Contrast Between A System Of Logic And The Foundation Of...

Contrast Between a System of Logic and the Foundation of...
Explain, as clearly as possible, John Stuart Mill's view of arithmetic put forward in his book "A System
of Logic" (Book II, Chapter 6) and then present how Gottlob Frege argues against Mill's view in his
book entitled "The foundations of Arithmetic". Mill's Argument: Book 2; Chap. 6 We need axioms and
definitions in order to structure an argument that points to certainty; each theorem must be solidly
grounded on the other. Axioms are solidly grounded on experience. They are the most universal class
and the most reliable. The so–called Deductive Sciences are therefore also inductive science in that
whilst they rest on pure and empirical experience, they are suppositions from these bases and only
hypothetical. They are approximate to the truth but lack the same certainty. This theory however must
be tested in order to see whether it is categorically applicable to all sickness including those based on
numbers such s Calculus; Arithmetic and Algebra. Every step of arithmetic seems to demonstrate a real
inductive progression, such as 2+1 = 3. It is based on solid fact. They are based on evidence. But even
here we have inductive with calculations flowing form the fact. Inductions of arithmetic are of two
sorts: One purely inductive flowing form the other Some hypothetical where we merely assume that
there is equality between all inductions/ theorems: What is commonly called mathematical certainty,
therefore, which comprises the twofold conception of unconditional truth
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Essay about Reflections on the Analytic/Continental Divide
Reflections on the Analytic/Continental Divide
My friends in the English department often ask me to explain the difference I so often talk about
between analytic and continental philosophy. For some odd reason they want to relate our discipline
with theirs in an effort, maybe, to understand both better. Thus, I welcome the opportunity offered by
Schuylkill's general theme this year to give a very general and un–rigorous presentation on Philosophy,
intended for the University Community at large.
One fine, if annoying, tradition in philosophy is that of hedging our bets. It's the fine art of being
slippery. And we actually think it's motivated by a wish to be exacting. Accordingly, I should begin
such a paper by saying that neither ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But perhaps you don't know about Descartes, the founder of "modern philosophy," and the most
armchair of the armchair philosophers. Doubting all that can be possibly doubted, no matter how he
tried he couldn't bring it about that he ceased to exist. He thought, and this established the idea of
himself as innate to himself. Of course John Locke wasn't having any of this. He announced that his
mind was a tabula rasa (blank slate) endowed instead with certain "capacities" and filled in like an
empty cabinet by the world of sense.
Thus the rationalist/empiricist tradition was born. Through many torturous turns it persists into the
analytic and continental divide. Indeed, it is still an open question whether analytic philosophy has ever
left this early beginning or whether it remains, as according to Joseph Margolis (Temple), "Pre–
Kantian" (Historied 57). Margolis argues that analytic philosophy, to the extent that it does not eschew
"all cognitive privilege" and a "principled disjunction between an independent actual world and the
world we experience and claim to know," is Pre–Kantian, particularly most forms of "externalism"––
the view that all thought contents are individuated at least partly by "external" factors in the
environment. In contrast, it is difficult to find an example of what I would call "Continental"
philosophy

Differences Between Facts And Theories Of Math And History...
Differences in the Relationship between Facts and Theories: Math and History Theories have been
defines as integrated set of concepts formed into propositions that explain different phenomena or
events (Schneider 2), while facts as thing that is undisputed as the case or corresponds to the truth
(Mellor 110). Both facts and theories are used to generate knowledge that can be applied in verse
situations. However, the relationship between facts and theories differs between different areas of
knowledge and there is no universal law dictating it, with some areas such as math having the theories
precede the facts, while other areas such as history having the facts precede the theories. This paper will
discuss the differences in the relationship of facts and theories of math and history using calculus and
World War II respectively. First argument The first argument analyses math and the notion that theories
precede the facts in this field. This argument uses calculus as a real life situation. Calculus is a branch
of mathematics involved with the calculation of varying quantities (Rohde et al. 1). It is considered
significant because it provides principles required to calculate quantities that cannot be calculated using
other mathematical concepts such as algebra or geometry (Rohde et al. 1; and Ledder 5 ). Most of its
concepts apply deductive thinking making it one of the most applied mathematical concepts in real life
situations. Like most mathematical branches calculus is

