obesity. The study indicates that the thyroid-stimulating
hormone was moderately elevated but was not the cause for
metabolic disorder. Daniels (2007) also evaluated children with
mutations in the melancortin-4 receptor gene. The results of the
research established that there was mutation in 6 percent of the
overweight population but they were not the cause for

3. underlying cause of overweight. In additional, the parents who
were found to be the careers of heterozygous of mutation may
not be the cause of childhood obesity but can provide insight
into the metabolic pathways that contributes to obesity.
According Environments that promote physical inactivity
and that encourage intake of unhealthy foods have characterized
the American society. On social matrix, the social class may
determine access to healthy eating habits or healthy ways of
cooking. The study also indicates that there is a
disproportionate distribution of obesity risks across minority,
low-income, less educated and rural population (social groups).
The social interaction with friends and relatives who are obese
prompt individuals in the social group to become obese⨪
Part 4: My Reaction
I also contend with viewpoint taken by Daniels on the
causes of obesity. Obesity mainly emanates the lifestyle and the
foods consumed by individuals. Obesity is a problem that is
linked to poor eating habits. For instance, consumption of foods
sugar and calories causes overweight among people. However,
my main point of concern is that author does not highlight
specific factors that are associated with the cause of childhood
obesity. The author tends to assume that environmental and
individual factors apply to both children and adults.
Part 5: Reference
Daniels, S. R. (2007). Causes of childhood obesity. The Journal
of Pediatrics,150(6), 1-2.
Theme: Nutrition
Topic: Childhood Obesity
Title: Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention.
Target Audience: Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and Merchant (2005)
mainly target children from developed countries with special
attention on the United States of America. According to the
authors, America has higher rates of childhood obesity
compared to other developed countries. Apart from children, the
research also targets the stakeholders in the health sector.
Background: Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and Merchant, (2005) are

4. experienced researchers in the field of nutrition. They have
worked in the field at different levels as teachers, consultants,
researchers.
The Authors’ Standpoint: Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and
Merchant, (2005) take a standpoint that connects childhood
obesity with physical and psychological health of children.
Similarly, they also contend that childhood obesity is caused by
the cultural environment, intake of high amounts of calories and
fats, and lack of physical exercises.
Part 1: The Sentence Summary
Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and Merchant, (2005)bring into
perspective the epidemic levels of childhood obesity in
developed countries, with US recording 11% obese children and
25% overweight children
Part 2: The summary
There is significant impact of childhood obesity and
childhood obesity on psychological and physical health. Various
factors ranging from lifestyle preferences, cultural environment,
to Environmental factors are believed to be major causes of
obesity globally. Generally, high fat and caloric intake are
believed to cause both obesity and overweight. The research
associates less physical activity with childhood obesity. This
research points at various methods of preventing the obesity
epidemic like physical activity and changing diet behavior. The
study proposed a number of interventions for children in
schools by influencing their physical activity and diet.
Treatment is also an intervention method proposed in the study
(Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh & Merchant, 2005)
Part 3: One more than Paragraph Summary
Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and Merchant, (2005)bring into
perspective the epidemic levels of childhood obesity in
developed countries, with US recording 11% obese children and
25% overweight children. There is significant impact of
childhood obesity and childhood obesity on psychological and
physical health. Various factors ranging from lifestyle
preferences, cultural environment, to Environmental factors are

5. believed to be major causes of obesity globally. Generally,
high fat and caloric intake are believed to cause both obesity
and overweight. The research associates less physical activity
with childhood obesity.
Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh & Merchant (2005) study
involves establish the relationship between Childhood obesity,
its prevalence and prevention. The study is based on the fact
that childhood obesity has continued to increase in developed
countries. For instance, 25% children in USA are overweight
while 11% are obese. The researcher argues that the
significance of obesity development is not fully known and
assumed to be caused by multiple causes like environmental,
lifestyle preferences and cultural environments. The paper
concludes that obesity and overweight in the children have
significant impact on both physiological and physical health of
the children (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh & Merchant, 2005).
Obesity causes problems like psychological disorders like
depression in the children. In addition, the overweight children
are more likely to have digestive and cardiovascular diseases
compared to the other children. Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh &
Merchant (2005) further noted that primary and secondary
methods can be used to prevent in the increased epidemic
obesity in children. These are very effective in children and
include engagement in physical activities and provision of
proper diet
Part 4: My Reaction
I strongly believe the causes of childhood obesity
mentioned by these authors are some of the direct major factors
that are responsible for problem. I also believe that there is a
connection between the consumption of high calorie and sugary
products with obesity prevalence among children. The authors
have also confirmed that obesity is responsible for
psychological and physical condition among children.
Part 5: Reference
Dehghan, M., Akhtar-Danesh, N., & Merchant, A. T.
(2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and

