Objectives Of The Sustainable Development Goals

Objectives Of The Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to replace the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) which expire in 2015. Focusing on goal 15 of the SDGs, the measurability and overall
effectiveness of the targets will be assessed.
Targets 15.2 through 15.5 and 15.8 focus on conserving specific ecosystems and reducing
biodiversity loss. Each specifies a deadline year (2020 or 2030) for being in progress or completed,
which helps to measure the timeline for the goal. Each target can be quantified in several ways but
they don't specify how exactly to quantify it. The target year makes the deadline measurable but the
method of measuring the target itself is not specific enough.
15.1 and 15.6 have similar intentions to the aforementioned targets ... Show more content on
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15c discusses enhancing global support for 15.7 but does not state by which method(s) it will be
measured nor any specific thresholds to meet. Therefore it is too ambiguous to measure.
15.9 is ideal but it's difficult to measure how much of biodiversity and ecosystem values are
integrated into planning. The target is measurable but not specific enough.
Financial resources in 15a are quantifiable but the financial resources used and the amount of money
is not stated anywhere, therefore it is not explicit enough. 15b mentions mobilizing all resources but
it does not mention which resources and how much of each resource is needed. Thus, 15b is not
measurable; it is much too vague. Community support in 15c is also quite vague and not specific
enough.
Targets 15.2 through 15.6 and 15.8 are generally measured on an international scale but the criteria
are not specific enough and/or are lacking in some areas. For example, deforestation in target 15.2
can be directly measured using technology like remote sensing but are usually only studied in small
regions at once. Namely, a global study of deforestation rates in humid tropical forests was last done
in 2002 (Achard et al., 2002). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
currently monitors deforestation, however, like the SDGs, they employ measurable but not specific
enough targets, such as "encourage
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A Brief Note On An International Environment Agreement
Assignment 2: Individual Research Paper on an International Environment Agreement
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification: Empowering Local Populations to the
expense of concrete results
Introduction
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was adopted in 1994 as a
product of the Rio Conference which took place in 1992. It attempts to combat desertification which
is defined as "land degradation in arid, semi–arid and dry sub–humid areas resulting from various
factors including climatic variations and human activities." (Marc Johnson, 2006, Chapter 1) Land
degradation is a process of reduction or loss of the biological and economic productivity and
complexity of cropland, pasture and forest. By nature, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through its dual focus on environment and development, the Convention is seen as the perfect
approach to sustainable development. Since its creation, objectives have evolved and now consist in
influencing international actors by raising awareness, providing strong policy frameworks in
affected countries, enhancing scientific knowledge about desertification, identifying and addressing
capacity building. Finally, it also aims to mobilize as well as improve financial resources
(Secretariat UNCCD, 2013). Stinger and numerous Conference of Parties (COP) reports highlight
the concerning lack of benchmarks and indicators to understand phenomena, monitor convention's
impacts and progress as well as evaluate possible strategies. This is mostly a consequence of the
absence of means to conduct measurements in affected countries. What are the challenges the
Convention is facing? So far, has the UNCCD achieved some its targets?
Identify and describe
The UNCCD has to deal with many challenges arising from the nature of the environmental
problem itself and the structure of the Convention.
There is no international consensus on the definition of desertification, nor the possible solutions to
revert its effect on land and populations. The conception and interpretation of this process is difficult
and therefore hard to implement in national policies. Moreover concrete results are slow to come
about,

China 's Influence On The People 's Republic Of China
When discussing Communism in regards to climate change and the importance placed upon its
respecting policies it is perhaps best and most relevant to focus upon the People's Republic of China.
This is due to both China's size and influence, along with its ranking as the leading producer of CO2
worldwide. Present day China is not a purely Communist country according to the teachings of
classical/neo–Marxism or orthodox Communism. Rather it's more of political Stalinism infused with
market–oriented economic reform. Resulting from Deng Xiaoping's attempt to save the country
from Mao Zedong's failing social and economics in the early 1970's. This is important to note as this
dissertation focuses not on hypothetical political ideological viewpoints, but rather on the real world
implementation of said political ideologies.
The 'Chinese Communism' views regarding the environment encompass the Marxist ideology on
natural resources – that natural resources are free have no intrinsic value; their sole purpose is to
serve, not to constrain humans. This holds true today even as China makes strides alongside other
global superpowers such as the United States to curb climate change. This contradiction is
accounted for as "the issues of climate change has elevated from a non–stream issue to perhaps the
biggest and most important threat to national security." (Ming–Teh, H., & Liu, T. T. , 2011)
Threats caused from climate change are largely due in part to China's energy production and

The Whaling Of Whaling Nations
1. What is the IWC? In 1946, whaling nations established the International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling in order to prohibit the killing of certain endangered whale species, set
quotas and minimum size for whales caught commercially and regulate the whaling seasons. This
convention was not an environmental agreement, but a club of whaling nations to regulate the
practice of catching whales. The International Whaling Commission, (IWC), was the decision
making body in charge of the regime and was tasked with the duty of protecting this marine species.
Unfortunately, not only was the IWC largely toothless in terms of enforcing their rules, many of
their actions were actually counterproductive. The IWC would met in secret to haggle over quotas
that were set so high more whales were being killed than before the convention and the total number
of whales killed doubled between 1951 and 1962. Even worse, while the major whaling nations
were members of the IWC, many developing countries refused to join or abide by its decisions and
even went so far as to allow pirate whalers who sold their products to Japan to operate within their
territories. Overall, the IWC was largely ineffective until the blue whale became endangered in the
1960's. 2. What is land–degradation neutrality? Land–Degradation Neutrality was defined at COP12
(12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity) in 2015 as
"A state whereby the amount and quality of land

