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Tonsillitis
1.
2. Annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in
the pharynx
Circumscribes the nasopharyx and the
oropharyx
Constituents: (superior to inferior)
a) nasopharygeal tonsils
b) tubal tonsils
c) palatine tonsil
d) lingual tonsil
3.
4. Also called “faucial” tonsil
Two in number, lying in the tonsilar fossa in
the lateral wall of the oropharynx
Extends upwards into the soft palate
Downward into the base of tongue
Anteriorly into the palatoglossal arch
Two pillars, two surfaces, two poles
Anterior pillar- palatoglossal arch
Posterior pillar – palatophargeal arch
6. Medial surface of tonsil – nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelium – which dips
into the substance to form 12-15 crypts –
openings on the surface
The largest – crypta magna or intratonsillar
cleft- ventral part of 2nd pharyngeal pouch –
seperates upper pole from the tonsillar body
Lateral surface of tonsil – well defined fibrous
capsule – seperates tonsil from its bed
7. Tonsillar bed :
superior constrictor muscle
styloglossus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve
buccopharygeal fascia
Between capsule and the tonsillar bed is a
layer of loose areolar fat
9. Veins ---- paratonsillar vein----common facial
vein----pharyngeal venous plexus
Lymphatics---no afferents---efferents(pierce the
superior constrictor)---upper deep cervical nodes
especially the jugulodigastic (tonsillar) nodes
located below the angle of mandible
Nerve supply – lesser palatine branches of
sphenopalatine ganglion and glossopharyngeal
nerve provide sensory supply
11. The tonsil consists of
i) surface epithelium which is continuous
with the oropharyngeal lining
ii) crypts- invaginations of the surface
epithelium
iii) lymphoid tissue
12. as part of general pharyngitis, usually in viral
infections
13. infection spreads into the crypts – filled with purulent
material – yellowish spots at the openings
14. uniformly enlarged and erythematous with exudates, edema of uvula and
soft palate
15. exudation from crypts coalesces to form a membrane on
the surface
16. Most commonly seen in school-going
children
Rare in infants and elderly
Haemolytic streptococcus is most common
Others: staph, pneumococci, H.influenzae
Can be primary or secondary to a viral
18. Breath is foetid, tongue coasted
Hyperaemia of pillars, soft palate, uvula
Tonsils appear red and enlarged (purulent,
parachymatous, membranous – the
membrane can be easily wiped away with a
swab)
Jugulodigastic nodes are enlarged and tender
19. Bed rest and fluids
Analgesics – aspirin or paracetamol according
to age- to relieve local pain and bring down
fever
Antibiotics- for 7 to 10 days- penicillin is the
drug of choice- if allergic, erthyromycin
20. Chronic tonsillitis : due to incomplete resolution of
acute attacks; may persist in lymphoid follicles
forming microabscesses
Peritonsillar abscess
Parapharygeal abscess
Cervical abscess : suppuration of jugulodigastic lymph
nodes
Acute otitis media
Rheumatic fever
Acute glomerulonephritis
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: mostly due to
viridans, infection in people with valvular heart
disease
21. Diphtheria
Vincent angina
Infectious mononucleosis
Agranulocytosis
Leukaemia
Aphthous ulcers
Malignancy of tonsil
Candidal infection of tonsil
Traumatic ulcer
22. Complication of acute attacks : pathologically
microabscess walled off by fibrous tissue is
seen in the lymphoid follicles of the tonsils
Subclinical infections of tonsils without an
acute attack
Chronic infections of sinuses or teeth can be
predisposing
Usually occurs in children and young adults,
rarely in elderly
23. Chronic follicular tonsillitis: tonsillar crpypts
with cheesy infected material – yellow spots
Chronic parenchymatous tonsillitis :
hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of tonsil,
profound enlargement, obstructive
symptoms
Chronic fibroid tonsillitis: small but infected,
history of repeated sore throats
24. Recurrent attacks of sore throat or acute
tonsillitis
Bad breath/ hallitosis due to puss in throat
Chronic irritation in throat in cough
Obstructive symptoms: thick speech,
difficulty swallowing, choking spells and sleep
apnoea
25.
26. chronic parenchymatous type
Chronic follicular type
Small tonsils, pressure on anterior pillar
expesses frank pus or cheesy material –
chronic fibroid
Flushing of anterior pillars compared to the
rest of the pharyngeal mucosa
Enlargement and tenderness of
jugulodigastic lymph nodes
28. Attention to general health, diet, treatment of
coexistent infection of teeth, nose and sinuses
Tonsillectomy
absolute indictations:
i) 7 or more episodes in one year, 5 py for 2, 3 py
for 3, 2 wks or more of lost school or work in 1year
ii) peritonsillar abscess: 4-6 wks after treatment,
two attacks in adults
iii) tonsillitis causing febrile seizes
iv) hypertrophy of tonsils
v) suspicion of malignancy
29. Peritonsillar abscess
Parapharyngeal abscess
Intratonsillar abscess
usually follows acute follicular
red and swollen, pain and dysphagia
Tonsilloliths
cypyt is blocked with the retention of debris
inorganic salts of ca, mg are deposited to form a
calculus/stone, may ulcerate through the surface
local discomfort/foreign body sensation
felt on palpation or gritty feeling on probing
Tonsillar cyst
yellowish swelling over tonsil due to blockage
Focus of infection in rheumatic fever, acute
glomerulonephritis, eye and skin disorders