Running head: CELL PHONES 1 CELL PHONES 5 Annotated Bibliography – Importance of Cell Phones Fulton, A. (November 17, 2012). Young Men, Frequent Drivers Most Likely to Get Distracted While Driving. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/17/564779900/young-men-frequent-drivers-most-likely-get-distracted-while-driving Fulton argues that distracted attention from insistent blinking and beeping of the cellphone accounts for approximately 12% and 14% of car accidents worldwide and in the United States respectively. Yes, everyone can get distracted if you're reading this on your phone while driving, stop it. Especially if you're a young neurotic extroverted guy who drives a lot. Two seconds of attention to the insistent beeping and blinking of our mobile phones or simply changing the radio station accounts for at least 12 percent of car accidents worldwide and 14 percent of them in the U.S., according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. While anyone can get distracted behind the wheel, some people may be more prone than others, according to a study published Friday in Frontiers in Psychology by Ole Johansson, a researcher at Norway's Institute of Transport Economics. The study looks at the driving habits and personalities of hundreds of Norwegian high schoolers and adults. While few reported distracted driving was a problem for them, some patterns about who was more likely to be distracted emerged. Young men were among the most likely to report distraction due to phones but also people talking in the car or flipping through the radio dial. The study found that the more distraction-prone included frequent drivers, and those with neurotic and extroverted personalities. Also, people who felt that distracted driving was socially acceptable or didn't feel they could control distractions were also more likely to report distracted driving, the study shows. Older women and those who felt that they could control their behavior were less likely to report distraction. The study also looked at potential interventions, such as giving drivers a quiz of sorts, asking them "If/Then" questions designed to make them think about distracted driving. For example, "If I find myself wondering whether someone has sent me a text, then I will __" (remind myself it's against the law, remember it's dangerous to do so, etc.) However, this particular intervention did not cause a big dip in distracted driving. Still, the Norwegian study is the first of its kind to look at the connections between intentions and behavior when it comes to distracted driving, and it adds to emerging data on the impact of personalities and gender. But it's very preliminary, says Ken Kolosh, manager of the statistics group at the U.S. National Safety Council. The NSC advocates for avoiding deaths and unintentional injuries in the workplace and ...

1. Running head: CELL PHONES
1
CELL PHONES 5
Annotated Bibliography – Importance of Cell Phones
Fulton, A. (November 17, 2012). Young Men, Frequent Drivers
Most Likely to Get Distracted While
Driving. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-
shots/2017/11/17/564779900/young-men-frequent-drivers-most-
likely-get-distracted-while-driving
Fulton argues that distracted attention from insistent blinking
and beeping of the cellphone accounts for approximately 12%
and 14% of car accidents worldwide and in the United States
respectively. Yes, everyone can get distracted
if you're reading this on your phone while driving, stop it.
Especially if you're a young neurotic extroverted guy who
drives a lot.
Two seconds of attention to the insistent beeping and blinking
of our mobile phones or simply changing the radio station
accounts for at least 12 percent of car accidents worldwide
and 14 percent of them in the U.S., according to the National
Highway Transportation Safety Administration.
While anyone can get distracted behind the wheel, some people
may be more prone than others, according to a study published
Friday in Frontiers in Psychology by Ole Johansson, a
researcher at Norway's Institute of Transport Economics.
The study looks at the driving habits and personalities of
hundreds of Norwegian high schoolers and adults. While few
reported distracted driving was a problem for them, some
patterns about who was more likely to be distracted emerged.
Young men were among the most likely to report distraction due
to phones but also people talking in the car or flipping through
the radio dial. The study found that the more distraction-prone