Desertification As A Global Problem
Desertification is defined by the UN as the "persistent degradation of dryland ecosystems by human
activities, including unsustainable farming, mining, overgrazing and clear–cutting of land and by
climate change" ("Desertification"). Desertification can also be defined as a process that reduces
biological productivity and the intensification of desert conditions (Hellden 372). Although less
publicized, desertification is an issue that requires international cooperation as the victims of
drought, famine and the numerous environmental problems of dry lands are over 250 million, and
more than one billion people in over 100 countries are at risk ("Desertification as a global problem"
1). Additionally, desertification tends to affect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although no quantifiable targets were specified in the agreement, which contributed to its
ineffectiveness, Goal 15 of the UN's SDGs has a target to "combat desertification, restore degraded
land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a
land degradation–neutral world" by 2030.
Part 2: Desertification Challenges
Desertification is an environmental problem difficult to address due to its wide definition and
extensive forms of manifestation. According to Warren, the inadequacies of the definitions of
desertification, even among the scientific community, has led to a credibility gap and a dismissal of
the issue relative to other environmental problems (12). Secondly, there are logistical issues, as
sustainably managing dry lands would involve a bottom–up approach and the inclusion of local
populates affected by desertification in the decision making process (13). Implementation of the
convention was also complicated by the use of National Action Programmes (NAPs), which
required identification of causes and solutions to desertification in each country, large research
undertakings for which countries have unequal amount of resources to

Environmental Education : Education For Sustainability Essay
Environmental Education today must be understood as education for sustainability. The flow
information and knowledge caused by Environmental Education have the potential to build a new
vision of the world capable of guiding actions towards sustainability.
The history of environmental education can be searched back in the 18th century when Jean Jacques
Rousseau stressed the importance of an education that focuses on the environment in Emile: or, On
Education. There after several decades later, Louis Agassiz, a Swiss–born naturalist, echoed
Rousseau's philosophy as he encouraged students to "Study nature, not books." The work of these
two influential scholars helped lay the foundation for a concrete environmental education program,
known as nature study, which took place in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
The nature study movement used fables and moral lessons to help students develop an appreciation
of nature and embrace the natural world. Anna Botsford Comstock, the head of the Department of
Nature Study at Cornell University, was a prominent figure in the nature study movement and wrote
the Handbook for Nature Study in 1911, which used nature to educate children on cultural values.
Comstock and the other leaders of the movement, such as Liberty Hyde Bailey, helped Nature Study
garner tremendous amounts of support from community leaders, teachers, and scientists and change
the science curriculum for children across the United States.
A new type of

Remembering: What Is Sustainability?
Remembering: What is sustainability? Sustainability is the stable lifestyle between humans and
creatures with the earth and its natural resources. Having a healthy balance between giving and
taking from the worlds natural resources is the key to sustainability. Sustainability is can be
categorized into many types: Environmental, economical, population, etc. Understanding:
Degradation of land is one of the world's largest and most lethal environmental changes. It is the
downgrading of parts of the land due to poor human land management, causing it to be less
productive as it used to be. Parts of the world which suffer from the impact include South Africa,
Madagascar, India, parts of Europe and parts of the Middle East. Land degradation has many causes.
Over 30% of land degradation is caused by overgrazing, which is the main, most serious cause.
Deforestation and cropping are also very harmful and the second largest causes contributing to land
degradation. Fuel wood collection in developing countries, mining, energy production and pollution
also take part in the overall impact. The problem ultimately comes down to humans and their
unhealthy land management. Although overgrazing by animals is ... Show more content on
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Soil acidification is the over use of chemicals and fertilizers in soil, ultimately harming the soil.
Fertilizers may be used with soil, but over time, can end up damaging the soil. Compaction of soil is
when heavy machinery or not native animals cause the air pockets in the soil to compress, making it
unable to use for crops and other farming. The elimination of topsoil due to water and wind, which
occurs when the soil is unprotected, is known as soil erosion. When trees, which pump soil to
control the water level, are cut down it causes increasing levels of salty groundwater to reach the
surface. This ultimately makes the soil unstable and unable to

Maintaining Agricultural Farmlands for the World's Growing...
As the world population continues to rise, there are growing concerns for maintaining agricultural
farmlands, especially in developing countries with drought and famine. This has also led to many
shortages of food, due to high demand because of the increasing population. Demographists worry
that if this growing issue continues to hurt food consumption of povertized countries, than there will
be more deaths because the population is increasing, but the food levels are staying the same, or
even decreasing. Some of these demographists believe that this is occurring, because the developed
countries are intaking too much food. Others believe that this is because of the overpopulated
countries, and the fact that they are in higher need for food because of their population. Another
problem that arises within this is deforestation. Deforestation is a part of this growing problem
because when massive woodlands are cut down, the lands become dry and bodies of water in or
around the land dry up, making crops unsuitable for crop growth and crop rotation, leading to the
lands to turn into non–arable lands. This is also known as desertification. This correlates with
population growth because if lands become non–arable, then crops won't grow there, leading to
starvation in developing countries with higher population needs and demands. Although some
people are taking action for the problems that this issue has given us, we're still nowhere near
solving the problem. This issue is very

