Child side impact is a crucial issue when safety comes into picture. In a typical car crash, children get injured easily. So it is important to figure out the reason for crash profile.
1. • Abhijit Thube (fn2740)
• Abhijit Nikhade (fr4466)
Date : 12/01/2014
Instructor :
Dr. John M.
Cavanaugh
1
2. Primary occupants of the rear seat of passenger vehicles are mostly
children.
70 percent of rear seat occupants are children less than 14 years old.
Motor vehicle crashes is one of the leading cause of death and
disability for children of age 4 years and older.
952 deaths occurred among children ages 15 and younger in 2010.
Side impact crashes are one of the severe type of crashes.
2
3. Motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of death for children
age 4 and every age 11 through 14.
(NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts
2012)
In 2012, for motor vehicle occupants 14 years old and younger, there
were 1,168 fatalities and 169,000 injured children.
(NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts
2012)
3
17. 17
Average time of fusion:
- Ischiopubic Ramus: 6 – 9 years
- Triradiate cartilage in Acetabulum: 13 – 15 years
- Iliac Crest growth plate: 20 years
20. In near-side impact crashes, intrusion and interaction with the vehicle
side interior is the most significant source of injury.
20
21. For rear seated pediatric occupants, head, neck and torso injuries are common.
Abdominal injuries are attributed to lateral flexion over the lap belt as the torso
moves away from the shoulder belt.
21
22. Children 1 to 3 years old. nc = 28 children. ΔV ≥ 30 kph. NASS CDS: 1995, 1996, 1998-2004
22
23. Children 1 to 3 years old. nc = 28 children. ΔV ≥ 30 kph. NASS CDS: 1995, 1996, 1998-2004
23
28. In the late 1970's and early 1980's, TNO and others developed the
P-dummies.
In 1993 the International Child Dummy Working Group started
with the development of the Q-series of child dummies as
successor to the P-series.
Q – series is developed to be used in both front and side impact
testing, making it the first "multidirectional“ (child) dummy. The
instrumentation is interchangeable within the dummy and
between other members of the Q-series.
28
29. P1 1/2 18 Month
Old Child Dummy
P3/4 - K.AI, P3 - L.AI, P6 -
M.AI and P10 - N.AI Child
Dummies
Q – Series Dummies
29
31. Use of proper child restraint systems(CRS).
Sufficient padding to vehicle interior.
Development of more bio-fidelic ATDs. [12].
31
32. Vehicle crash is one of the leading cause for the child fatalities.
Due to anatomical differences injury criteria of adult can not be
scaled down to child occupant.
Head, neck and torso injuries are common in rear seated children in
side impact.
Contact with vehicle interior is the major cause of injuries.
More bio-fidelic ATDs can be use to predict the injuries in child side
impact.
Use of proper child restraint system can reduce the risk of injury.
32
34. 1. Costello R., Child Passenger Restraints A Biomechanical Overview presented at Wayne State University.
2. Dennis R. Durbin., The American Academy of Pediatrics UPDATED CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS
presented at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
3. The Center for Injury Research and Prevention (CIRP) at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. CPS issue report 2013,
Available at http://injury.research.chop.edu/sites/default/files/documents/cps_issue_report_2013_web.pdf.
4. Partners for Child Passenger Safety. Fact and Trend Report 2006.Available at
http://injury.research.chop.edu/sites/default/files/documents/2006_ft.pdf.
5. KB Arbogast, CM Locey, MR Zonfrillo, MR Maltese. Child Restraint Systems in Side Impact Crashes: Injury Patterns and
Causation, CIREN Public Meeting October 8, 2009.
6. Partners for Child Passenger Safety. Fact and Trend Report 2008.Available at
http://injury.research.chop.edu/sites/default/files/documents/2008_ft.pdf.
7. Donald F. Huelke., An Overview of Anatomical Considerations of Infants and Children in the Adult World of Automobile Safety
Design. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400202/.
8. McCray, L., M. Scarboro and J. Brewer (2007). Injuries to children one to three years old in side impact crashes. 20th
International technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles conference (ESV), Lyon, France.