2. included frequent drivers, and those with neurotic and
extroverted personalities.
Also, people who felt that distracted driving was socially
acceptable or didn't feel they could control distractions were
also more likely to report distracted driving, the study shows.
Older women and those who felt that they could control their
behavior were less likely to report distraction.
The study also looked at potential interventions, such as giving
drivers a quiz of sorts, asking them "If/Then" questions
designed to make them think about distracted driving. For
example, "If I find myself wondering whether someone has sent
me a text, then I will __" (remind myself it's against the law,
remember it's dangerous to do so, etc.) However, this particular
intervention did not cause a big dip in distracted driving.
Still, the Norwegian study is the first of its kind to look at the
connections between intentions and behavior when it comes to
distracted driving, and it adds to emerging data on the impact of
personalities and gender.
But it's very preliminary, says Ken Kolosh, manager of the
statistics group at the U.S. National Safety Council. The NSC
advocates for avoiding deaths and unintentional injuries in the
workplace and on the road.
The main shortcoming of the Norwegian study is that it relies
on self-reporting.
"It's very difficult for human beings to be so aware of
themselves and to respond to questions on behavior," Kolosh
says. And while people frequently report seeing others driving
while using cell phones, they tend to underestimate how often
they themselves are driving distracted.
Also, Norwegian drivers may act differently than drivers in
other parts of the world, so it might be difficult to extrapolate
the behavioral data.
While technology can help curb distracted driving, such as
phones that block data while driving, it's not always a plus,
Kolosh says. And just because there's a new technology, say
an infotainment screen in a car, that doesn't mean it's safe.

3. "The world of distraction is evolving really quickly," Kolosh
says. The NSC was the first organization to call for a ban on
talking on cell phones while driving 10 years ago, At the time,
Kolosh says, "We felt texting was so obviously dangerous, not
many people will do it."
Use of phones is not always recorded as a factor in car crashes,
which means its likely underreported.
Fifteen states have bans on talking on a handheld phone while
driving, 47 have texting bans, there are a slew of conflicting
local regulations as well. Its hard to tell whether people are
texting, talking, or looking up directions on their phones,
Kolosh points out.
"We need to have stronger, simpler laws for law enforcement ...
that's far more likely to help quickly improve conditions," he
says.
But enforcement efforts can face social backlash, and people
continue to drive distracted, Ole Johansson, a researcher at
Norway's Institute of Transport Economicsand lead author of
the study, said in an email.
Thus it'simportant to identify who is likely to become distracted
and develop ways to reduce those impulses, Johasson adds.
It's not just cell phones that are drawing our eyes away from the
road. Sometimes its just someone talking inside the car.
"Distracting factors are closely related to attention," the study
says. "As the task of driving a vehicle is mostly taxing on the
systems of visual attention, any factor that draws the gaze away
from the road for a significant period of time could be classified
as a distractor."
Goad, K. D. (2012). The perception of teachers toward the use
of mobile technology as a tool to engage students in
learning (Order No. 3507497). Available from ProQuest
Central. (1015628727). Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cpcc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/d
ocview/1015628727?accountid=10008
The purpose of this study was to gauge the

4. perception of teachers on the use of mobile technology,
specifically cell phones, as an instructional tool to engage
students in learning. Cell phones are the most ubiquitous
piece of technology in the world. Their multiple functions can
put the most up-to-date information at the fingertips of the user.
However, schools have been slow to embrace these devices
out of fear and ignorance on how to use their capabilities.
Research is limited on this subject; most coming
from cellphone manufacturers and related service providers. The
opportunity to explore this technology tool as an instructional
aid and provide educators with data to support the
use of the cell phone in the classroom was both timely and
evoking.
The study queried 500 public school teachers in the Midwest on
their proficiency with technology, their
perception of the importancein using technology, their opinions
on using technology in the classroom, and their specific
integration of cell phones in their lessons. Of the respondents,
28.5% had experience using cell phones in the classroom. This
was in comparison to national statistics of 75% of students
having daily access to a phone.
A Mann-Whitney U test found no significant difference between
STEM teachers and teachers of other disciplines in their
perceptions of the importance of using technology in the
classroom. However, when conducting a t-test with the same
two groups of teachers there was a significant
difference in their ability to design and access lessons using
technology. STEM teachers rated themselves at a higher skill
level than did the teachers of other disciplines.
A Pearson correlation examined the relationship between
teacher comfort level with technology and the teacher's ability
to design and access lessons using technology. A significant,
positive relationship was found in that as the
level of technology use increased the teacher ability to design
and access lessons increased. With an r value of .742 this
correlation was considered strong.