UK
COUNTRY ANALYSIS REPORT United Kingdom In–depth PESTLE Insights Publication Date:
May 2010 OVERVIEW Catalyst This profile analyzes the political, economic, social, technological,
legal and environmental structure in the United Kingdom. Each of the PESTLE factors is explored
on four parameters: current strengths, current challenges, future prospects and future risks.
Summary Key findings Strong democratic system, but the threat from terrorism continues to be high
The UK adheres to a democratic, parliamentary system of governance known as the Westminster
system. The structure of the administration ensures that there is an adequate separation of powers
between the executive branch, led by the prime minister, the bicameral ... Show more content on
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A recent study ranked the UK in the top three locations worldwide for eight scientific areas,
including biological sciences, environmental research, and clinical, pre–clinical and health research.
The UK is also renowned for the quality of its research and development (R&D), and persistently
builds on its strengths in science and innovation. The country has traditionally been keen to
encourage R&D in both the public and private sectors. However, the authorities face the unenviable
challenge of striking a balance between keeping the distribution of indigenous technology profitable
and maintaining a competitive advantage. Business legislation encourages commercial activity;
however, traditional liberties are affecting changes to legislation The legislation that affects the
business environment in the UK has been created and amended in such a way that the interests of
investors are generally given priority. This is evident from the fact that domestic and foreign players
have shown a continuous commitment to investing in the country. The majority of multinational
corporations that are based outside of Europe but have a presence on the continent establish their
European operations in the UK. However, the government faces the challenge of maintaining
traditional liberality of the country 's society while at the

Environmental Effects Of Desertification
Background: Desertification is the degradation of land and soil in dryland ecosystems caused by
both the climate and human activities. In the year 2000, one third of the population of the earth
dwelled in dryland ecosystems, and drylands are 41% of world's land. The effect of desertification is
massive because of the amount of people that live in affected areas. Drylands facilitate 44% of the
food production in the world and 50% of livestock, so these ecosystems are a very important source
of resources. 2.6 billion people depend of the food developed in drylands and many of those people
have jobs making the food. 52% of the land is being affected in some way by degradation because it
removes the moisture that is needed to grow or herd food. Around 800 million people are going
hungry and around 80% of these people are small land owners or they do not own any land and are
very poor. This means that those small land owners might not have any land in the end because of
the deterioration of healthy soil. Land degradation also effects water quantity and quality. Clean
water is one of the most important resources in the world, and desertification eliminates that
resource. 74% of those in poverty are directly affected by land degradation. 10–20% of drylands are
degraded already. The places most effected by desertification are sub–Saharan and Central Asia
drylands. Desertification occurs for various reasons. It can come from a failure to balance how much
the ecosystem can give as

Desertification: A Worldwide Problem Essay
California's central valley conjures images of lush, green landscapes; however, it has been plagued
by drought for much of the past decade. While we may have only felt most of the effects of drought
in our bank accounts with increasing water rates, the central valley has felt the effects in another
way – the process of desertification. The process has caused major concern for many in the
agricultural community but has moreover led to a widespread concern for much of the developing
world. Desertification is a global environmental problem that the textbook Principles of
Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications,written by William P. Cunningham and Mary Ann
Cunningham, defines as the "process of conversion of once fertile land to ... Show more content on
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Additionally, lands that are thoroughly tilled are also subject to the wind erosion. To highlight this
point further "[e]very year more than 1million tons of sand and dust blow from Chinese drylands,
often traveling across the Pacific Ocean to the West Coast of North America" (Cunningham 167).
Allowing animals to overgraze native plants is another contributor to desertification. In China, "
[p]eople share land but raise animals for themselves and try to enrich themselves by raising as many
as they can. This leads to more animals than the land can support" (Hays). These animals typically
eat the best of what the native land has to offer and so on until much of the native plants are gone.
This also allows for soils to be degraded by winds but more importantly, it can have an effect on the
rain fall in this location. Fewer plants lead to less transpiration by those plants which can lead to less
accumulation of moisture in the air.
Water is most certainly an important resource to us all – plants, animals and humans alike. Due to
this fact, water scarcity can be a contributing factor to desertification as well. "[W]ater scarcity
limits the production of crops, forage, wood, and other ecosystem provisioning services"
(GreenFacts). This highlights why the UNCCD is most concerned about desertification in the
generally dryer areas with scarce water supplies.
Due to the undeniable effects that desertification can have on regions and populations of the world,
the

Should Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay
Marijuana was first criminalized in 1923 when it was added to the narcotics act. In 1971 the LeDain
commission recommended the decriminalization of simple possessions of marijuana, followed by
the legalization of medical marijuana in 2001. Currently, the liberal government is taking steps
towards their promise, to legalize marijuana, made during the 2015 election. Currently, there are
laws that regulate the use of marijuana in Canada. It is illegal to possess or sell marijuana for non–
medial purposes. Marijuana remains a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Drug and Substances
Act, unless used for medical purposes. Due to it's positive affects socially, politically and
economically, marijuana should be legalized in Canada. In International legal barriers to Canada's
marijuana plans, Hoffmann and Habibi illustrate the disadvantages of legalizing Marijuana in
Canada, specifically in relation to Canadian politics. The article states that the legalization of
marijuana would violate the UN drug–control conventions that Canada is legally obliged to follow,
in the letter and spirit of the law. Canada is joined in the following three conventions that do not
allow the consumption or selling of marijuana unless medicinal: 1961 Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs, 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention Against
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Countries such as Bolivia, Portugal,
The Netherlands, Uruguay, and some U.S states