6. prevention. Nutrition journal, 4(1), 24-25.
Theme: Childhood Obesity
Topic: Childhood Obesity
Title: Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense
cure.
Target Audience: Ebbeling, Pawlak and Ludwig (2002) mainly
target the general public in the global sphere. The researchers
also direct their message to the stakeholders in the health
sector. The information relayed in the research can help
children control bodyweight and reduce chances of obesity
occurrence.
Background: Ebbeling, Pawlak and Ludwig (2002) are
experienced researchers in the field public health. They have
worked in the field at different levels as teachers, researchers,
and health care givers.
The Authors’ Standpoint: Ebbeling, Pawlak and Ludwig (2002)
the authors mainly focused on the health effects of obesity. The
problem is responsible for poor health conditions and even
death. Additionally, they provide ways through which obesity
can be reduced.
Part 1: The Sentence Summary
This research pointed at the global rise in childhood obesity,
which presents devastating public health implications like
vulnerability to illnesses and death.
Part 2: The summary
This research pointed at the global rise in childhood
obesity, which presents devastating public health implications
like vulnerability to illnesses and death. The results from this
research points at regulation of bodyweight through
physiological mechanisms. Chronic inflammation, hypertension,
hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction, and
increased blood clotting tendency are all associated with
childhood obesity just as it causes such risks to obese adults.
The study also indicates the ineffectiveness of treatment

7. (surgical and pharmacological treatment) of childhood obesity
Part 3: One more than Paragraph Summary
The results from this research points at regulation of
bodyweight through physiological mechanisms. Chronic
inflammation, hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia,
endothelial dysfunction, and increased blood clotting tendency
are all associated with childhood obesity just as it causes such
risks to obese adults. The study also indicates the
ineffectiveness of treatment (surgical and pharmacological
treatment) of childhood obesity. The study points at early life,
perinatal, environment, family factors, and genetic factors as
causes of childhood obesity.
Processed food high in calories, low fiber sugar and salts and
sedentary lifestyle are leading causes of childhood obesity. The
research suggests that indeed solutions are present of dealing
with the adverse environment conditions, which are attributed to
the childhood obesity epidemic. The childhood obesity increases
the risk of adult mortality and mortality (Ebbeling, Pawlak, &
Ludwig, 2002).
The study points at early life, perinatal, environment, family
factors, and genetic factors as causes of childhood obesity.
Processed food high in calories, low fiber sugar and salts and
sedentary lifestyle are leading causes of childhood obesity. The
research suggests that indeed solutions are present of dealing
with the adverse environment conditions, which are attributed to
the childhood obesity epidemic. The childhood obesity increases
the risk of adult mortality and mortality (Ebbeling, Pawlak, &
Ludwig, 2002).
Part 4: My Reaction
The authors clearly, highlight the health effects of obesity.
However, they do not explain how physical exercises can help
in controlling body weight and reduce obesity prevalence. I
believe that a journal written by researchers of this caliber must
provide evidence to proof every point rather than propagating
assertions.
Part 5: Reference

8. Ebbeling, C. B., Pawlak, D. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2002).
Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense
cure. The lancet, 360(9331), 473-482.
Theme: Childhood Obesity
Topic: Childhood Obesity
Title: Child Obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and
premature death.
Target Audience: Frank et al (2010) had the main
intention of communicating to adults and children in relation to
the topic under discussion. The authors communicate to the
audience by highlighting the connection between cardiovascular
risk factors at which take place at childhood and the adult
mortality.
Background: The authors are educational researchers in
the field of medicine.
The Author’s Perspective: Frank et al. (2010)take
perspective that delves into the effects ofchildhood obesity.
According to the researchers, there is a connection between
premature death and blood pressure, cholesterol level, and
body-mass index.
Part 1: The Sentence Summary
The study assessed whether the prediction of
premature death could be related to childhood glucose
tolerance, body-mass index (BMI), cholesterol levels, and blood
pressure.
Part 2: The summary
The study findings indicated insignificant association between
childhood or diastolic or systolic blood-pressure levels,
cholesterol levels and endogenous-caused death rates, except
for childhood hypertension. The study found that apart from
childhood hypercholesterolemia, other childhood conditions like
glucose intolerance, Obesity, and hypertension could be
strongly associated with endogenous caused premature death
rates(Franks, et al. 2000).
Part 3: One more than Paragraph Summary

9. Franks, Hanson, Knowler, Sievers, Bennett & Looker, (2010),
conducted the study to establish how obesity increases
childhood risk factors for conducting cardiovascular disease and
premature death. The research involved a cohort of 4857
American Indian children who were tested and established had
no diabetes.
The mean age for the children was 11.3 years that were born
between 1945 and 1984. 12, 659 examinations were done
involved assessing if factors like BMI, glucose tolerance, level
of cholesterol and blood pressure were indication for premature
death. All the risk factor was standardized based on the age and
sex of the participants.
In addition, the assessment of whether the risk factors are
linked to the deaths occurring before age of 55 years using
proportional hazard models. The study results established that
166 deaths (3.4% of the cohort group) were caused by
endogenous factors. The study concludes that factors like
obesity, glucose intolerance in the children are associated with
premature deaths due to endogenous factors (Franks et al.
2010).
Part 4: My View
I concur with the authors that obesity, glucose resistant, and
high blood pressure are some of the factors associated with
premature death. These are some of the effects of childhood
obesity and therefore elicit the need to solve it so as to reduce
the chances of premature death. However, the researchers do not
clearly explain age and sex differences in terms of the effects of
childhood obesity
Part Five: Reference
Franks, P. W., Hanson, R. L., Knowler, W. C., Sievers, M. L.,
Bennett, P. H., & Looker, H. C. (2010). Childhood obesity,
other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. New
England Journal of Medicine, 362(6), 485-493.