The document discusses the causes and types of violence. It analyzes violence through four levels - biological/personal, close relationships, community, and societal. Violence is categorized into self-directed, interpersonal, and collective forms. The types of violence include physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, spiritual, and cultural forms. The document concludes that scientific strategies aimed at underlying causes, such as parenting programs, life skills training, and reducing substance abuse, have been effective in preventing violence.

3. causes of violence, including
The first level identifies biological and personal factors
that influence how individuals behave and increase their
likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence
The second level focuses on close relationships, such
as those with family and friends.
The third level explores the community context—i.e.,
schools, workplaces, and neighbourhoods.
Finally, the fourth level looks at the broad societal
factors that help to create a climate in which violence is
encouraged or inhibited

4. Violence into three broad categories :
self-directed violence
interpersonal violence, And
collective violence

5. The nature of violent acts, can be:
 Physical Violence
 Sexual Violence
 Emotional Violence
Psychological Violence
Spiritual Violence
Cultural Violence

6. Kekerasan Fisik
Kekerasan Seksual
Kekerasan Emosioanal
Kekerasan Psikis
Kekerasan Budaya
Kekerasan Spiritual

7. Scientific research shows that strategies
addressing the underlying causes of violence can be
effective in preventing violence. Examples of
scientifically credible strategies to prevent violence
include nurse home-visiting and parenting education to
prevent child maltreatment; life skills training for
children ages 6–18 years; school-based programmes to
address gender norms and attitudes; reducing alcohol
availability and misuse through enactment and
enforcement of liquor licensing laws, taxation and
pricing; reducing access to guns and knives; and
promoting gender equality by, for instance, supporting
the economic empowerment of women.