Critical Analysis Of Sustainability Principles
Essay – Critical Analysis of Sustainability Principles submitted by: Tanvi Rawat
Student ID: S3523444
Q.2 what is the relationship between sustainability and anthropogenic climate change, and how can
an understanding of these linkages be used to guide policy from the global to the local scale?
Ans. Sustainability is promoting social, economic growth with preserving the environment, whereas
the Anthropogenic Climate change is influencing natural and human living conditions. With an
increase in the risk of disaster which is turning to be a constrain in development and growth. The
anthropogenic generation of greenhouse gases (GHGS) is continuously making the temperature rise.
The energy use for industrial production and goods, services since last 200 years changed the
atmospheric conditions. The contents of greenhouse gases like ''– CO2 (carbon dioxide), N2, O
(nitrous oxide), O3 (tropospheric ozone), CH4 (methane) (Trenberth, 1992), which is the main cause
of natural disaster like draught and flood which ultimately becomes a cause of economic loss.
(Pachauri and Reisinger, 2007) For sample During 1980s the financial misfortunes from dry seasons
totalled a few hundred million U.S. dollars in Africa, its seen that dry spells and surges are more
basic since most recent 30 years, around 25% of the contemporary African populace encounters high
water stress. Around 69% of the populace live under states of relative water wealth. Henceforth the

The Council Of The United States Essay
made up of fifty four member countries elected by the general assembly for three year terms with
staggered elections and each member has one vote
Secretariat
The secretary–general of the UN is the closest thing to a "president of the world" that exists. The
secretary general is nominated unanimously by the Security Council which must include the five
permanent states, and then approved by the general assembly. The staff of the secretary general can
be regarded as an international civil service, which is not to seek nor receive instructions from any
other authority but the UN itself. Trusteeship Council
The trusteeship council now defunct was established in order to supervise the trust territories created
after the end of the second war. The administration of each territory was carried out by a specific
state, but certain supervisory responsibilities were performed by the General Assembly through the
agency of the Trusteeship Council.
International Court of Justice
The international court of justice now called the world court is the organ of the UN responsible for
the handling of judicial disputes between states. The Court which is headquartered in The Hague is
composed of fifteen judges elected by concurrent vote of the General Assembly and the Security
Council. However only states, not individuals or businesses, can sue or be sued in the World Court.
Current Roles of the United Nations
The current roles of the United

How Does One Create an Ecosystem and How Are Countries...
an ecosystem is a thriving of biotic and abiotic features in a region that interact with each other. or
simply, an ecosystem is where animals and plants live in harmony with their surroundings. for a
while now there have been issues with the care given to ecosystems and the ways in which countries
deal with threats to them. we hear about the extinction of many a kind of fauna and flora and how
their absence disorientates the equilibrium in many ecosystems and at the same time we also know
about people and organizations that strive to help build and maintain them. in the following we shall
look at how one can juggle focusing on the building of an ecosystem and sustaining the local
population, how nations worldwide are contributing to the welfare of forests and the ways in which
induviguals can give to the growth of an ecosystem. Global Perspective: apart from maintaining
order, settling conflicts and providing its people with resources a government must see to it that its
local ecosystem is maintained. this comes with its own set of benifits as tourism expands, the variaty
of resources increase, the job pool broardens and sometimes natural calamities can be avoided. . In
1972 the United Nations began the Conference on the Human Environment, at Stockholm. Based on
its result, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) was created, to become the world's leading
environmental agency. the environmental movemovement started by the united nations raised
awarness for a number of

Desertification In Nigeria
The Impact of Global warming and Desertification on the Nigerian Ecosystem
SEN 406 Technical Report Writing
Submitted By:–
Tabansi Anthony Uchenna
A00011635.
Prepared For:– Dr. Arthur U. Ume SITC
ABSTRACT
Global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing global warming. They have looked at the
natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate. But the amount and pattern of
warming that is been measured can 't be explained by these factors alone. The only way to explain
the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans. One of the first
things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and
humans emit them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars,
factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide,
also called CO2. Other contributors include methane released from landfills and agriculture
(especially from the digestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used
for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2.
Desertification could be described as the spread of a desert environment into arid or semiarid
regions, caused by climatic changes, human influence, or both. (Cline 2007) Climatic factors
include periods of temporary but severe drought and long–term climatic changes toward dryness.
Human factors include artificial climatic alteration, as through the removal of vegetation (which can
lead to unnaturally high erosion), excessive

One Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World...
E SSAYS ON TWENTIETH–C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the
Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula
Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora
Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and
Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made:
Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John
McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The
Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A ... Show more
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The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little
significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there
were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of
Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid–1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global
recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling
case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a
predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and
political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the
processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the
late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were
in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and
consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the
twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes
that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth–century world order. On
the other, it perversely unleashed forces

Scarcity, Accessibility, Utilization And Stability Factors...
Chapter 5
The availability, accessibility, utilization and stability factors affecting the intake of fruits from trees
in forest areas in Cameroon
Introduction and problem
In sub–Saharan Africa, just under one in every four people, or 23.2 percent of the population, is
estimated to be undernourished in 2014–16 (FAO et al., 2015). This is the highest prevalence of
undernourishment for any region in the World and, with about 220 million hungry people in 2014–
16, the second highest burden in absolute terms. The number of undernourished people increased by
44 million between 1990 to 92 and 2014 to 2016. In the Central African sub region, the number of
undernourished people more than doubled between 1990–92 and 2014–16 (FAO et al., 2015). The
lack of progress in the rate of undernourishment in absolute terms reflects prevailing problems in the
sub region, notably poor food consumption patterns caused amongst others by limited understanding
on the dimensions of food security, political instability and forest degradation. It is therefore
absolute to carry out investigations to properly understand the dimensions of food security
especially with changing environmental conditions. Promoting the consumption of fruits in poor
communities and amongst vulnerable groups could help in addressing problems of nutrient
deficiency and malnutrition (Kehlenbeck et al., 2013; Place et al., 2013; Tchoundjeu et al., 2012).
Deforestation has existed ever since the existence of mankind (de Wasseige et