The Description Theory of Meaning Essay
The description theory of meaning was proposed independently by Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege
as a response to some of the fallacies of the reference theory. Description theorists propose that instead
of being a simple 'word – world relationship', meaning is derived from descriptions associated with
certain objects and stored in our mind (or senses in Frege's case). Frege and Russell's accounts of the
theory differ subtly in how they view descriptions. Several objections have been made against the
theory, but only the most important objections will be raised. These include Strawson's objection to the
attributive use. Also, the problems of ignorance and error raised by Kripke tarnish the description
theory's attractiveness. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows him to extend the Description Theory to almost every meaning. The extension of the theory
to names seems natural as when one refers to someone, they often add a description. For example, 'The
fat slob of a father on the Simpsons' explains just who Homer Simpson is. This analysis helps the
Description theorist to overcome some of the problems which plagued the Reference Theorist. This
theory is an improvement on the reference theory, as it is much better at explaining some of the features
of language, such as why we explain proper names with descriptions if asked.
Comparing Frege and Russell's Theories
While having essentially a similar message, there are some key differences between the two original
Description theorist's hypotheses. Both the theories can pick out a specific referent indirectly with
something like a description. However, while the emphasis is the same, Russell's analysis appealed to
the description as being something within a competent user's mind, whereas Frege saw these
descriptions as senses. He described these as being platonic entities, thus objective, whereas the
referents they picked out as being subjective. These abstract objects are used to determine how
reference can be made in the concrete world. Russell argues that there are not 'two levels of semantic
significance' in his theory, so that when his theory is logically formulated, it has a 'general nature',

Analytic Philosophy : Modality And The Iron Triangle
Modality and the Iron Triangle
Analytic philosophy had major influences on theories of meaning and the discussion of language. In
this paper, I will discuss some of the most significant people in this period and analyze the success or
lack of success for each theory in the period of analytic philosophy. The names of discussion are
Bertrand Russell, Alfred Ayer, and Saul Kripke. While other influencers of analytic philosophy
certainly exist, I will focus on these authors. Each writer was a founder of a movement of thought or a
beginning step to change in analytic philosophy, so their theories have major consequences on the
understanding on language and meaning. In particular, Russell was a major voice in the circles of
descriptivism, Ayer was a logical empiricist, and Kripke focused on modality and possibility. Rather
than describe each of these authors' views on their respective movements, I will focus on the
consequences of their views on a particular model in the philosophical discussion of meaning: the iron
triangle. This model is a description of meaning with three points based on knowledge, the method of
learning that knowledge, and the possibility of that knowledge. In this paper, I will describe each
philosopher's ideas on the iron triangle, Ayer's specific project on the model, and Kripke's subsequent
challenges to Ayer.
Firstly, Bertrand Russell's approach to meaning is descriptivist, and this theory is integral to Russell's
understanding of the iron triangle. This

This essay will be examining the key arguments for the...
This essay will be examining the key arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the claim
that "it is wrong to believe in anything without sufficient evidence"– with reference to the non–
existence of God. It will be exploring both a priori and an a posteriori argument for the existence of
God. It will solely be concentrating on the Theological argument, Cosmological argument and the
Ontological argument, in order, to analyse their significance and contribution in vindicating the claim
for the existence of God. The essay will begin by providing a clear philosophical characterisation of the
God of Classical Theism, in order to accurately evaluate the arguments for his existence. The essay will
explore varying interpretations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Teleological argument is a posteriori and inductive argument. It is based on the observation of
order in the world, and that the complexity of the universe shows evidence of design. This design
implies a designer; capable and sentient, and this designer is God. The argument is split into two parts:
design qua purpose and design qua regularity (Jordan, et al., 2002). Design qua regularity looks at the
evidence of design, found in the order and regularity in the universe (Jordan, et al., 2002). It was first
developed in the 13th century by St Thomas Aquinas, who in his 'fifth way' in Summa Theologica,
argued that the world of nature is like an arrow shot from an archer's bow, it has direction and purpose
even if it lacks awareness as "some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to
their end: and this being we call God" (Aquinas, 2009, p. 23). William Paley, another key contributor in
of the Teleological argument, uses the planetary movements and Newton's laws of motion are also
specific examples to provide evidence for design qua regularity part of the argument (Paley & Ware,
1857).
Design qua purpose looks at the evidence of design in relation to the ways in which the parts of the
universe appear to fit together for some purpose. William Paley put forward the most famous form of
the design qua purpose argument in his book Natural Theology (Paley & Ware, 1857). Paley used the
analogy of a watch and suggested

