For a successful career in Information Technology, a strong foundation of basic networking concepts is a must. Networking technology allows for the exchange of data between large and small information systems used primarily by various businesses.
Learn more about:
» To be a Successful ICT Professional
» Running the IT projects successfully
» Benefit of networking
» Network Components
» Data Transfer
» IP Address
» Windows Commands
» Types of LANS
» Network Topology
» Centralized Computing Vs. Distributive Computing
» Client Server Model
» Peer to Peer Networks
Transcript: New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024
A Deep Dive in the World of IT Networking (part 1)
1. A Deep Dive in the World of IT Networking (Part 1)
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5. Agenda
• To be a Successful ICT Professional.
• Running the IT projects successfully.
• Benefit of networking.
• Network Components.
• Data Transfer.
• IP Address.
• Windows Commands.
• Types of LANS.
• Network Topologies.
• Centralized Computing Vs. Distributive Computing.
• Client Server Model.
• Peer to Peer Networks
• Q&A
6. To be successful ICT Professional
The main qualities that any successful ICTP must be
keen to merit:
• Certificates.
• Experiences.
• Language Skills.
• Communications Skills.
• Eagerly learn more.
7. Running the ICT projects successfully
To Run any ICT Project successfully regardless of it’s
type whether it’s infrastructure project of software
development or programming project. It’s
• Documentation.
• Backup .
• Patch.
8. Benefit Of Networking
• Networks are used to exchange data.
• Sharing.
• Communication.
• Organization.
• Money.
9. What is the Network
•A data network is a group of devices connected by network medium.
•The network medium carries signals between computers.
•Signals reduce complex information to the simplest possible form.
•Devices communicate by using a language called a protocol.
13. Hub
•A hub is the most basic of central connecting
devices.
•It connects each of the networked computers,
known as hosts, to one another by way of
copper-based cables.
•Any host that sends data must first send that
data to the hub, where it is amplified and
broadcast to the rest of the network.
14. Switch
•Switch is like a Hub but built in with
advanced features. It uses physical device
addresses in each incoming messages so
that it can deliver the message to the
right destination or port.
•switch don’t broadcast the received
message to entire network, rather before
sending it checks to which system or port
should the message be sent. In other
words switch connects the source and
destination directly which increases the
speed of the network. Both switch and
hub have common features: Multiple RJ-
45 ports, power supply and connection
lights.
15. Router
•The router acts as a central connecting
device, but it also has a special
communications link to the Internet,
thereby allowing the hosts to send data
to and receive data from computers on
the Internet.
•This communications link between the
router and the Internet is where the LAN
ends.
16. Data Transfer
Serial Data Transfer
•Generally, when data is transferred on a Network, it is sent in a serial
fashion over twisted-pair cabling.
•Serial data transfer means the transfer of one bit at a time … in other
words, transfer in a single-bit stream.
17. Types of Data Transfer
•Broadcast has data sent to every other host on the network.
•Unicast has data sent to one host only.
Data Transfer Rate
•Data transfer rate, otherwise known as bit rate defines the maximum bits
per second (bps) that can be transmitted over a network.
•As mentioned, this value is rated in bits, and it is signified with a
lowercase b (for example, 10 Mbps).
•The lowercase b helps differentiate this amount from data that is stored
on a hard drive, which uses an upper case B that stands for bytes (for
example 10 MB).
18. Ethernet
•Ethernet is a set of rules that govern the transmission of data between
network adapters and various central connecting devices.
•All network adapters and central connecting devices must be compatible
with Ethernet in order to communicate with each other.
•Common types of Ethernet include:
802.3u or Fast Ethernet that runs at 100 Mbps.
802.3ab or Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1000 Mbps.
19. IP Address
•every computer and many other devices have such an address.
•An IP address allows each computer to send and receive information
back and forth in an orderly and efficient manner.
•An IP address identifies your computer number and the network it
lives on.
•IP address is made of 32-bit address. The address is divided into four
sections of eight bits each called octets (math).
•IP divided in to 5 classes or categories class (A,B,C,D,E) each of them
has a unique range of addresses
•In order to know the class of the address we are forced to look to the
first octet of the address.