Analyzing Climate Change
Climate change has become one of the most important issues on the global political agenda. This is
largely due to the fact that the developments that influence climate change also impact the way in
which life is conducted at local, regional, national, and global level.
The present paper aims to analyze climate change from a general perspective with due consideration
for aspects that eventually define climate change as an essential challenge as well as for humanity in
its entirety and for the individual as a single element of society.
The first part of the research provides background information on what climate change is, what are
its most important constituent elements, and what are its implications. Climate change represents in
essence a global challenge that can only be tackled at the global level. This is why it is important to
consider the views and perspectives of global organizations such as the United Nations, through the
United Nations Environment Program among other organisms under the coordination of the United
Nations. Climate change has been at the center of vivid debates in recent decades particularly
because it affects all strata of human life, from food supplies to education, health, and sustainable
development. Its complex impact on human life makes climate change an all the more important
aspect to be taken into account by policy makers, world leaders, and decision takers around the
world.
The second part of the research focuses on the initiatives

World Peace
WORLD PEACE & SECURITY
WORLD PEACE
World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and/or
people. World peace is an idea of planetary non–violence by which nations willingly cooperate,
either voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance that prevents warfare. The term is
sometimes used to refer to a cessation of all hostility among all individuals. For example, World
Peace could be crossing boundaries via human rights, technology, education, engineering, medicine,
diplomats and/or an end to all forms of fighting.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Possibility
While world peace is theoretically possible, some believe that human nature inherently prevents it.
[1][2] This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
United Nations Charter and International law
After the World War II, United Nations has been established by United Nations Charter to "save
successing generations from the two scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought untold
sorrow to mankind".[17] The Preamble to the United Nations Charter also aims to regain faith in
fundamental human rights, to respect obligation of sources of international law as well as to unite
our strength to maintain international peace and security. And all treaties on international human
rights law recall or consider "the principles proclaimed in the Chater of the United Nations,
recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the
human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world".
Globalization
Gordon B. Hinkley saw a trend in national politics by which city–states and nation–states have
unified, and suggest that the international arena will eventually follow suit. Many countries such as
China, Italy, the United States, Germany, India and Britain have unified into

Reducing Deforestation And The Loss Of Biodiversity
When the UN created Sustainable Development Goals during their meeting in New York City from
September 25th–27th, there were many targets that were set in order to improve Terrestrial
Processes. This was clearly an important issue that the UN felt the need to spend much time on in
order to address properly. Ultimately, several of the targets include certain fragments that are unable
to be measured accurately, or are given targets that are too general. However, many targets can still
be measured accurately and examples of this include Targets 15.2 and 15.5 that aim to halt
deforestation and the loss of biodiversity. This can be measured through extensive documentation of
a forest's area or by analyzing the amount of biodiversity within it. The studies are done usually by
both countries, such as Canada, and by wildlife groups such as WWF (Effects of Deforestation,
Fitzsimmons) (Deforestation, Bradford).
This is exceptionally similar to target 15.3, which aims to restore degraded land and soil from
desertification. Countries and the UN itself mostly measure this target. An example would be the
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) that determined severe land
degradation is affecting 168 countries worldwide (Desertification Crisis, King).
Target 15.7 calls for an end to poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna, as
well as addressing the supply of illegal wildlife products. In m opinion, both of these can be
measured to a certain

Ozone and Global Environmental Politics Essay
Ozone and Global Environmental Politics
A thin layer of gas called atmosphere surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere serves two important
purposes: it is a filter for the suns dangerous ultraviolet radiation rays and keeps the heat, necessary
to maintain life on earth, within the stratosphere (Vorlat 361). Ultraviolet light is incredibly
dangerous to all the organisms within the Earth's ecosystem because it causes skin cancer, effects the
immune system, and harms plant and animal life. For that reason the atmosphere and the ozone layer
within it are crucial to a stable life on this planet. The ozone layer is in danger, however. It is facing
depletion by a toxic man–made substance called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Together ... Show
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CFCs are a very heavy, very stable chemical often found in things such as air–conditioners,
refrigerators, fire– extinguishers etc. Upon release it can take the chemical up to five years to reach
the ozone layer. Once there the sun's rays split the chlorine atom causing it to bond with the ozone
atom and in turn destroying it (Kellner 20). A single pound of Freon, a CFC, can destroy as much as
70,000 pounds of ozone (Kellner 20). CFCs are responsible for depleting five percent of the three
billion metric tons of ozone in the air, that loss contributed to a twenty to twenty–five percent
decrease in the ozone over the uppermost northern region of Earth. Not to mention that every time
the ozone decreases the increase in skin cancer is two–fold (Kellner 20). All of the CFCs being
inputted into the atmosphere are causing the depletion of the ozone layer and the result is a hole
forming over the Antarctic region.
The hole forms every September to November, during the Antarctic spring. In 1998 however, the
hole showed up in mid–August and in September reached a record size of ten and half million
square miles. That is three and a half times the size of the United States. The hole is not really a hole
but rather a thinning of the ozone layer. The ozone layer has thinned so much though that patches
are left unfilled, giving the appearance of a hole. In 1998 the layer was close to record thinness
(Kloor 8). When the hole was