5. The question posed was "Are levels of student engagement
different based on the frequency of integration of technology?"
Through the use of a one-way ANOVA there was no significant
difference in student engagement based on the frequency of its
use. A multiple regression was used to determine which of the
nine proficiency indicators serve as predictors for student
engagement. Two proficiencies, "using software productivity
tools" and "locating learning opportunities needed to advance
my technology skills" were both found to be significant
negative predictors, and "proficiency of troubleshooting
problems that occur when using technology" was a significant
positive predictor of student engagement.
Student engagement was discussed through the
summary of experience responses of 44 teachers surveyed.
These written responses provided depth to the study when
investigating teacher perceptions of student engagement
when cell phones are used as an instructional tool.
Goggin, G. (2012). Cell phone culture: Mobile technology in
everyday life. Routledge.
Providing the first comprehensive, accessible, and international
introduction to cell phone culture and theory, this book is and
clear and sophisticated overview of mobile telecommunications,
putting the technology in historical and technical context.
Interdisciplinary in its conceptual framework, Cell Phone
Culture draws on a wide range of national, regional, and
international examples, to carefully explore the new forms of
consumption and use of communication and media technology
that the phenomenon of mobiles represents.
This fascinating biography of an important cultural object:
· adopts an integrated multiperspective approach
· considers the mobile phone and its history, production, design,
consumption and representation
· examines the implications in contemporary media convergence
such as digital photography an mobile internet.
Also reflecting on the challenges and provocations of mobile
phone technology and use, this is an absolute must read for any

6. student of media studies, cultural studies or technology.
Henderson, M. (2016). Qualitative exploration of the use of
contraband cellular phones in secured facilities (Order No.
10133961). Available from ProQuest Central. (1803939360).
Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cpcc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/d
ocview/1803939360?accountid=10008
Offenders accepting contraband cell phones in secured facilities
violate state corrections law, and the
possession of these cellphones is a form of risk taking behavior.
When offenders continue this risky behavior, it affects their
decision making in other domains where they are challenging
authorities; and may impact the length of their incarceration.
This qualitative phenomenological study examined the lived
experience of ex-offenders who had
contraband cell phones in secured correctional facilities in order
to better understand their reasons for taking risks with
contraband cell phones. The theoretical foundation for this
study was Trimpop’s risk-homeostasis and risk-motivation
theories that suggest an individual’s behaviors adapt to
negotiate between perceived risk and desired risk in order to
achieve satisfaction. The research question explored beliefs and
perceptions of ex-offenders who chose to accept the
risk of using contraband cell phones during their
time in secured facilities. Data were collected anonymously
through recorded telephone interviews with 8 male adult ex-
offenders and analyzed using thematic content analysis.
Findings indicated participants felt empowered by
possession of cell phones in prison, and it was an acceptable
risk to stay connected to family out ofconcern for loved ones.
The study contributes to social change by providing those
justice system administrators, and prison managers responsible
for prison cell phone policies with more detailed information
about the motivations and perspectives of offenders inrespect to
using contraband cell phones while imprisoned in secured

7. facilities.
Kim, K., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A. (2016). The use of cell phone
and insight into its potential human health
impacts. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(4), 1-
11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5227-1
The rapid evolution of mobile phone technology has raised
public concern about its possible association with adverse
health effects. Given the huge number of mobile phone users at
present days, even simple adverse health effects could have
major implications. This article reviews the present knowledge
concerning the health effects stemming from the
use of cellular phones by emphasizing adverse biological
effects, epidemiological issues, and indirect health effects. A
line of epidemiological evidence suggests that there is no
concrete association between mobile phone radiation and
cancer. The evidence regarding the occurrence of cancer due to
exposure to the radio frequency energy of mobile phones is
nonetheless conflicting. Consequently, long-term
research in this field is necessary to account for the vital
issue of this scientific research to the public in a meaningful
way.
Kingston, K. (2018). The Importance of Cell Phones In Modern
Society. Retrieved from
https://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/153893/cell_phon
es/the_importance_of_cell_phones_in_modern_society.html
cell phones have become a necessity for many people
throughout the world. The ability to keep in touch with family,
business associates, and access to email are only a few of the
reasons for the increasing importance of cell phones. Today's
technically advanced cell phones are capable of not only
receiving and placing phone calls, but storing data, taking
pictures, and can even be used as walkie talkies, to name just a
few of the available options.
When cell phones were first introduced to the public, they were
bulky, expensive, and some even required a base unit that had to