Immanuel Kant, Rudolf Carnap And Mary Leng
Knowledge about such objects as numbers and shapes has been debated by scholars including
Immanuel Kant, Rudolf Carnap and Mary Leng. The ability to attain knowledge of something's
existence encompasses philosophical ideas from a priori and a posteriori truths to ideas about
universalism. Abstract ideas with concrete uses, such as shapes and numbers, are effective vehicles for
such a discussion. I believe that mathematical objects exist as a priori truths and because they follow an
axiomatic truth theory. The truth theory applied however, is unique to the metaphysical object being
discussed.
According to Kant (1788), all knowledge that states fact is either 'a priori' (exists by definition) or 'a
posteriori' (knowable by experience) and is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A statement such as '3+4=7' is considered a mathematical truth, as if the mathematical objects 3, 4 and
7 exist and facts can be made about them. (Note that nominalists would not agree that numbers exist in
this sense however, as nominalist theories are often motivated by empiricist standpoints, which find no
place for the existence of non–spatiotemporal objects.) A potential problem with this is that one finds
that mathematics has a hierarchy of abstraction, resulting in a plethora of more conceptual
mathematical objects that become difficult to engage with. A given fact such as Fermat's Last Theorem:
'No three positive integers a, b, and c can satisfy the equation a^n + b^n = c^n for any integer value of n
greater than two' which requires 150 pages to prove and consumed 7 years of Andrew Wiles' life to do
so. The concepts that unfold from such a proof can be known because they are derived from the axioms
of mathematics in logic , which was first fully established in logicism in 1884 by Gottlob Frege (see
'Thinking About Mathematics' by Stewart Shapiro (2000), p.107–115). In this sense, all mathematical
facts are justified, therefore knowledge of them is possible. Mathematical objects exist therefore
because of how coherent and well–defined it is. It doesn't make sense to say we know about something
that doesn't exist. So mathematics must exist in

How Did Aristotle Contribute To Logic
Noah Wright
Professor Bruno
Intro to Logic
16 September 2017
Aristotle and Gottlob Frege
Throughout the history of human civilization, logic has played an important role in the development of
thought and the innovation of new technological discoveries. Without logic, there would be no
reasonable or coherent way of thinking. Furthermore, there would be no person capable of coding a
program today. Two important logicians who have contributed a great amount to the study of logic are
Aristotle and Gottlob Frege. Aristotle is one of the many great ancient Greek philosophers who are
mentioned throughout many textbooks. He was a student of the Plato (Aristocles) and a teacher to
Alexander the Great. He has contributed to the studies of science, philosophy, and logic. Although he
may have made vital contributions to the study of logic, his ideals have been reversed or significantly
dispelled by the ideology of modern logic. Two men who showed the limitations of Aristotle's logic are
Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell. His contributions to logic vary in many different sections of the
study. However, one of his most significant contributions is the notion of syllogisms. One of Aristotle's
contributions that is heavily taught in logic classes today is syllogisms. Syllogism, in layman's terms, is
an argument with two premises and a conclusion. It is valid and deductive, basically meaning that it
started out as a generalization but condensed to a specification of an idea. To

Russell's Theory Of Denoting In The Principles Of Mathematics
2.1.2. Problem with the Theory of Denoting in The Principles of Mathematics:
Russell's theory of denoting as exposed in The Principles of Mathematics considers that whatever can
be mentioned is a thing or a term i.e., an object. Thus, things, whether exist(like, the present queen of
England) or not (like, the golden mountain) have being if it can be used as the logical subject of a
proposition. This view of Russell is closely akin to that of Meinong's. However, there are some points
of disagreement too. Two main theses of Meinong's theory of object ( Über Gegenstandstheorie) are – i)
There are objects that do not exist. (T1) ii) Every object that does not exist is yet constituted in some
way or other and thus may be made the subject of a true predication. (T2) This is, in fact, the doctrine
of Aussersen – independence of sosein (character) from sein (being). Meinong thinks, even if an object
happens to be unthinkable, it is something having at least the property of being unthinkable. And,
whether or not something exists or has any other kind of being, it is an object i.e., something about
which one is conscious, according to Meinong. Russell's view at the time of The Principles of
Mathematics, resembles Meinong's in that Russell also holds that every object of thought has some
being. In The Principles of Mathematics , Russell says –

Semantic Theories Of Natural Language
This essay will discuss semantic theories of natural language. Emphasising on the use of meaning in
language, the process of human thought in language use and also how reality is an influence on
language.
The Oxford Dictionaries(n.d) provide definitions of the key words in enquiry as follows. ("meaning.") "
What is meant by a word, text, concept, or action:" .
("thought.")"An idea or opinion produced by thinking, or occurring suddenly in the mind:".
("reality.") "The state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of
them: ".
It can be understood that the human language consists of words as spoken or in text as a concept or to
define an action to correlate meaning.
With the words that are chosen to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
David Hornsby (2007) claims "we have a mental dictionary or lexicon which stores the form of a
lexeme". Hornsby 's claim is correct as in (??) Noam Chomsky brought forward the idea of a
"Language Acquisition Device".
Language is consistent among the reality shared among speakers rather than a surreal understanding of
the world.
Identifying the meaning of our expressions on the basis of its truth conditions was introduced by David
Donaldson (1967) with a theory of truth–conditional semantics. It aims to define the semantics of
natural language. Davidson expressed the idea that "language expresses meaning to be true if it coheres
with its truth conditions".
Include claims about truth conditional semantics
The truth–conditional theory defines meaning in language to be the same as the truth conditions of the
proposition and .
(Donald Davidson **) Claims
DAVIDSON OPPOSES TO DEFINITIONS OF MEANING OF ENTITIES
It has never been proven that language dramatically shapes the way it's speakers think (Pinker, 48).
It can be said that a cognitive component of language is the language of thought that of which all
humans use.
(**DATE) describes that the language of thought is
(Stephen Pinker **)
Slobin claims"There is a process of "thinking for speaking" in which cognition plays a dynamic role
within the framework of linguistic expression:

Dan L. Slobin (??) describes a cognitive process, which he labelled "thinking for speaking" . This is the
kind

Thoughts on a Possible Rational Reconstruction of the...
Thoughts on a Possible Rational Reconstruction of the Method of "Rational Reconstruction"
ABSTRACT: Rational reconstructions standardly operate so as to transform a given problematic
philosophical scientific account–particularly of a terminological, methodological or theoretical entity–
into a similar, but more precise, consistent interpretation. This method occupies a central position in the
practice of analytic philosophy. Nevertheless, we encounter–even if only in a very few specific
publications–a vague image of it. This is due on the one hand to the problem of the intentions of
application, i.e., of the normativity of rational reconstruction (descriptive/prescriptive–ambivalence). It
is also due on the other hand to the problem of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, we encounter–even in the specific publications–only a vague image of it. Surprisingly,
there are comparatively few specific publications. Historically they concentrate in the phase of Logical
Empiricism. On the other hand we record a quite extensive literature on the latest variant of rational
reconstruction, the "structuralist reconstruction." Besides Kamlah's article, Poser [1971] is to be
mentioned. Further, for Analytical Philosophy directly relevant material includes mainly brief remarks
in preliminaries and digressions, particularly in works of Wolfgang Stegmller, who established the
method in German postwar philosophy. I want to point out his well–known article on Kant (Stegmller
[1967]), which I followed when choosing a title for this paper, as well as his introduction to the fourth
volume of his great series on philosophy of science and Analytical Philosophy with its section "Neue
Betrachtungen ber die Ziele und Aufgaben der Wissenschaftstheorie" (Stegmller [1973], pp. 1–64).
Jrgen Mittelstra has commented for German Constructivism in some other articles (Mittelstra [1985a],
Mittelstra [1985b]). Consequently, a general, problemizing and coherent "Theory of Rational
Reconstruction" that really would deserve the name (as well as by the way any kind of "Textbook of
Rational Reconstruction") has, as it seems, remained a desideratum. The varied usage within Analytical
Philosophy as well as the

Reflection On Conflict Theory
In this class, the idea of Conflict Theory was brought up very early on. I really enjoy the concept and
find it incredibly useful when considering complex topics. Conflict theory, which was originally a
concept in which Karl Marx is largely attributed, theorizes that conflict arises due to limited resources
and the competition to secure those resources. The theory says that as long as there is a limit on how
much of something there is (and since we all live on a giant ball that has a set amount of every
resource, there always will be), then there will be people who fight to have control of it. For me, I find
this theory in action everywhere, and I routinely use it as a logical deduction tool to deduce the
underlying motivations of those around me.
Whenever I see something strange happening around me, the first thing I do is ask myself: Who profits
from this? How do they profit? & Why would they do that? After that, I ask myself who else would
want whatever is in question. For example, if I was asked to find a root cause for the ongoing conflict
in the middle east, I would ask who benefits from it. Once I do that, I would probably find that a very
large portion of the U.S. economy is derived from the import and export of petroleum, which is highly
abundant in the area. In fact, if the U.S. were to lose the oil imported from the middle east, then
disastrous wouldn't even come close to describing the economic turmoil that would ensue within the
United States. From this, I would undoubtedly conclude that the U.S. (& some other European
countries) are guilty of destabilizing the region in order to secure rights over their oil.
But this theory does not just apply to global issues. The idea of conflict applies everywhere, from
knowing what a possible future employer wants to hear, to understanding how much you are paying at
the register when you go grocery shopping. In fact, both of these ideas had a large impact on how I
landed my first job.
When I was in high school, seniors were required to participate in a 200–hour internship at local
businesses in order to graduate. It was during this time that I got an interview at a company known as
Social Eyes Marketing as a website designer. In that interview, I was

The Theory And Identity Theory, And Deal With The Multiple...
To quote Karl Popper, "Every solution to a problem, raises another unsolved problem" (Williams, 2003,
p. 2). It has been a topic debated for centuries, still, a definitive solution is yet to be found that
universally satisfies the problem of mind brain identity. The most logical answer comes in the form of
monism. Therefore in this paper I will argue that the mind and the brain are identical, as the mind exists
only as a property of the brain. David Lewis and D.M Armstrong give support for the causal
relationship between mind and brain states in the form of the identity theory, and deal with the multiple
realisability argument provided by Hillary Putman. Gottlob Frege provides his support for materialism
by showing that mental states are determined by the function of the brain, while discounting Thomas
Nagel's argument which proposes the idea of Qualia. Both the functionalist theory and identity theory
reach agreement on the materialistic view that the mind and brain are of the same substance.
The Identity theory maintains a monistic belief by considering states of mind as being indistinguishable
to brain states. Mental experiences including feeling pain, and possessing mental images are not
correlated with, but in fact are brain processes (Smart, 2007). When dealing with the question of
whether the mind and brain are identical, identity theorists differentiate between two forms, Type
Identity and Token Identity (Schneider). Token Identity theory considers that mental

