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Netflix Global Cloud Architecture
The document details Netflix's transition to a globally distributed cloud architecture, highlighting its shift from traditional data centers to AWS-based services. It discusses the strategies implemented for scalability, availability, and resilience, including the use of open-source technologies and DevOps practices. Key features of their platform-as-a-service model, as well as ongoing improvements in performance and reliability, are also outlined.
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Netflix Global Cloud Architecture
- 1. Globally Distributed Cloud Applica4ons at Ne7lix October 2012 Adrian Cockcro3 @adrianco #ne6lixcloud h;p://www.linkedin.com/in/adriancockcro3
- 2. Adrian Cockcro3 • Director, Architecture for Cloud Systems, Ne6lix Inc. – Previously Director for PersonalizaMon Pla6orm • DisMnguished Availability Engineer, eBay Inc. 2004-‐7 – Founding member of eBay Research Labs • DisMnguished Engineer, Sun Microsystems Inc. 1988-‐2004 – 2003-‐4 Chief Architect High Performance Technical CompuMng – 2001 Author: Capacity Planning for Web Services – 1999 Author: Resource Management – 1995 & 1998 Author: Sun Performance and Tuning – 1996 Japanese EdiMon of Sun Performance and Tuning • SPARC & Solarisパフォーマンスチューニング (サンソフトプレスシリーズ) • More – Twi;er @adrianco – Blog h;p://perfcap.blogspot.com – PresentaMons at h;p://www.slideshare.net/adrianco
- 3. The Ne6lix Streaming Service Now in USA, Canada, LaMn America, UK, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland
- 4. US Non-‐Member Web Site AdverMsing and MarkeMng Driven
- 5. Member Web Site PersonalizaMon Driven
- 6. Streaming Device API Netflix Ready Devices From: May 2008 To: May 2010
- 7. Content Delivery Service Distributed storage nodes controlled by Ne6lix cloud services
- 8. Abstract • Ne6lix on Cloud – What, Why and When • Globally Distributed Architecture • Open Source Components
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- 10.
- 11. What Ne6lix Did • Moved to SaaS – Corporate IT – OneLogin, Workday, Box, Evernote… – Tools – Pagerduty, AppDynamics, EMR (Hadoop) • Built our own PaaS – Customized to make our developers producMve – Large scale, global, highly available, leveraging AWS • Moved incremental capacity to IaaS – No new datacenter space since 2008 as we grew – Moved our streaming apps to the cloud
- 12. Keeping up with Developer Trends In producMon at Ne6lix • Big Data/Hadoop 2009 • AWS Cloud 2009 • ApplicaMon Performance Management 2010 • Integrated DevOps PracMces 2010 • ConMnuous IntegraMon/Delivery 2010 • NoSQL 2010 • Pla6orm as a Service; Fine grain SOA 2010 • Social coding, open development/github 2011
- 13. AWS specific feature dependence….
- 14. Portability vs. FuncMonality • Portability – the OperaMons focus – Avoid vendor lock-‐in – Support datacenter based use cases – Possible operaMons cost savings • FuncMonality – the Developer focus – Less complex test and debug, one mature supplier – Faster Mme to market for your products – Possible developer Mme/cost savings
- 15. FuncMonal PaaS • IaaS base -‐ all the features of AWS – Very large scale, mature, global, evolving rapidly – ELB, Autoscale, VPC, SQS, EIP, EMR, etc, etc. – E.g. Large files (TB) and mulMpart writes in S3 • FuncMonal PaaS – Ne6lix added features – ConMnuous build/deploy, SOA, HA pa;erns – Asgard console, Monkeys, Big data tools – Cassandra/Zookeeper data store automaMon
- 16. How Ne6lix Works Consumer Electronics User Data AWS Cloud Web Site or Discovery API Services PersonalizaMon CDN Edge LocaMons DRM Customer Device Streaming API (PC, PS3, TV…) QoS Logging CDN Management and Steering OpenConnect CDN Boxes Content Encoding
- 17. Component Services (Simplified view using AppDynamics)
- 18. Web Server Dependencies Flow (Home page business transacMon as seen by AppDynamics) Cassandra memcached Web service Start Here S3 bucket
- 19. One Request Snapshot (captured because it was unusually slow)
- 20. Current Architectural Pa;erns for Availability • Isolated Services – Resilient Business logic • Three Balanced Availability Zones – Resilient to Infrastructure outage • Triple Replicated Persistence – Durable distributed Storage • Isolated Regions – US and EU don’t take each other down
- 21. Isolated Services Test With Chaos Monkey, Latency Monkey
- 22. Three Balanced Availability Zones Test with Chaos Gorilla Load Balancers Zone A Zone B Zone C Cassandra and Evcache Cassandra and Evcache Cassandra and Evcache Replicas Replicas Replicas
- 23. Triple Replicated Persistence Cassandra maintenance affects individual replicas Load Balancers Zone A Zone B Zone C Cassandra and Evcache Cassandra and Evcache Cassandra and Evcache Replicas Replicas Replicas