Class A (1-126),(255.0.0.0),(N.H.H.H)
Class B (128-191),(255,255,0,0),(N.N.H.H)
Class C (192-223),(255,255,255,0),(N.N.N.H)
20. •127.0.0.0 : This network address is reserved for the loopback
address. (Note: This address is not included in the range of Class A or
Class B addresses.) The address 127.0.0.1 refers to the local host.
•The following address ranges have been reserved for private use.
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
•Use addresses in these ranges for your private networks. Routers
connected to the Internet typically filter messages within these ranges
and prevent them from being propagated to the Internet.
Special IP Address
21. Subnet Mask
•The subnet mask is a group of four numbers that define what IP network the
computer is a member of.
•All of the 255s in a subnet mask collectively refer to the network portion,
whereas the 0s refer to the host portion.
24. Types Of Local Area Network
Wired LAN
Computers and
other devices are
wired using
copper-based
twisted-pair
cables
25. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
•A wireless local
area network
(WLAN) has many
advantages, the
most obvious of
which is the ability
to roam.
•The wireless access
point (WAP) acts as
the central
connecting device
for the network.
26. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
A Virtual LAN is a
group of hosts with
a common set of
requirements that
communicate as if
they were
connected together
in a normal fashion
on one switch,
regardless of their
physical location.
27. Network Topology
A network topology : defines the physical connections of hosts in a computer network.
There are several types of physical topologies including:
Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, … etc.
Star Topology
•Most Common topology
•Each computer is
individually wired to a
central connecting device
(hub, switch or SOHO
router) with twisted-pair
cabling.
29. Ring Topology
•In a LAN environment, each computer is
connected to the network using a closed
loop.
•Used by Token Ring and FDDI.
•A Token Ring network sends data logically in
a ring fashion, meaning that a token goes to
each computer, one at a time, and continues
on in cycles.
•However, Token Ring computers are
physically connected in a star fashion.
•Namely, all computers in a Token Ring
network are connected to a central
connecting device known as a Multi Access
Unit (MAU) or MultiStation Access Unit
(MSAU).
30. Centralized Computing
•The older type of
computing was known as
centralized computing.
•This was the case during
the days of the mainframe,
in which there was one
super computer and the rest
of the devices that
connected to the super
computer were known as
terminals (or dumb
terminals).
•Each terminal consisted
solely of a keyboard and
display with no processing
power.
31. Distributive Computing
Today’s computing is
known as
distributive
computing and is
used for both client-
server and peer-to-
peer networks.
This means that
every device or
workstation has its
own processing
power.
32. Client/Server ModelThe client-server model
is an architecture that
distributes applications
between servers that
typically powerful
computers that run the
software that controls
and maintains the
network. This software
is known as the network
operating system such
as Windows Server
2016 and client
computers such as
Windows 8 or Windows
10 machines.
33. Computers that
provide services:
•File Server
•Print Server
•Web Server
•Database server
•Proxy Server
•Application Server
•Mail (Messaging )
Server
•Fax Server
•Remote Access
Server
•Telephony Server
Servers
34. Peer-to-Peer Networking
•Peer-to-peer networking first and
foremost means that each computer
is treated as an equal.
•Today, peer computers can serve
data; the only difference is that they
can only serve it to a limited number
of computers at the same time.
•Each user is responsible for local
backup.
• Security considerations are minimal.
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36. Recommended Courses
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options. Please see below the list of recommended courses:
CompTIA Network+ Certification
Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 v 3.0 - ICND1 (Entry)
Routing & Switching (ICND1 and ICND2) v3.0 Prep Boot Camp - CCNAX
(Associate)
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Editor's Notes
Cable is one way of transmission media which can transmit communication signals. The wired network typology uses special type of cable to connect computers on a network.
There are a number of solid transmission Media types, which are listed below. - Twisted pair wire
It is classified as Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5E, 6 and 7. Category 5E, 6 and 7 are high-speed cables that can transmit 1Gbps or more. -
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable more resembles like TV installation cable. It is more expensive than twisted-pair cable but provide high data transmission speed.
Fiber-optic cable
It is a high-speed cable which transmits data using light beams through a glass bound fibers. Fiber-optic cable is high data transmission cable comparing to the other cable types. But the cost of fiber optics is very expensive which can only be purchased and installed on governmental level.
ST (an AT&T Trademark) is probably still the most popular connector for multimode networks (ca. 2005), like most buildings and campuses. It has a bayonet mount and a long cylindrical 2.5 mm ceramic (usually) or polymer ferrule to hold the fiber. Most ferrules are ceramic, but some are metal or plastic.