Haack On Fuzzy Logic Essay
Haack On Fuzzy Logic
ABSTRACT: Much of the progress in modern logic beyond Aristotle is due to the invention of a
precise and powerful formalism, and this is why Haack is reluctant to weaken it. What motivates her to
regard deviant and fuzzy logic as extensions rather than rivals of classical logic is its demonstrated
capacity for refinement and progress. Thus she sharply distinguishes between a logic dealing with fuzzy
concepts (she accepts), and one which is itself fuzzy, i.e., where "true" and "false" cease to be precise
concepts (she rejects). While it is often more convenient to retain as much as possible of classical logic
because of its simplicity and familiarity, there is nothing in the hermeneutical view of logic to render it
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If however fuzzy logic is taken to be, as Zadeh and his followers claim, a rival theory, fuzzy technology
is irrelevant to its philosophical bona fides. (2) The idea is to accommodate vagueness within the
framework of classical logic by means of a non–classical semantics in which vague evidence counts as
true just in case it would be true for all the ways of making it precise.
After explaining how radically fuzzy logic departs not only from classical logic, but also from the
classical conception of what logic is and does, Haack criticizes fuzzy logic for its methodological
extravagances and its linguistic inconsistencies. She argues that despite the considerable new
complexities it introduces, fuzzy logic does not avoid but actually requires the imposition of artificial
precision – the very fault for which Zadeh blames classical logic. She also points out that the linguistic
evidence does not support the main contention motivating fuzzy logic that "true" and "false" like "bald"
and "tall" are predicates of degree. Linguistic, metaphysical, and methodological considerations all
speak against degrees of truth. (3) Haack concludes that fuzzy logic is not a viable competitor of
classical logic. A process of weighted averaging "defuzzifies" – Carnap and Haack might say,
"precisifies" –

The Value Of Philosophy By Bertrand Russell
The essay "The Value of Philosophy" by Bertrand Russell suggests that many "practical" people view
philosophy as rather useless, because these people are – according to Bertrand Russell – operating both
with wrong conceptions about the ends of life and wrong conceptions about what goods philosophy
strives to achieve. According to Russell the value of philosophy is in what it does for the person who
studies it. He makes the point that goods of the mind are as important in life as goods of the body. He
says that the main value of philosophy is that it enlarges one's thoughts, brings one into union with the
"not–Self", and helps us avoid being caught in narrowness as human beings. His main ideas are that
philosophy is to be studied to enrich our intellects, diminish our dogmatism, and make us citizens of the
universe.
In the essay, Russell presents the study of philosophy as a valuable undertaking, even though it does not
directly help the whole world or increase one's material wealth. The value is to be found for the student
of philosophy herself or himself. This value is primarily found in the intellectual development that is
available for those who undertake the study philosophy. They can escape narrowness, dogmatism, and
narrowness as they become citizens of the world, with enriched intellectual capacities. Russell
concludes with the idea that the mind becomes enlarged through the study of philosophy.
[PLEASE NOTE!: I have not put much commentary on the quotes here, but

Essay On Wittgenstein Concept Of Grammar
One of the essential aspects of philosophy is the capability for good communication. It is because this
discipline involves a practice of articulating thoughts and opinions or of disseminating arguments. In
simple sense, it circumscribes sharing of ideas and information between two or more persons.
However, as a philosopher one must take into consideration the aptness to establish and justify one's
personal opinion, to acknowledge others perspective, and to specify logically the reason for considering
one's own view as advantageous to the alternatives.
In response to this reason, Ludwig Wittgenstein claimed that one of the most important aspects of
communication in philosophical standpoint is grammar. It is in view of the thought that Grammar ...
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The primary source of this research is the Philosophical Investigation which is considered as
Wittgenstein later philosophy. The researcher will also use philosophical books as secondary sources
that talks about Wittgenstein's concept of grammar from the library of Don Bosco College and
Postnovitiate Seminary, Canlubang. Thus, E–sources (i.e., books, journal, thesis, essay, articles,
commentaries...etc.) that tackles about the Wittgenstein concept of grammar will essentially be surfed
will also be utilized.
Organization of the Thesis
This Thesis will be divided into five chapters. Each chapter demonstrates a development that would
answer the main question, "What is Wittgenstein's concept of Grammar?" The content of each chapter
will be as follows:
Chapter one: This part focuses on the Introduction of the whole study. Here the following–the
background of the study, the problems related to the topic, the scope and limitation, then the related
literature, and the methodology– will be discussed. Then in chapter two, life and works of Wittgenstein
will be discussed. Thirdly in chapter three, an account of the similarities between Wittgenstein concept
of grammar and the Linguistics conception of grammar will be presented. Hence, in chapter four, an
exposition of Wittgenstein concept of grammar as uses of words and meaning will be recounted. Lastly,
chapter five will relay the conclusions