- 24. Isolated Regions US-‐East Load Balancers EU-‐West Load Balancers Zone A Zone B Zone C Zone A Zone B Zone C Cassandra Replicas Cassandra Replicas Cassandra Replicas Cassandra Replicas Cassandra Replicas Cassandra Replicas
- 25. Failure Modes and Effects Failure Mode Probability Mi4ga4on Plan ApplicaMon Failure High AutomaMc degraded response AWS Region Failure Low Wait for region to recover AWS Zone Failure Medium ConMnue to run on 2 out of 3 zones Datacenter Failure Medium Migrate more funcMons to cloud Data store failure Low Restore from S3 backups S3 failure Low Restore from remote archive
- 26. Ne6lix Deployed on AWS 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2011 Content Logs Play WWW API CS Content S3 InternaMonal Management DRM Sign-‐Up Metadata CS lookup Terabytes EC2 Search Device DiagnosMcs EMR CDN rouMng Config & AcMons Encoding Solr S3 Movie TV Movie Customer Hive & Pig Bookmarks Choosing Choosing Call Log Petabytes Business Social Logging RaMngs Facebook CS AnalyMcs Intelligence CDNs ISPs Terabits Customers
- 27. Cloud Architecture Pa;erns Where do we start?
- 28. Datacenter to Cloud TransiMon Goals • Faster – Lower latency than the equivalent datacenter web pages and API calls – Measured as mean and 99th percenMle – For both first hit (e.g. home page) and in-‐session hits for the same user • Scalable – Avoid needing any more datacenter capacity as subscriber count increases – No central verMcally scaled databases – Leverage AWS elasMc capacity effecMvely • Available – SubstanMally higher robustness and availability than datacenter services – Leverage mulMple AWS availability zones – No scheduled down Mme, no central database schema to change • ProducMve – OpMmize agility of a large development team with automaMon and tools – Leave behind complex tangled datacenter code base (~8 year old architecture) – Enforce clean layered interfaces and re-‐usable components
- 29. Ne6lix Datacenter vs. Cloud Arch Central SQL Database Distributed Key/Value NoSQL SMcky In-‐Memory Session Shared Memcached Session Cha;y Protocols Latency Tolerant Protocols Tangled Service Interfaces Layered Service Interfaces Instrumented Code Instrumented Service Pa;erns Fat Complex Objects Lightweight Serializable Objects Components as Jar Files Components as Services
- 30. Cassandra on AWS A highly available and durable deployment pa;ern
- 31. Cassandra Service Pa;ern Cassandra Cluster Service REST Clients Managed by Priam Between 6 and 72 nodes Data Access REST Service Astyanax Cassandra Client Datacenter Update Flow Appdynamics Service Flow VisualizaMon
- 32. ProducMon Deployment Totally Denormalized Data Model Over 50 Cassandra Clusters Over 500 nodes Over 30TB of daily backups Biggest cluster 72 nodes 1 cluster over 250Kwrites/s
- 33. Astyanax -‐ Cassandra Write Data Flows Single Region, MulMple Availability Zone, Token Aware Cassandra • Disks • Zone A 1. Client Writes to local Cassandra 3 2 Cassandra If a node goes offline, coordinator • Disks 4 3 Disks 4 • hinted handoff 2. Coodinator writes to • Zone C 1 • Zone B completes the write 2 other zones 3. Nodes return ack Token when the node comes back up. 4. Data wri;en to Aware internal commit log Clients Requests can choose to disks (no more than Cassandra Cassandra wait for one node, a 10 seconds later) • Disks • Disks quorum, or all nodes to • Zone B • Zone C ack the write 3 Cassandra SSTable disk writes and • Disks 4 compacMons occur • Zone A asynchronously
- 34. Data Flows for MulM-‐Region Writes Token Aware, Consistency Level = Local Quorum 1. Client writes to local replicas If a node or region goes offline, hinted handoff 2. Local write acks returned to completes the write when the node comes back up. Client which conMnues when Nightly global compare and repair jobs ensure 2 of 3 local nodes are everything stays consistent. commi;ed 3. Local coordinator writes to remote coordinator. Cassandra 100+ms latency 4. When data arrives, remote Cassandra • Disks • Disks • Zone A • Zone A coordinator node acks and Cassandra 2 2 Cassandra Cassandra 4 Cassandra 6 6 3 5 Disks 6 copies to other remote zones 6 • Disks • Disks • Zone C • Zone B • • Zone C 4 Disks B • • Zone 1 4 5. Remote nodes ack to local US EU coordinator Clients Clients Cassandra 2 Cassandra Cassandra Cassandra 6. Data flushed to internal • Disks • Zone B • Disks 6 • Zone C • Disks • Zone B • Disks • Zone C commit log disks (no more Cassandra 6 5 Cassandra than 10 seconds later) • Disks • Disks • Zone A • Zone A
- 35. ETL for Cassandra • Data is de-‐normalized over many clusters! • Too many to restore from backups for ETL • SoluMon – read backup files using Hadoop • Aegisthus – h;p://techblog.ne6lix.com/2012/02/aegisthus-‐bulk-‐data-‐pipeline-‐out-‐of.html – High throughput raw SSTable processing – Re-‐normalizes many clusters to a consistent view – Extract, Transform, then Load into Teradata
- 36.
