2. Collection
• A collection is a group of objects. The
.NET Framework contains a large number
of interfaces and classes that define and
implement various types of collections.
• Originally, there were only non-generic
collection classes.
3. Collection
• The principal benefit of collections is that they
standardize the way groups of objects are
handled by your programs.
• All collections are designed around a set of
cleanly defined interfaces. Several built-in
implementations of these interfaces, such as
ArrayList, Hashtable, Stack, and Queue, are
provided, which you can use as-is.
• The .NET Framework supports five general
types of collections: non-generic, specialized,
bit-based, generic, and concurrent.
4. non-generic
• The non-generic collections have been part of the .NET
Framework since version 1.0.
• They are defined in the System.Collections
namespace.
• The non-generic collections are general-purpose data
structures that operate on object references.
• Thus, they can manage any type of object, but not in a
type-safe manner.
• you can mix various types of data within the same
collection.
• non-generic collections do not have the type-safety that
is found in the generic collections.
• The non-generic collections implement several
fundamental data structures, including a dynamic array,
stack, and queue.
• They also include dictionaries, in which you can store
key/value pairs.
5. Specialized Collections
• The specialized collections operate on a specific type of
data or operate in a unique way.
• For example, there are specialized collections for
strings.
• The specialized collections are declared in
System.Collections.Specialized.
• Specialized Collection:-HybridDictionary, ListDictionary,
NameValueCollection, StringDictionary etc.
• System.Collections also defines three abstract base
classes, CollectionBase, ReadOnlyCollectionBase, and
DictionaryBase, which can be inherited and used.
6. Bit-based
• The Collections API defines one bit-based
collection called BitArray class.
• BitArray supports bitwise operations on bits,
such as AND and XOR.
• BitArray is declared in System.Collections.
• it still supports the basic collection underpinning
by implementing ICollection and IEnumerable.
• You can construct a BitArray from an array of
Boolean values using this constructor:
• public BitArray(bool[ ] values)
7. Generic Collection
•
•
•
•
•
•
The generic collections provide generic implementations of several
standard data structures, such as linked lists, stacks, queues, and
dictionaries.
Because these collections are generic, they are type-safe.
This means that only items that are type-compatible with the type of
the collection can be stored in a generic collection, thus eliminating
accidental type mismatches.
Generic collections are declared in System.Collections.Generic
namespace.
There is a generic collection called LinkedList that implements a
doubly linked list, but no non-generic equivalent.
The generic collections work in the same way as the non-generic
collections with the exception that a generic collection is type-safe.
• For all cases in which a collection is storing only one type of
object, then a generic collection is your best choice
8. Concurrent Collection
• The .NET Framework version 4.0 adds a new
namespace called
System.Collections.Concurrent.
• It contains collections that are thread-safe and
designed to be used for parallel programming.
• The concurrent collections support
multithreaded access to a collection.
• Concurrent Collection:-BlockingCollection<T>,
ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> etc.
10. Handling Network Errors
• To handle network exceptions that the program
might generate, you must monitor calls to
Create( ), GetResponse( ), and
GetResponseStream( ).
• It is important to understand that the exceptions
that can be generated depend upon the protocol
being used.
• The following discussion describes several of
the exceptions possible when using HTTP.
11. Exceptions Generated by Create( )
• The Create( ) method defined by WebRequest it can
generate four exceptions.
• If the protocol specified by the URI prefix is not
supported, then NotSupportedException is thrown.
• If the URI format is invalid, UriFormatException is
thrown.
• If the user does not have the proper authorization, a
System.Security.SecurityException will be thrown.
• Create( ) can also throw an ArgumentNullException if
it is called with a null reference, but this is not an error
generated by networking.
• WebRequest.Create("http://www.McGrawHill.com")
12. Exceptions Generated by
GetReponse( )
•
A number of errors can occur when obtaining an HTTP response by
calling GetResponse( ).