Plato And Philo Reflection Paper
Philosophy came from two Greek words: Philo (love) and Sophia (wisdom). It was Pythagoras who
coined the term and he was the first to call himself as a "lover of wisdom." According to St. Thomas
Aquinas, a theologian and a philosopher who was inspired from the works of Aristotle said that
Philosophy is the science of all things in their ultimate causes. In Modern Period, the Rationalists
believed that reason makes man and it is the most necessary whenever one philosophizes. On the other
hand, the empiricists will tell that Sensation is the most important whenever we philosophize. It's like
the notion of Aristotle that it is by the senses, one achieve knowledge for mind is a tabula rasa. Unlike
Plato's notion that it is in the mind that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to him, it is through the senses or perception that human achieves knowledge. Based on his
idea, forms lie on the object itself. For example, a boy sees Cockroach for the first time. Since it was
his first time, he touched the cockroach and soon was bitten by the cockroach. Through this experience,
the boy will conclude that cockroaches are harmful insects. It also gave him a realization not to touch it
anymore and it should be killed since a pest. In this example, the boy is innocent and has no knowledge
in an object. That's why further experience results into further

St. Ignatius: Worldview: Worldview
Worldview assignment group work
Charlie Becca, Zachary Jones, and Joe Krisciunas
St. Ignatius:
Worldview: The world is not about good vs evil, as all humans are fundamentally good, "it is about
good vs better" (Ignatius Video). St. Ignatius thoroughly believes that humans are born as good people,
but that every human is capable of reaching their higher potential through God. This is talked about
extensively in the St. Ignatius movie that we watched in class, where it discusses his teachings, and
how they exemplify using the example of Jesus to make fundamentally good people even better.
Experience that influenced person to see the world this way: Ignatius was injured at the battle of
Pamplona. He was then sent to his father's castle to heal. His recovery took two years and in that time
he read books about great spiritual leaders and saints. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ignatius says they are intended to help one discover one's true self and to put such order into one's life
that all decisions will be made free of any unhealthy attachments." These exercises, which are focused
on allowing human beings to be the best person they can be. His exercises are not focused on saving
one from damnation, but instead on harnessing the good inherent in all human beings. This is exactly
how St. Ignatius used his worldview in the real world. He views all people as good, so he wrote
exercises designed to use the good already inherent in everyone in order to allow them to serve God
better. Saint Ignatius was not interested in designing spiritual exercises that promised hellfire for any
who were not perfect, instead his exercises were designed to help individuals become better men and
better followers of

Comparing Kripke's From Naming And Necessity
The essence of philosopher Saul Kripke's writing, "From Naming and Necessity" is the misconceived
(in Kripke's opinion) notion for the qualifications present in the theory of naming an object as compiled
by the descriptivist theory. It deals with the arguments of proper nouns in the language philosophy. The
use of language while referring to a person or express a thought has led language to be of fundamental
concern to the analytic philosophers. Kripke gave credit to descriptive theories explained by Russell,
Frege, Searle, and Wittgenstein. Kripke's distaste for the previously named individuals' beliefs is
difficult to disagree with. His interpretation, although radical, does seem to make sense to an extent.
The six postulates presented by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is particularly concerned with the concept of cluster description. The supporters of the descriptive
theory argue that a name corresponds to a descriptive meaning rather than a definite description. It is
impracticable to attach any significance to a specific description in the meaning of names. For instance,
someone known as Jeff Wellington would be a church leader living in Knoxville Street and would still
be David's dad bearded and with a bald. All such descriptions refer to one person Jeff Wellington each
giving us more information about him. Jeff is a man of God and a father, thus the idea of cluster
concept. Whatever satisfies most of the cluster of description attached to a name is the original bearer
of that particular