- 37. Cloud Deployment Scalability New Autoscaled AMI – zero to 500 instances from 21:38:52 -‐ 21:46:32, 7m40s Scaled up and down over a few days, total 2176 instance launches, m2.2xlarge (4 core 34GB) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. ! 41.0 104.2 149.0 171.8 215.8 562.0!
- 38. Scalability from 48 to 288 nodes on AWS h;p://techblog.ne6lix.com/2011/11/benchmarking-‐cassandra-‐scalability-‐on.html Client Writes/s by node count – Replica4on Factor = 3 1200000 1099837 1000000 800000 Used 288 of m1.xlarge 4 CPU, 15 GB RAM, 8 ECU 600000 537172 Cassandra 0.86 Benchmark config only 400000 366828 existed for about 1hr 200000 174373 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
- 39. Cassandra on AWS The Past The Future • Instance: m2.4xlarge • Instance: hi1.4xlarge • Storage: 2 drives, 1.7TB • Storage: 2 SSD volumes, 2TB • CPU: 8 Cores, 26 ECU • CPU: 8 HT cores, 35 ECU • RAM: 68GB • RAM: 64GB • Network: 1Gbit • Network: 10Gbit • IOPS: ~500 • IOPS: ~100,000 • Throughput: ~100Mbyte/s • Throughput: ~1Gbyte/s • Cost: $1.80/hr • Cost: $3.10/hr
- 40. Cassandra Disk vs. SSD Benchmark Same Throughput, Lower Latency, Half Cost
- 41.
- 42. Chaos Monkey h;p://techblog.ne6lix.com/2012/07/chaos-‐monkey-‐released-‐into-‐wild.html • Computers (Datacenter or AWS) randomly die – Fact of life, but too infrequent to test resiliency • Test to make sure systems are resilient – Allow any instance to fail without customer impact • Chaos Monkey hours – Monday-‐Friday 9am-‐3pm random instance kill • ApplicaMon configuraMon opMon – Apps now have to opt-‐out from Chaos Monkey
- 43. Responsibility and Experience • Make developers responsible for failures – Then they learn and write code that doesn’t fail • Use Incident Reviews to find gaps to fix – Make sure its not about finding “who to blame” • Keep Mmeouts short, fail fast – Don’t let cascading Mmeouts stack up • Make configuraMon opMons dynamic – You don’t want to push code to tweak an opMon
- 44. Resilient Design – Circuit Breakers h;p://techblog.ne6lix.com/2012/02/fault-‐tolerance-‐in-‐high-‐volume.html
- 45. Distributed OperaMonal Model • Developers – Provision and run their own code in producMon – Take turns to be on call if it breaks (pagerduty) – Configure autoscalers to handle capacity needs • DevOps and PaaS (aka NoOps) – DevOps is used to build and run the PaaS – PaaS constrains Dev to use automaMon instead – PaaS puts more responsibility on Dev, with tools
- 46.