Human Society: The Sustainability Of Human Societies
A. Sustainability of Human Societies
1. Sustainability of human societies is the parallel consideration of healthy environments, life, and
human well–being. For sustaining human societies the four pillars are Economics, environment,
policies and education.
2. Sustainable development is a multi–dimensional method of thinking about the interdependencies
between natural, social, and economic systems in the world.
3. Policies around economics, education, finance, trade, energy, agriculture, industry, are
implemented to bring about economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable development.
The aim is to be able to meet the needs of the "present generation" without compromising on the
ability to meet the needs of the "future generation". ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that the economy also feeds on natural resources and along with the
advancement and progress, there is excessive use of natural recources and emission of wastes that
pollute the air and ebvironment,.
2. Economic Growth at the Cost of Sustainability
i. From the above table it is clearly visible that as the economy is growing, the population is growing
putting a strain on resources. Carbon dioxide emissions, oil production and consumption are
growing at a steep rate. Thus the economic growth is diameterically opposed to earth's and finally
human sustainability.
ii. Human hunger and greed for economic growth has already caused irrepairable damage on earth.
We need to realise that we need to achieve some balance between economic growth and
sustainability and there is a critical need to to put more weight on sustainability and less on
economic growth. 3. Economic Sustainability
i. Economic sustainability is the ability of an economy to be able to support a defined level of
economic production on an indefinite basis.
ii. The aim is to achieve economic growth which is economically viable, environmentally sound and
socially

Factors Affecting The Intake Of Fruits From Trees Essay
Check referencing and put scientific names of table in annex 1 into italics Chapter 5
The availability, accessibility, utilization and stability factors affecting the intake of fruits from trees
in forest areas in Cameroon
Introduction and problem
In sub–Saharan Africa, just under one in every four people, or 23.2 percent of the population, is
estimated to be undernourished in 2014–16 (FAO et al., 2015). This is the highest prevalence of
undernourishment for any region in the World and, with about 220 million hungry people in 2014–
16, the second highest burden in absolute terms. The number of undernourished people increased by
44 million between 1990 to 92 and 2014 to16. In the Central African sub region, the number of
undernourished people more than doubled between 1990–92 and 2014–16 (FAO et al., 2015). The
lack of progress in the rate of undernourishment in absolute terms reflects prevailing problems in the
sub region, notably poor food consumption patterns caused amongst others by limited understanding
on the dimensions of food security, political instability and forest degradation. It is therefore
absolute to carry out investigations to properly understand the dimensions of food security
especially with changing environmental conditions. Promoting the consumption of fruits in poor
communities and amongst vulnerable groups could help in addressing problems of nutrient
deficiency and malnutrition (Kehlenbeck et al., 2013; Place et al., 2013; Tchoundjeu et al., 2012).

Problems Associated with Drought in Africa, and Proposed...
Africa is a continent that suffers from many problems in many areas. The name of the continent has
become synonymous with poverty, hunger and disease. These problems are connected with each
other significantly. Many observers believe that the successive African crises are because of some
reasons such as violence in most African countries, corruption that is rooted in the majority of
African governments and stagflation which puts the continent in the mouth of hunger and
unemployment(Stewart, 2004). However, there are other factors which are responsible for Africa's
crises such as unstable environment, the growing population and agricultural difficulties (African
ecology, 1990). In fact, climate change leads to drought in many parts of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Drought, which is a clear manifestation of global warming, has severe effects on the African arena.
Large parts in Africa has turned into deserts in a short period; for example, within two decades,
around 6700 hectares of forest, which contained different animals such as monkeys, deer and
buffalo, have become a barren area (Ogodo, 2006, p2). Indeed, More than 300000 people died
because of drought in the Sahel in the seventies (Scott, 2005, p2). The fact that 40% of African
income depends on agriculture, and 70% of the African workers are engaged in agriculture means
that the drought is certain death to the continent (Scott, 2005, p2). In the future, some believe that
around 66% of African space could be dry because of deforestation and grazing (African ecology,
1990). In addition, many observers believe that the drought is the origin of all the African crises
(Brown, 2006). Over the history of the continent, different tribes and races have fought over water
sources , which lead some times to genocides (Scott, 2005, p5) For example, the conflict in Darfur
between the Sudanese government–backed militia and rebels, which has left more than 300000 dead
is mainly due to drought. This problem can be solved partly or even totally by the provision of water
(Block, 2010). Global warming is mainly produced by the industrial countries. There is growing
evidence that shows the steady

Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism is "the deliberate use of a biological organism– such as a virus or bacterium as a
weapon to debilitate or kill one's enemies in an act of war" (Langwith). Bioterrorism is not a modern
emergent concern public health concern. It has been a potential threat to us throughout the years
with progressive health and technology advances. With these advances, even normal everyday can
initiate a devastating bioterrorism attack. Today, the question is whether we are prepared to face
such a bioterrorism attack and survive with a very low mortality rate with minimal casualties. We
need to take a look at emergency preparedness and responses in case of a bioterrorism attack and
assess the results.
The threat of bioterrorism is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a New York Times Magazine article 10 years after 9/11, titled "How Ready are We for
Bioterrorism?", our country's readiness against a bioterrorism attack is carefully assessed. The
article states that with the sophisticated laboratories and technologies we have today, "a person at a
graduate–school level has all the tools and technologies to implement a sophisticated program to
create a bioweapon"(Hylton p.2). This means that the number of potential perpetrator goes up
exponentially and we are not ready for this reality. The article also puts emphasis on how simple the
object of the biological attack can be: "a handshake, a breath can become a poison"(Hylton p.1). In
the article, a simulation known as Dark Winter took place and the results were not close to
satisfactory levels. In conclusion, United States is not prepared for a biological