8. be transported along with the phone. Good reception was a
major problem and in general, early cell phones could only be
used in certain locations were the signal was particularly strong.
As cell phone technology advanced, the difficult in using them
became less of a problem. Today, cell phone reception has
improved greatly due to the use of satellites and wireless
services. As cell phones improved and became simple to use,
the importance of cell phones increased accordingly.
Cell phones are the perfect way to stay connected with others
and provide the user with a sense of security.
In the event of emergency, having a cell phone can allow help
to reach you quickly and could possibly save lives. However,
the importance of cell phones goes way beyond personal safety.
Modern cell phones are capable of internet access, sending and
receiving photos and files, and some cell phones are equipped
with GPS technology, allowing for use in most locations around
the world and allowing the cell phone to be found or the user
located in the event of loss or emergency.
Cell phone reception has become reliable and of high quality
due to advances in wireless technology. Wireless service
providers offer excellent packages and promotions for cell
phone users. Finding a dependable service provider is no longer
an issue for cell phone users. The expansion of the wireless
service provider industry gives cell phone users a choice and
the increased competition has caused a drop in prices of
wireless cell phone service. The importance of cell phones goes
way beyond the ability to make or receive phone calls. Cell
phone users can instantly send data to the home or office, check
for important email, use their cell phone as a PDA or calendar,
and store photos which can be easily transferred to a PC or
laptop computer.
Cell phone manufacturers have produced a wide range of cell

9. phones, which sell for prices that range from very inexpensive
to over one thousand dollars. The available options give users
the choice of purchasing a basic cell phone to use simply for
making calls, or choosing a complex, technologically advanced
cell phone that can perform as many or even more tasks that a
home computer. Over the past decade, the increasing importance
of cell phones has made them almost a necessity for most
people. Even remote and underdeveloped countries have some
access to cell phone technology and wireless services.
The importance of cell phones has increased the competition in
the wireless service provider industry, making cell phones very
affordable and very easy to use. Cell phones have become
almost a status symbol in addition to the convenience and
security that comes from owning them.
Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The
relationship between cell phone use, academic
performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college
students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343-350.
While functional differences between today’s cell phones and
traditional computers are becoming less clear, one difference
remains plain – cell phones are almost always on-hand and
allow users to connect with an array of services and networks at
almost any time and any place. The Pew Center’s Internet and
American Life Project suggests that college students are the
most rapid adopters of cell phone technology and research is
emerging which suggests high frequency cell phone use may be
influencing their health and behavior. Thus, we investigated the
relationships between total cell phone use (N = 496) and texting
(N = 490) on Satisfaction with Life (SWL) in a large sample of
college students. It was hypothesized that the relationship
would be mediated by Academic Performance (GPA) and
anxiety. Two separate path models indicated that the cell phone
use and texting models had good overall fit. Cell phone
use/texting was negatively related to GPA and positively related

10. to anxiety; in turn, GPA was positively related to SWL while
anxiety was negatively related to SWL. These findings add to
the debate about student cell phone use, and how increased use
may negatively impact academic performance, mental health,
and subjective well-being or happiness.
Matanhelia, P. (2010). Mobile phone usage among youth in
India: A case study (Order No. 3409818). Available from
ProQuest Central. (733012927). Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cpcc.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/d
ocview/733012927?accountid=10008
This study explored the use of mobile phones among young
adults in India. The study used the theoretical frameworks of
uses and gratifications approach from media studies, social-
cognitive domain theory from human development literature and
social construction of technology (SCOT) from Science and
Technology studies. The main objective of the study was to
examine the use of mobile phones to fulfill communication,
media and age-related needs by young people in India and to
investigate regional and gender differences.
The study was conducted in two phases using a mixed-methods
approach. In the first phase, in-depth interviews were conducted
with 30 college-going young adults (18 – 24 years) in Mumbai
and Kanpur in December 2007 and January 2008. In the second
phase, a survey was conducted with 400 college-going young
adults (18 – 24 years) in Mumbai and Kanpur.
The qualitative analysis of the data showed that young people in
both the cities used cell phones for a variety of communication,
news and entertainment needs. Additionally they considered cell
phones as personal items and used them to store private content,
maintain privacy and have private conversations. Further, the
analysis showed that they used cell phones to negotiate
independence from parents and to maintain friendships and
create friendships with members of opposite sex. The
quantitative analysis of the data revealed that young people in
the two cities used cell phones differently due to the differences
in their lifestyles and socio-cultural factors. Additionally, the