- 47. UnconvenMonal Culture See culture deck at h;p://jobs.ne6lix.com • Brave/Aggressive from the top down • Focus on talent density above everything • Reduce process, remove complexity • Freedom and Responsibility • One product focus for the whole company • (almost) full informaMon sharing across co. • Simplified managers role
- 48. Managers Role • Hiring, Architecture, Project Management • No vacaMon policy to track • (Almost) no remote employees or contractors • No bonuses to allocate • No expenses to approve • Pay mark to market handled at VP level
- 49. Ne6lix OrganizaMon DevOps Org ReporMng into Product Group, not ITops CEO – Reed HasMngs CPO – Chief Product Officer – Neil Hunt VP -‐ Cloud and Pla6orm Engineering -‐ Yury Pla6orm and Cloud Ops PersonalizaMon Persistence Reliability Pla6orm and Membership and Data Science Architecture Cloud SoluMons Billing Pla6orm Engineering Engineering Performance Eng Future planning Base Pla6orm Monitoring Metadata Alert RouMng Data sources Business Security Arch Zookeeper Monkeys Benchmarking Intelligence Incident Lifecycle Vault processing Efficiency Cassandra Ops Build Tools Memcached AWS VPC AWS Instances Hyperguard AWS Instances PagerDuty AWS Instances Cassandra Hadoop on EMR AWS API Powerpoint J
- 50. Build Your Own PaaS
- 51. Components • ConMnuous build framework turns code into AMIs • AWS accounts for test, producMon, etc. • Cloud access gateway • Service registry • ConfiguraMon properMes service • Persistence services • Monitoring, alert forwarding • Backups, archives
- 52. Ne6lix Open Source Strategy • Release PaaS Components git-‐by-‐git – Source at github.com/ne6lix – we build from it… – Intros and techniques at techblog.ne6lix.com – Blog post or new code every few weeks • MoMvaMons – Give back to Apache licensed OSS community – MoMvate, retain, hire top engineers – “Peer pressure” code cleanup, external contribuMons
- 53. Instance creaMon Bakery & Build tools Asgard Base AMI Instance Autoscaling ApplicaMon Odin scripts Code Image baked ASG / Instance started Instance Running
- 54. ApplicaMon Launch Governator Eureka (Guice) Async logging Archaius Entrypoints Servo Registering, ApplicaMon iniMalizing configuraMon
- 55. RunMme Astyanax Priam Curator Chaos Monkey Latency Monkey NIWS Exhibitor LB Janitor Monkey REST Cass JMeter Dependency client Command Explorers Calling other Managing Resiliency aids services service
- 56. Open Source Projects Legend Github / Techblog Priam Exhibitor Servo and Autoscaling Scripts Apache ContribuMons Cassandra as a Service Zookeeper as a Service Astyanax Curator Honu Techblog Post Cassandra client for Java Zookeeper Pa;erns Log4j streaming to Hadoop Coming Soon CassJMeter EVCache Circuit Breaker Cassandra test suite Memcached as a Service Robust service pa;ern Cassandra MulM-‐region EC2 Eureka / Discovery Asgard -‐ AutoScaleGroup datastore support Service Directory based AWS console Aegisthus Archaius Chaos Monkey Hadoop ETL for Cassandra Dynamics ProperMes Service Robustness verificaMon Explorers EntryPoints Latency Monkey Governator -‐ Library lifecycle Server-‐side latency/error and dependency injecMon injecMon Janitor Monkey Odin REST Client + mid-‐Mer LB Bakeries and AMI Workflow orchestraMon Async logging ConfiguraMon REST endpoints Build dynaslaves
- 57. Roadmap for 2012 • More resiliency and improved availability • More automaMon, orchestraMon • “Hardening” the pla6orm, code clean-‐up • Lower latency for web services and devices • IPv6 – now running in prod, rollout in process • More open sourced components • See you at AWS Re:Invent in November…
- 58. Takeaway Ne?lix has built and deployed a scalable global Pla?orm as a Service. Key components of the Ne?lix PaaS are being released as Open Source projects so you can build your own custom PaaS. h;p://github.com/Ne6lix h;p://techblog.ne6lix.com h;p://slideshare.net/Ne6lix h;p://www.linkedin.com/in/adriancockcro3 @adrianco #ne6lixcloud
- 59. Amazon Cloud TerminologyReference See http://aws.amazon.com/ This is not a full list of Amazon Web Service features • AWS – Amazon Web Services (common name for Amazon cloud) • AMI – Amazon Machine Image (archived boot disk, Linux, Windows etc. plus applicaMon code) • EC2 – ElasMc Compute Cloud – Range of virtual machine types m1, m2, c1, cc, cg. Varying memory, CPU and disk configuraMons. – Instance – a running computer system. Ephemeral, when it is de-‐allocated nothing is kept. – Reserved Instances – pre-‐paid to reduce cost for long term usage – Availability Zone – datacenter with own power and cooling hosMng cloud instances – Region – group of Avail Zones – US-‐East, US-‐West, EU-‐Eire, Asia-‐Singapore, Asia-‐Japan, SA-‐Brazil, US-‐Gov • ASG – Auto Scaling Group (instances booMng from the same AMI) • S3 – Simple Storage Service (h;p access) • EBS – ElasMc Block Storage (network disk filesystem can be mounted on an instance) • RDS – RelaMonal Database Service (managed MySQL master and slaves) • DynamoDB/SDB – Simple Data Base (hosted h;p based NoSQL datastore, DynamoDB replaces SDB) • SQS – Simple Queue Service (h;p based message queue) • SNS – Simple NoMficaMon Service (h;p and email based topics and messages) • EMR – ElasMc Map Reduce (automaMcally managed Hadoop cluster) • ELB – ElasMc Load Balancer • EIP – ElasMc IP (stable IP address mapping assigned to instance or ELB) • VPC – Virtual Private Cloud (single tenant, more flexible network and security constructs) • DirectConnect – secure pipe from AWS VPC to external datacenter • IAM – IdenMty and Access Management (fine grain role based security keys)