Essay Desertification And Deforestation
Desertification And Deforestation
The Amazon Rainforest is probably the most important region that is threatened by deforestation.
With over four million squared kilometers it is roughly the size of the United States. The Amazon
spreads across nine South American Countries and contains one–fifth of the Worlds fresh water and
one–third of the known living species. The land is home to hundreds of indigenous groups and is
considered by many to be "the lungs of the planet".
Most of the Amazon is still pristine, but the region is being destroyed at an alarming rate. Over 8
million acres of the rainforest are lost every year. Between 1978 to 1996, 12.5 percent of the
irreplacable rainforest was destroyed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The logging industries punch new roads into pristine forests, invade indigenous lands, parks and
preserves, and murder those who stand in their way. Brazil does not have the means to fully regulate
the logging industries however, the Asain logging companies were fined over one million dollars for
illegal logging last year. The loggers have cut more than 3,000 miles of roads into the intact forest
regions.
The Rainforest Action Network (RAN) has taken action against these loggiing industries. Their
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and letter–writing campaign
has led the Brazilian National Congress to put mahagony logging on hold for the next two years.
Also, President Cardoso has introduced a measure to stop deforestation as a result of farming and
ranching . This would limit clearing to twenty percent rather than fifty. RAN has also convinced
thousands of U.S. architects, builders and lumber yards to stop seling and using old growth
redwood. The are now calling upon the U.S. to stop all imports of Mahagony.
The biggest threat to the Amazon Basin are the "Mega Projects". The goal of these projects are to
create new economic and geographical links between nations. The plan is to criss–cross the region
with highways and waterways to access the Amazon's natural resources for commercial trade. These
projects are already underway. The Northern Border Highway is a mega–project that will span

The Degradation Of Arid Areas
1 Introduction and Background
According to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1994), all arid areas
distributed into three different subgoups, such as arid, semi–arid and dry sub–humid areas. In these
zones the average annual precipitation and evapotranspiration. Additionaly, arid areas occupy 41%
of the land on Earth and are home for more than 2 billion people. Moreover, zones of the same type
exist on all continents in the world except Antarctica. Forty percent of population of Africa, South
America and Asia live in arid areas; consequently arid zones dependent on the climatic conditions
that are not conducive to the agriculture. A small amount and high variability of precipitation
patterns pose serious problems to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As conclusions of the, the purposes of this report is to descibe and investigate different feasibility of
different techniques for providing fresh water to particular continent, specifically Australia.As a fact,
Australia is the driest country in the world. Annual precipitation falls in Australia less than in Africa
repeatedly. In the hot season the rivers and lakes dry up, and on the continent there is a shortage of
water. As water sources Australians use some large rivers and lakes, perennial summer and well.
Groundwater is of great economic importance for agriculture in this country.
2 Presentation of Options
Firstly, a dam is some kind of strategic imortant constraction wich allowed to control and store level
of water. Moreover, that kind of building important for cizitezns and humans in general as it grant
opportunities to provide fresh water in arid Australians zones for drinking, bathing, power
generation and fo others imortant and essentiial needs for life. Additionaly, Australia has over 500
huge dams constuction. During 1962, the Australian National Committee on Large Dams
(ANCOLD) adapted, on behalf of the International Commission of Large Dams (ICOLD), a
Register of Large Dams in Australia for inclusion in their World Register of Dams.
Groundwater water attribute to all water below the surface of

Classification and Assessment of Aridity over Pakistan...
3. Results and Discussion
The aridity maps was prepared by using De Martonne's Aridity Index, Thornthwaite's Precipitation
Effectiveness Index, Thornthwaite's Moisture Index, UNESCO Aridity Index and Erinc Aridity
Index. These indices showed that most of the southern parts of the country lie between arid to hyper
arid where as northern parts lie between semi arid to very humid zone (Fig–3). Analysis shows the
climate of northern parts is more variable as compare to southern parts. The reason in the variability
of the climate in the northern parts is that this region received rainfall in summer due to monsoon
systems (July to September) and in winter due to western disturbances (December to March).
Southern parts of the country receive most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is quite unfortunate for our agriculture that evaporative demand and water requirement for
crops in whole southern parts of the country is very high as compare to northern parts and it is very
difficult to carry out the agricultural activity in these regions.
Climate variability and change profoundly influence social and natural environments throughout the
world, with consequent impacts on natural resources and industry that could be large and far–
reaching. Climate change due to global warming not only started to impact the weather pattern but
also influence the agriculture sector in Pakistan. Pakistan is an agriculture whose majority of the
population depends upon agriculture. Glaciers are the big fresh water sources for Pakistan which
fulfills the water demands in the agriculture land while rainfall fulfills the water requirement of the
barani areas. An increase in temperature was observed in the country especially during the last few
decades which accelerate snow melting on glaciers. The increased rate of glacial melting in
Himalayas has caused vast lakes to develop, and if these lacks outburst, these can inundate towns
and villages below. There is high level of confidence that recent regional changes (rising tendency)
in temperature have discernable impacts on precipitation, evaporation, stream flow, runoff and other
elements of hydrological cycles (Elshamy et al., 2006).

Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION APPROACHES AND THEIR APPLICATION
Yona Shamir Israel Center for Negotiation and Mediation (ICNM), Israel
(Assisted by Ran Kutner)
SC–2003/WS/43
The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status
of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts
contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of
UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The principles and procedures of consensus building are dealt with in some detail. The article
outlines the principles of negotiation, based on interests and needs of the parties, the use of proper
communication, and maintenance of a working relationship as an essential component for reaching a
durable agreement. It lists and considers the essential skills needed by negotiators and mediators,
and points the different cultural expectations (national, regional, religious, or professional) and the
psychological aspects that affect perceptions and communications. It outlines a range of strategies
for and approaches to mediation, and the ethical problems that may arise.
1
1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR, sometimes also called "Appropriate Dispute Resolution") is a
general term, used to define a set of approaches and techniques aimed at resolving disputes in a
non–confrontational way. It covers a broad spectrum of approaches, from party–to–party
engagement in negotiations as the most direct way to reach a mutually accepted resolution, to
arbitration and adjudication at the other end, where an external party imposes a solution. Somewhere
along the axis of ADR approaches between these two extremes lies "mediation," a process by which

a third party aids the disputants to reach a mutually agreed solution. This article introduces the key
concepts, principles and skills of ADR

The Human Impact On Natural Environment
The human impact on natural environment is one of the most pressing issues of contemporary times
and a subject of discussion. The increasing human population and the rising level of technology both
have become significant factors in raising the environmental problems. There are several
environmental problems around the world today which occurred due to both natural and human
causes. Of all the global environmental problems, desertification is, perhaps, the most threatening
problem. Desertification is the expansion of desert lands into previously non–desert areas. Today in
many countries lands are becoming into deserts,and due to the conditions in the world soon we will
not be able to take it back. There are two main causes of desertification,one is human activities and
the other is climatic variations. The first and the most important cause of desertification is human
activities. Human causes includes Overgrazing, Over cultivation, Mismanagement of irrigation,
Deforestation, Urban and industrial activities, mining and exploitation of resources etc. All human
causes are related to over population. Due to overpopulation there is great pressure on land and
resources. According to Neo Malthusian, demographic pressure leads to overuse and misuse of
resources (Malthus, 1798). Earlier desertification was only a natural formation but day by day
humans are becoming responsible for it because of land mismanagements. One theory argues that
resources under common

Food Productivity And Its Impact On The United States Essay
Meanwhile, another 3 billion people are going to need somewhere to live. By 2050, 70% of us are
going to be living in cities. This century will see the rapid expansion of cities, as well as the
emergence of entirely new cities that do not yet exist. It 's worth mentioning that of the 19 Brazilian
cities that have doubled in population in the past decade, 10 are in the Amazon. All this is going to
use yet more land.
We currently have no known means of being able to feed 10 billion of us at our current rate of
consumption and with our current agricultural system. Indeed, simply to feed ourselves in the next
40 years, we will need to produce more food than the entire agricultural output of the past 10,000
years combined. Yet food productivity is set to decline, possibly very sharply, over the coming
decades due to climate change; soil degradation and desertification, both of which are increasing
rapidly in many parts of the world; and water stress. By the end of this century, large parts of the
planet will not have any usable water.
At the same time, the global shipping and airline sectors are projected to continue to expand rapidly
every year, transporting more of us, and more of the stuff we want to consume, around the planet
year on year. That is going to cause enormous problems for us in terms of more CO2 emissions,
more black carbon, and more pollution from mining and processing to make all this stuff.
But think about this. In transporting us and our stuff all over the

The Role of International Law Concerning Deforestation...
The Role of International Law Concerning Deforestation and Desertification
The surface of the earth is, in a sense, its skin–a thin but crucial layer protecting the rest of the
planet contained within it. Far more than a simple boundary, it interacts in complex ways with the
volatile atmosphere above and the raw earth below. It may seem hard to imagine it as a critical
component of the ecological balance, but in fact, the health of the earth's surface is vital to the health
of the global environment as a whole.
~Al Gore Deforestation and Desertification. These lucrative concepts echo throughout the
environmental movement both past and present. The realization and analyzation of the human
species' manipulation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to address the role of international law concerning deforestation and desertification it is first
important to explore what these concepts entail.
Deforestation can be defined as the clearing and destruction of the vital rain forests and forests
worldwide. The causes of deforestation lie in the immense population growth and poverty that exists
internationally (Office of Technology Assessment 305). Deforestation exists due to the pursuit of
fuel sources, clearance for agricultural purposes, timber, paper products, and development. The
numerous effects that deforestation creates entails soil erosion, desertification, loss of biodiversity,
loss of medicinal value, increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, an oxygen production decline,
and of utmost importance the effects which remain unknown. Most importantly of the latter is the
future loss of the human species. Deforestation and its effects occur on a global level. It is rapidly
occurring in all nations and in the past has been concentrated in Central and South America, Africa,
and Asia.
Desertification can be defined as earth, land, or soil that has been transformed to an unstable and
unproductive area that cannot sustain life. Desertification can be attributed to overpopulation,
deforestation, improper irrigation

World Commission On Environment And Development Essay
2. 4. CONFERENCES AND REPORTS ON ENVIRONMENT
UN activity in the field of environment has been driven by major conferences and reports.
UN Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992)
General Assembly Special Session on the Environment (1997)
World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
UN Conference on Sustainable Development (2012)
U N CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT (1972)
Economic and Social Council resolution 1346 (XLV) of 30 July 1968 recommended the General
Assembly consider convening a UN conference on problems of the human environment.
Conference convened by General Assembly resolution 2398 (XXIII) of 3 December 1968
Held in Stockholm, 5–16 June 1972
Led to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Outcome document: A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1
WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (1987)
Established by General Assembly resolution 38/161of 19 December 1983
Prepared a report for General Assembly in 1987 o Based on a four–year study o Transmitted by
A/42/427 o Entitled Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland report o Developed the
theme of sustainable development
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVVELOPMENT (1992)
Convened by General Assembly resolution 44/228 of 20 December 1988
Held in Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June 1992
Known at the time as the Earth Summit
Later came

Objectives Of The Sustainable Development Goals

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