9. Nicholas Tamborra., George Bahouth., Child Side Impacts: Comparison of Vehicle Crush in Side Impacts from Field
Investigations and U.S. Consumer Tests.
10. Mertz, Harold J., Annette L. Irwin, and Priya Prasad. "Biomechanical and Scaling Bases Frontal and Side Impact Injury
Assessment Reference Values." Stapp Car Crash Journal 47 (2003): 155-88.
11. Humanetics , Q series child dummies, available at http://www.humaneticsatd.com/crash-test-dummies/children/q-series.
12. Kristy B. Arbogast., Flaura K. Winston., Advance Safety Technology for Children and Young Adults: Trends and Future
Challenges. SAE International #2006-21-0007
34
• Since the mid-90s there has been a significant increase in placing children in the rear seat.
• Children are more likely to ride in front if the driver is male, not a parent, or if there is no frontal air bag.
It shows the Principle Direction of Force for side impact.
• The percentage of SUVs involved in PCPS crashes increased from 15% in 1999 to 26% in 2005.
• The percentage of passenger cars in PCPS crashes decreased from a high of 58% in 1999 to 47% in 2005.
The mode by which vehicles are struck during a crash heavily influences occupants’ injury risk and the types of injuries experienced. Seating position also plays a role.
Crash modes are usually classified as rollover, frontal impact, right and left side impacts, and rear impact. Rollover crashes are deadliest, but frontal crashes are the
most common crash mode.
Assuming occupants are riding restrained when a crash occurs, it is important to understand, by crash mode, if their injuries were caused by vehicle components (intrusion
of the side interior, impact with front seat back) or restraint components so that engineers can make appropriate decisions about safety design features.
Side impact crashes: In near-side impact crashes, intrusion and interaction with the vehicle side interior is the most
significant source of injury. For rear seated pediatric occupants seated far-side to the crash, head and abdominal
injuries are common. These injury patterns indicate kinematics in which the occupant’s torso slips out of the seat belt, causing his head to contact structures laterally
(such as the far side door panel) and slightly forward. Abdominal injuries are attributed to lateral flexion over the lap belt as the torso moves away from the shoulder belt.
Frontal crashes: In frontal crashes, among restrained rear occupants age 13 years and older with serious injuries, 76 percent of injuries were to the thorax, 9 percent to the head region, 8 percent to lower extremities, and 5 percent to the abdominal region. Ninety-five percent of thoracic injuries are attributable to the seat belt.
Injury patterns are different for younger children, likely due to the biomechanical differences between children and adults. For those child occupants restrained in frontal crashes, head injuries predominate, with most injuries due to contact with the seatback in front of them and the side interior.
• As children age, their risk of injury in a crash rises. This is due in part to the different ways in which they are restrained at each age, where they sit and other crash characteristics.
• While the burden of injury is highest for 13- to 15-year-olds, the percent of crashes is fairly uniformly spread across all age groups.
• The older the child, the more likely to sit in the front seat.
• Although experts recommend all passengers under age 13 ride in the rear seat, 45 percent of those riding in the front seat are age 12 or younger.
According to PCPS: Across all age groups of children through age 15, those in the front seat were 40 percent more likely to be injured compared to rear-seated children.
For appropriately restrained 13- to 15-year-olds, there was no additional risk when they were seated in the front row as compared to the rear rows.
(Pediatrics, March 2005.)
• The overall risk of injury per 1,000 children in crashes was 11.3, approximately half the risk for drivers (24.3 per 1,000).
• Head injury was the most common injury for both children and drivers.
• Seventy-two percent of the drivers were women.
• In 59 percent of the crashes only one child passenger was involved.
• Frontal impact crashes are the most common at 40.2 percent.
• Although only 2.3 percent of all crashes involve rollovers, they have the highest risk of injury at 78.3 per 1,000 children.
• Only 14 percent of crashes happen on roads with a posted speed limit of 55 m.p.h. or higher, however they result in the highest rate of injury.
• Nearly half (48 percent) of crashes involving children occur on roads with posted speed limits of 25 to 44 m.p.h.
Average time of fusion:
- Ischiopubic Ramus: 6 – 9 years
- Triradiate cartilage in Acetabulum: 13 – 15 years
- Iliac Crest growth plate: 20 years