Analysis Of Wittgenstein 's View About The Nature, Limit...
Hayley Berkowitz Linguistic Structure: Wittgenstein's view about the Nature, Limit & Function of
Logical Constants & Quantifiers. 2. For Ludwig Wittgenstein to really provide us with a thorough
account of propositions he needs to explain the nature of logical constants. Wittgenstein was a thinker
who remained skeptical as to whether logical constants could be representational. For him, (negations,
conditionals, connectives, conjuncts, disjuncts, etc) are not constituents of the proposition but are
instead structural elements of that proposition. The notion that the nature of logical constants is
inherently structural, seems clear in Wittgenstein's reference to them in relation to punctuation. In
5.4611, Wittgenstein declares that "Logical operation signs are punctuations", and it seems in this sense
they must have a syntactical role. With this notion in mind the proposition that "Greg is a lobster",
would have the same sense as the proposition that "Greg is not a lobster". It's feasible to assume that the
negated proposition has an extra situation or object (the negation) that goes above and beyond the
unnegated proposition. For Wittgenstein however, this is not the case because negative facts merely
account for the non–existence of a state of affairs. Therefore, because "not" is a structural element (and
not a name) it can only be a truth function that reverses the "sense" of a proposition. For Wittgenstein
the sign "and" in the sentence "Mr. Hsu and Greg float into

Logic And Logic Of Computer Science And Computers
1. Introduction
The purpose of this report is to give information on the subject known as Logical reasoning and its use
in Computer Science and computers in general. A historical background behind logic and Logical
reasoning is firstly given, followed by an overview of the modern subject and the types it's divided into.
The types are then explained. The overlap between the field of logic and that of computer science is
also given an explanation. The report ends with a brief overview on the subject and its tie to computer
science and computing.
2. History of Logic and Reasoning
2.1 Logic in Greece and Europe
The term "Logic" hails from the ancient Greek word logike and is a discipline which utilizes and
studies valid reasoning. It is heavily relied upon in a number of subjects such as mathematics,
philosophy and computer science, its roots being traced to ancient civilizations including Greece, India,
China and Persia.
In Europe logic was first employed by Aristotle, his so called Aristotelian logic was widely used in
science and mathematics until the early 19th century. During the Middle and High middle ages people
went to great lengths to show that his ideas were compatible with the Cristian faith, by that time logic
had become the main focus of philosophers. 2.2 Logic in India
In India logic went under the name of Nyaya, it underwent dynamic changes from its founding in
ancient times up to the early 18th century. According to some people Indian logic contains "...the

Questions On Private Sub Form
Form–2 Private Sub Command1_Click(Index As Integer) Unload Me Form7.Show
Form7.newad.Enabled = False Form7.adcurr.Enabled = False Form7.modify.Enabled = False
Form7.delete.Enabled = False End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click(Index As Integer) Unload Me
Form3.Show End Sub Private Sub Command3_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load()
Form2.WindowState = 2 Form2.Caption = " STATUS PAGE" End Sub Form–3 Public cn As New
ADODB.Connection Public rs As New ADODB.Recordset Public rs1 As ADODB.Recordset Private
Sub Command1_Click() If cn.State = 0 Then cn.Open "Provider=MSDAORA.1;Password=tiger;User
ID=scott;Persist Security Info=True" End If Dim find As String If Text1.Text Like "2k2mc###" Then
find = " select * from log where ad_user = '" & Text1.Text & " ' " rs.Open find, cn, adOpenDynamic,
adLockOptimistic If rs.EOF And rs.BOF Then MsgBox " Error!!!You are not VALID USER!!!",
vbInformation + vbOKOnly, "Student Information System" Text1.Text = "" Text2.Text = ""
Text1.SetFocus rs.Close Exit Sub End If If rs.Fields("Ad_user") = Text1.Text And
rs.Fields("ad_passwd") = Text2.Text Then MsgBox "Welcome Administrator" rs.Close Unload Me
Form7.Show Else MsgBox "You are not VALID USER!!!", vbInformation + vbOKOnly, "Student
Information System" Text1.Text = "" Text2.Text = ""

Language Study: English
At a first approximation, language means any system of symbolic signs used for social
intercommunication, that is to say, any system of signs which serves to express and communicate ideas
and feelings and content of consciousness. Below are a few examples:
Idiom is a faulty style construction of language, which can give rise to ambiguity, multivocality,
confusion.
Example: Sick as a dog.
Analogy is the correspondence and resemblance between two or more events, objects, concepts; it can
be the study of a method based on the analogy between this system and another known system, partial
similarity of form or content of two elements of language that causes one to change under the influence
of the other.
Example: Life is like a box of chocolates.
Metaphor is a figure of speech resulting from a comparison implied by substituting the word–object
compared to word–picture. It only makes sense when the similarities between the two things become
apparent or someone understands the connection.
Example: You are my sunshine.
Simile is an examination of two or more things or phenomenons being made in order to determine
similarities and differences between them; degree of comparison, adjective form which takes some
categories of adverbs to show greater or lesser extent as a noun or a verb has expressed acquiring or
feature that adjective or adverb.
Example: As cold as ice.
ClichÃ© is a stylistic formula, an expression trivialized because of excessive repetition, pattern, phrase