11. study found there were only a few gender differences in the use
of cell phones by young people, mainly in the use of cell phones
for entertainment purposes, negotiation of independence from
parents and in forming friendships with members of opposite
sex. Finally the study concluded that young people in India
mainly use cell phones for private communication and needs.
Kytle, E.J. & Roberts, B. (2018, August 21). The ‘Silent Sam’
Confederate Monument at U.N.C. Was Toppled. What Happens
Next? The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/opinion/silent-sam-
confederate-monument-north-carolina.html
My summary paragraph would start here. A summary
should tell readers what this article is about. It should be short
(2-4 sentences). I should stay out of it.
My evaluation of the source starts here.
Running Head: CELL PHONE TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENT 1
CELL PHONE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
5

12. Step 1: Identify your team and team members:
Team 1
Members:
Step 2: Identify your topic
The technological advancement has led to the emergence of
cellphone industrial growth. In today’s world, this technology
has been advancing rapidly while the subsequent prices are
getting lower with time. In the early days, these mobile cell
phones were used to place on-the-go phone calls, but of late
they have evolved into very interactive devices which have the
capability of handling and managing various aspects of people’s
day to day lives (De-Sola Gutiérrez). Many features have since
been added consistently while at the same time improving the
original functionality, quality, and stability of the cell phones.
Since the emergence of mobile cell phones, there has been the
availability of services such as instant text and picture
messaging, GPS-based navigation, wireless internet access, and
emergency services. Other features which are technologically
advanced include applications which serve as essential tools in
aiding the users to perform numerous every day to day tasks.
The hardware features, among other features as battery have
also evolved with time to have an easily portable device that has
the capacity of running for long times without unnecessary
charging. These ever-improving advances in cell phone
technology have improved the lives of the average human being
as well as making it more convenient. As a result, social and
economic connections among people and business as a whole

13. has also been availed the potential and new opportunities to
thrive and accommodate all types of customers.
Step 3: Outline major ethical concerns
· Use of phones while driving is inappropriate as it could give
distractions and even cause an accident.
· Advanced cell phone technology has led to an increase in
crime as people can hack into your phone, steal your
credentials, and even rob you of your finances.
· It has led to a reduction in moral standards whereby everyone
is exposed to extreme sexual content lowering our moral
integrity.
· People misuse cell phones in terms of use of abusive language
on others, and some use it to spread false rumors and gossips,
which destroy another person's reputation.
Key ethical concerns:
· A rise in cyber-crime
· Poor moral standards
· Increased cell phone distractions
Relationship between the selected topic and ethics:
Ethics is the activity that is termed as right in a social structure.
Cell phone technology should be used properly to promote
socially acceptable standards. They should promote social
development e.g., for communication and learning purposes.
List of ethical questions:
· What's the cellphone technology contribution to social
development?
· How does cellphone technology promote excellent moral
standards?
· How does cellphone technology reduce crime?
Step 4. Identify a potential argument
There are so many potential arguments towards our positive
outlook on cellphone usage. Many people believe that cell
phones pose as a distraction to the people that use them. Many
people allow their cellphones to take the place of interpersonal
relationships. Many times, users will call or text an individual

14. instead of going to their home to visit them. People also allow
cell phones to distract them and take away for the moment at
special events like concerts, sporting events, or family outings.
Some of these things that are looked at as negative can be seen
as positive in our eyes. We can capture special moments when
they happen and enjoy them over and over again
Step 5. Identify potential subtopics for investigation:
· Health
· Behavior
· Relationships
Cellphone technology affects health positively in that a person
can get faster aid by calling e.g., a helpline. One can also
administer some self- medication by just searching the internet,
although it's not very much recommended. However, cellphones
could be very distracting to drivers as well as pedestrians,
especially those with headphones, etc. which could lead to
accidents.
It affects behavior both positively and negatively depending on
what content its user chooses to consume. An individual can
either obtain high moral standards or get corrupted.
Relationships are improved when proper communications are
used and if the cellphones are used to improve another person's
image. However, some ruin other people's reputation through
the spread of private or even false information.
Step 6: Divide responsibilities:
Team leader- impact on health
2 team members- impact on behavior
Last team member- impact on relationships