hub, switch, router

1. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
National Diploma in Information and Communication Technology – Bridging
[BIT-FON] Fundamentals of Networking
Task 03: Networking Components and Devices
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2. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Objective
Identify the purpose, features, and functions of the following
network components
1. Hubs
2. Switches
3. Routers
4. Network Interface Cards
5. Wireless Access Points
6. Firewalls
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3. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
1. Hubs
hub is the most basic networking
device that connects multiple
computers or other network devices
together.
hubs were popular because they were
cheaper than a switch or router
Most hubs are referred to as either
active or passive
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4. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Active / Passive Hubs
basic function of a hub is to take data from one of the connected
devices and forward it to all the other ports on the hub
• Active regenerate a signal before forwarding it to all the ports on
the device and requires a power supply
• Passive hubs, which today are seen only on older networks, do
not need power and they don’t regenerate the data signal.
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5. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Hubs
Broadcasting: the method of sending data to all systems
regardless of the intended recipient is referred to as
broadcasting.
broadcast communications can have a significant impact on
overall network performance.
Inefficiencies: Constantly increasing demand for more
bandwidth, hubs are slowly
Note: hubs are inexpensive
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6. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
2. Switches
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7. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Switches
• Switch forwards data only to the port on which the
destination system is connected
• It looks at the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of the
devices connected to it to determine the correct port
A MAC address is a unique number that is stamped into every NIC.
• Switch looks much like a hub
• Switch decreases the amount of traffic on each network link
• Switches are more efficient than hubs
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8. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Switches
•Half-duplex - the communication between the system and the
switch or hub is said to be half duplex connection
• data can be either sent or received on the wire but not at the same time
•Full-duplex mode—it can send and receive data on the connection
at the same time
Note: It’s important to remember that a full-duplex connection has
a maximum data rate of double the standard speed, and a half-
duplex connection is the standard speed.
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9. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Hub and Switch Ports
• Hubs and switches have two types of ports
• MDI (Medium Dependent Interface)
• MDI-X (Medium Dependent Interface Crossed)
• The two types of ports differ in their wiring
• MDI-X port’s wiring is crossed
• Modern hubs and switches, a special port called the uplink port allows
you to connect two hubs and switches to create larger networks
• a straight-through network cable is used to connect the two hubs or switches
together
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10. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Cables Connecting Hubs and Switches
•Two types of cables are used to connect devices to
hubs and switches
•Crossover cables
two of the wires are crossed
•Straight-through cables
all the wires run straight through
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11. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Hub and Switch Indicator Lights
• Both hubs and switches use light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) to indicate certain connection conditions
• Existence of a live connection
• Speed of the connection
• Connection is at half- or full-duplex
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12. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Rack-Mount, Stackable, and Freestanding
Devices
• Rack-mount devices are designed for placement
into equipment racks (19 inches wide)
•Slightly smaller than freestanding devices
• Small metal brackets are screwed to the sides of the
devices to allow them to be fitted into the racks
• Stackable or freestanding devices can literally be
placed on top of one another
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13. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Managed Hubs and Switches
• Both hubs and switches come in managed and
unmanaged versions
• A managed device has an interface through which it can
be configured to perform certain special functions
Note: Port Density, Excluding the small workgroup hubs and switches
normally have 8, 16, 24, or 32 ports each, although variations are
available.
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14. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
3. Routers
• Routers are network devices that literally route
data around the network
• Connect to an Internet service provider (ISP)
•Routers have the capability to interconnect network
segments or entire networks (WANS/MANS).
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15. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Routers
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16. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
The Basic Function of a Router
These devices examine incoming
packets to determine the
destination address of the data.
It then examines its internal
routing table to choose the best
path for the packet through the
network, and switches them to
the proper outgoing port.
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17. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Routable Protocols and Routing Protocols
Routers rely on two types of network protocols to make
the routing magic happen
(Protocol: a set of rules or procedures for transmitting data)
Routable Protocols : Large internetworks need protocols
that allow systems to be identified by the address of the
network to which they are attached and by an address
that uniquely identifies them on that network
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18. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Routable Protocols and Routing Protocols
Three routable LAN network protocols are used
today:
•Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
•Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange
(IPX/SPX)
•AppleTalk
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19. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Routable Protocols and Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols are the means by which routers
communicate with each other. This communication
is necessary so that routers can learn the network topology
and changes that occur in it.
The two types of routing protocols are distance-vector and
link-state protocols. Each has a different strategy for dealing
with router-to-router communication
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20. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
4. Network Interface Cards (NICs)
• NICs—sometimes called network cards—are the
mechanisms by which computers connect to a
network
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21. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Network Interface Cards (NICs)
• Network interface is embedded into the
motherboard
• Network is wired or wireless since the NIC can be
used for Ethernet networks as well as Wi-Fi ones, as
well as whether it's a desktop or laptop.
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22. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
5. Wireless Access Point (WAP)
• A transmitter and
receiver (transceiver)
device used for wireless
LAN (WLAN) radio signals.
•WAPs are networking
devices that allow wireless
Wi-Fi devices to connect
to a wired network
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23. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
6. Firewalls
• A firewall is a networking device, either hardware or
software based, that controls access to your organization’s
network
•protect data and resources from outside threat
• typically placed at entry/exit points of a network
•Organizations implement software firewalls through network
operating systems (NOS) such as Linux/Unix, Windows
servers, and Mac OS servers
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24. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Network Devices Summary
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25. Sri Lanka-German Training InstituteDepartment of Information and Communication Technology
Network Devices Summary
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