Metaphysics: Nature Of Being And The World
Branches of philosophy
The following branches are the main areas of study: Metaphysics investigates the nature of being and
the world. Traditional branches are cosmology and ontology. Epistemology is concerned with the
nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has
been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification.
Ethics, or 'moral philosophy', is concerned with questions of how persons ought to act or if such
questions are answerable. The main branches of ethics are meta–ethics, normative ethics, and applied
ethics. Meta–ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, comparison of various ethical systems,
whether there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes a fourth period is added that includes the Christian and Neo–Platonist philosophers. The
most important of the ancient philosophers (in terms of subsequent influence) are Plato and
Aristotle[7].
The themes of ancient philosophy are: understanding the fundamental causes and principles of the
universe; explaining it in an economical and uniform way; the epistemological problem of reconciling
the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain
knowledge about it; questions about things which cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers,
elements, universals, and gods; the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument; the nature of the
good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of
the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems[8].
In this period the crucial features of the philosophical method were established: a critical approach to
received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argumentation.
[pic]
[pic]
St. Thomas Aquinas
[edit] Medieval philosophy (c. A.D. 500–c. 1350)
Main article: Medieval philosophy
Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe and the Middle East during what is now
known as the medieval era or the Middle Ages, roughly extending from the fall of the Roman Empire to
the Renaissance. Medieval philosophy is defined partly by the rediscovery and further development of

Logical Reasoning
updated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California
State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright © 2011–14 by
Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative
Commons AttributionNonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share,
copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1)
Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his
name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book
Logical Reasoning or its author endorse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
vi Table of Contents
Preface.........................................................................................................................................................iii
Copyright ...............................................................................................................................................iii
Praise .......................................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. v
Table of Contents
......................................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1
How to Reason Logically ........................................................................................ 1 Facing a Decision
as a Critical Thinker ............................................................................................... 2 Advice for Logical
Reasoners ............................................................................................................... 5 Examples of Good
Reasoning............................................................................................................. 14 Review of Major
Points

Metapsychologism In The Philosophy Of Logic Essay
Metapsychologism In The Philosophy Of Logic
ABSTRACT: The problem of psychologism in the philosophy of logic and the different solutions of
this problem are considered. Both traditional psychologistic and antipsychologistic solutions are shown
to be untenable and the need for a new solution is demonstrated. The original program of
metapsychologism is advanced as a solution to the problem of psychologism based on deduction–
search theory. Two formalized levels of a logical procedure are distinguished: 1) an object–level at
which a notion of inference is formalized; 2) a metalevel at which principles of deduction–search are
formalized, and a thesis of metapsychologism according to which metalevel processes are formulated.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a question about logic and in this sense a question external to logic. This is important to mention
from the very beginning in order to stress that the changes in the solutions of the problem of
psychologism do not influence directly to the solutions of the purely logical tasks. The solution of the
problem of psychologism as a problem of philosophy of logic is motivated partly by the developments
taking place in logic itself and partly by philosophical considerations. (1)
Usually this problem is treated as a question about the relation between logic, on the one side, and
thought or mental processes, on the other side. Thus to understand this question we would need to
answer two other questions: What is logic? What is thought? But neither of these questions is easily
answered in a general form. (2) For the time being, by the term "logic", I will understand classical first
order predicate calculus, (3) and by the term "thought", the reasoning of a cognitive subject when he
tries to solve a problem of an arbitrary nature without using any formal logical means. "Thought", then,
is reasoning carried on without the conscious application of formalized logical laws and rules of
inference. This is still not a very precise understanding of thought, but for the present it is sufficient for
a formulation of the

Essay on Reflexive Transparency, Mental Content, and...
Reflexive Transparency, Mental Content, and Externalism
It has been disputed whether an externalist conception of the individuation of intentional states, such as
beliefs and desires, is compatible with self–knowledge, that is, the claim that one's judgments about
one's intentional states are non–evidential, non–inferential, and authoritative. I want to argue that these
theses are indeed incompatible, notwithstanding an important objection to this incompatibility claim.
The worry has been raised that if externalism is true, then for a subject to know, say, that he or she
believes that p, the subject would need to know, on the basis of some evidence, the external conditions
which determine the belief's content. Thus, externalism would be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And thus externalism would be incompatible with self–knowledge. But many philosophers have
accepted an objection suggesting that this worry is mistaken, because even if one's belief content is
externally determined, one need not know the external conditions determining that content in order to
have the belief. And, thus, the subject's reflexive judgment about the belief would not need to rest on
evidence about those external conditions.(2) But this objection rests, in turn, on a crucial assumption
according to which mental content is reflexively transparent in the sense that a subject could not judge
that she has an intentional state and be mistaken about the content of her state, even if content is
externally determined.(3)
My main purpose is to question this crucial assumption. Now the claim that mental content is
reflexively transparent is extremely compelling and, if it is correct while externalism is true, then this
would indeed support the compatibility of externalism and self–knowledge. But, I want to argue that
mental content is not reflexively transparent on the assumption of externalism. If my argument is
correct, the upshot is that self–knowledge and

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