ST (an AT&T Trademark) is probably still the most popular connector for multimode networks (ca. 2005), like most buildings and campuses. It has a bayonet mount and a long cylindrical 2.5 mm ceramic (usually) or polymer ferrule to hold the fiber. Most ferrules are ceramic, but some are metal or plastic.
Ping command is used to test network connectivity between two hosts.
Today, such networks can consist of many types of devices other than traditional PCs, including smart phones, PDAs, tablet computers, and micro computers.
Not to mention the fact that PCs and laptops equipped with wireless network adapters can connect to these networks as well.
SOHO stands for small office/home office. SOHOs usually consist of businesses that are privately owned or individuals who are self-employed, so the term usually refers to both a small office space as well as a small number of employees.
Since the workload for these types of businesses are often primarily on the internet, they require a local area network (LAN), which means their network hardware is structured specifically for that purpose.
A SOHO network can be a mixed network of wired and wireless computers just like other local networks. Since these types of networks are meant for businesses, they also tend to include printers and sometimes voice over IP (VoIP) and fax over IP technology.
A SOHO router is a model of broadband router built and marketed for use by such organizations. These are often the same routers used for standard home networking.
Note: SOHO is sometimes referred to as a virtual office or single location firm.
SOHO Routers vs. Home Routers
While home networks shifted to predominantly Wi-Fi configurations years ago, SOHO routers continued to feature wired Ethernet. In fact, many SOHO routers did not support Wi-Fi at all.
Typical examples of Ethernet SOHO routers were common such as the TP-Link TL-R402M (4-port), TL-R460 (4-port), and TL-R860 (8-port).
Another common feature of older routers was ISDN internet support.
Small businesses relied on ISDN for internet connectivity as a faster alternative to dial-up networking.
Modern SOHO routers require most all the same functions as home broadband routers, and in fact small businesses use the same models. Some vendors also sell routers with more advanced security and manageability features added, like the ZyXEL P-661HNU-Fx Security Gateway, a DSL broadband router with SNMP support.
Another example of a popular SOHO router is the Cisco SOHO 90 Series, which is meant for up to 5 employees and includes firewall protection and VPN encryption.
Other Types of SOHO Network Equipment
Printers that combine the features of a basic printer with copy, scanning, and fax capability are popular with home office professionals. These so-called all-in-one printers include Wi-Fi support for joining to a home network.
SOHO networks sometimes also operate an intranet web, email, and file server. These servers can be high-end PCs with added storage capacity (multi-drive disk arrays).
Issues with SOHO Networking
Security challenges impact SOHO networks more than other kinds of networks. Unlike larger ones, small businesses generally cannot afford to hire professional staff to manage their networks. Small businesses also are more likely targets of security attacks than households due to their financial and community position.
As a business grows, it can be difficult to know how much to invest in the network infrastructure to keep it expanding to meet the company's needs. Over-investing too soon wastes valuable funds, while under-investing can significantly impact business productivity.
Monitoring the network load and the responsiveness of the company's top few business applications can help identify bottlenecks before they become critical.
How Small Is the "S" in SOHO?
The standard definition limits SOHO networks to those that support between 1 and 10 people, but there isn't any magic that happens when the 11th person or device joins the network. The term "SOHO" is used only to identify a small network, so the number isn't as relevant.
In practice, SOHO routers can support somewhat larger networks than this.
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network. It uses optical fiber as its standard underlying physical medium, although it was also later specified to use copper cable, in which case it may be called CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), standardized as TP-PMD (Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent), also referred to as TP-DDI (Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface).
"MSAU" redirects here. For the settlement in the Coast Province, An IBM 8226 Multistation Access Unit featuring LEDs
An IBM 8228 Multistation Access Unit with accompanying Setup Aid
A Media Access Unit (MAU), also known as a Multistation Access Unit (MAU or MSAU) is a device to attach multiple network stations in a Star topology as a token ring network, internally wired to connect the stations into a logical ring (generally passive i.e. non-switched and unmanaged; however managed token ring MAUs do exist in the form of CAUs, or Controlled Access Units).
Passive token ring was an active IBM networking product in the 1997 time-frame, after which it was rapidly displaced by switched