•
These are represented by the following exceptions:
InvalidOperationException, ProtocolViolationException,
NotSupportedException, and WebException. Of these, the one of
most interest is WebException.
•
WebException has two properties that relate to network errors:
Response and Status.
• You can obtain a reference to the WebResponse object inside an
exception handler through the Response property.
• When an error occurs, you can use the Status property of
WebException to find out what went wrong.
13. Exceptions Generated by
GetResponseStream( )
• For the HTTP protocol, the GetResponseStream( )
method of WebResponse can throw a
ProtocolViolationException, which, in general, means
that some error occurred relative to the specified
protocol.
• As it relates to GetResponseStream( ), it means that no
valid response stream is available.
• An ObjectDisposedException will be thrown if the
response has already been disposed.
• Of course, an IOException could occur while reading
the stream, depending on how input is accomplished
14. • The program begins by creating a WebRequest object
that contains the desired URI. Notice that the Create( )
method, rather than a constructor, is used for this
purpose. Create( ) is a static member of WebRequest.
Even though WebRequest is an abstract class, it is still
possible to call a static method of that class. Create( )
returns a WebRequest object that has the proper
protocol “plugged in,” based on the protocol prefix of the
URI. In this case, the protocol is HTTP. Thus, Create( )
returns an HttpWebRequest object. Of course, its return
value must still be cast to HttpWebRequest when it is
assigned to the HttpWebRequest reference called req.
At this point, the request has been created, but not yet
sent to the specified URI.
15. • To send the request, the program calls
GetResponse( ) on the WebRequest object.
After the request has been sent, GetResponse( )
waits for a response. Once a response has been
received, GetResponse( ) returns a
WebResponse object that encapsulates the
response. This object is assigned to resp. Since,
in this case, the response uses the HTTP
protocol, the result is cast to HttpWebResponse.
Among other things, the response contains a
stream that can be used to read data from the
URI.
16. • Next, an input stream is obtained by
calling GetResponseStream( ) on resp.
This is a standard Stream object, having
all of the attributes and features of any
other input stream. A reference to the
stream is assigned to istrm. Using istrm,
the data at the specified URI can be read
in the same way that a file is read.
18. COM
• COM has been Microsoft’s model for
programming components in a variety of
languages, which can be built into distributed
applications.
• The .NET Framework includes support for COM
clients to use .NET components. When a COM
client needs to create a .NET object, the CLR
creates the managed object and a COM callable
wrapper (CCW) that wraps the object. The COM
client interacts with the managed object through
the CCW.
19. Types that need to be accessed by COM
clients must meet certain requirements :
• The managed type (class, interface, struct, or
enum) must be public.
• If the COM client needs to create the object, it
must have a public default constructor. COM
does not support parameterized constructors.
• The members of the type that are being
accessed must be public instance members.
• Private, protected, internal, and static
members are not accessible to COM clients.
20. Marshalling and Unmarshalling
• Marshalling governs how data is passed in
method arguments and return values between
managed and unmanaged memory during calls.
Interoperation marshalling is a run-time activity
performed by the common language runtime's
marshaling service. In few words, "Marshalling"
refers to the process of converting the data or
the objects into a byte-stream, and
"Unmarshalling" is the reverse process of
converting the byte-stream back to their original
data or object.
21. Usefulness of marshalling
• The .NET framework is a natural progression
from COM because the two models (assembly
or com) share many central themes, including
component reuse and language neutrality. For
backward compatibility, COM interop provides
access to existing COM components without
requiring that the original component be
modified. You can incorporate COM components
into a .NET Framework application by using
COM interop tools to import the relevant COM
types. Once imported, the COM types are ready
to use.
22. COM
• COM interoperability also introduces forward
compatibility by enabling your COM clients to
access managed code as easily as they access
other COM objects. Again, COM interoperability
provides the means to seamlessly export
metadata in an assembly to a type library and
registers the managed component as a
traditional COM component. Both the import and
export utilities produce results consistent with
COM specifications.
