-types of voltage regulators -types of Sensors -types of OPTO-COUPLERS

1. Voltage Regulators
SENSORS
OPTOCOUPLERs
Prepared by:-
Eng.abdelaziz saadalla
engabdelazizsaadalla@gmail.com
01000433845

2. Voltage Regulator

3. Voltage Regulator
 A voltage regulator generates a fixed output
voltage of a preset magnitude that remains
constant regardless of changes to its input voltage
or load conditions.
- There are two types of voltage regulators:
 linear regulator.
 Switching regulator.

4. Linear Regulator
 A linear regulator employs an active (BJT or
MOSFET) controlled by a high gain differential
amplifier.
 It compares the output voltage with a precise
reference voltage and adjusts the pass device to
maintain a constant output voltage.

5. Switching regulator.
 A switching regulator converts the DC input voltage to a
switched voltage applied to a power MOSFET or BJT
switch.
 The filtered power switch output voltage is fed back to a
circuit that controls the power switch on and off times so
that the output voltage remains constant regardless of
input voltage or load current changes.

6. Switching regulator.

7. Linear VS Switching
 the noise output from a linear regulator is much
lower than a switching regulator with the same
output voltage and current requirements.
 the switching regulator can drive higher current
loads than a linear regulator.
 the switching regulator efficiency higher than a
linear regulator.

8. SENSORS

9. Light Dependent
Resistor
LD

10. LDR
 LDR has a resistance that falls with an
decrease in the light intensity falling upon it.

11. LDR

12. Applications
 Lighting switch

13. Applications
Camera shutter control
 LDRs can be used to control the shutter
speed on a camera.
 The LDR would be used to measure the
light intensity which then adjusts the
camera shutter speed to the appropriate
level.

14. INFRA RED
LED
IR

15. IR
 An Infrared light emitting diode (IR LED) is
a special purpose LED emitting infrared
rays.

16. IR Sensor
An IR sensor is a device that detects IR
radiation falling on it.
Uses in:-
 Proximity sensors.
 Line Follower Robots.
 Item Counter.
 Burglar Alarm

18. Proximity Sensors
Classified to:-
 Photo sensors.
 Inductive proximity sensor.
 Capacitive proximity sensor.
 Magnet Sensors.

19. Photo sensors

20. Inductive Prox. Sensors

21. Capacitive Prox. Sensors

22. NPN & PNP Sensor
 NPN is a transistor output that switches the common
or negative voltage to the load.
load connected between sensor output and positive
voltage supply.
 PNP is a transistor output that switches the positive
voltage to the load.
load connected between sensor output and voltage
supply common or negative.

23. LVDT
Linear Variable Differential Transducer
 Measure Displacement.
 E0=Es1-Es2 ,,,,,( E.M.F )

24. LVDT

25. Resistor As Distance Sensor

26. OPTO-COUPLERs

27. OPTO-COUPLER
 An Opto-Coupler, also known as an Opto-
isolator or Photo-coupler, is an electronic
components that interconnects two
separate electrical circuits by means of a
light sensitive optical interface.

28. OPTO-COUPLER
 The basic design of an opto-coupler
consists of an LED that produces infra-
red light and a semiconductor photo-
sensitive device that is used to detect the
emitted infra-red beam.

29. OPTO-COUPLER
 Both the LED and photo-sensitive device are
enclosed in a light-tight body or package with
metal legs for the electrical connections as shown.

30. OPTO-COUPLER
An opto-coupler or opto-isolator consists
 light emitter, the LED
 light sensitive receiver which can be a single photo-
diode, photo-transistor, photo-resistor, photo-SCR,
or a photo-TRIAC

31. OPTO-COUPLER
 The emitted light from the IR led falls upon the
base of the photo-transistor, causing it to
switch-ON and conduct in a similar way to a
normal bipolar transistor.

33. OPTO-COUPLER
 The photo-transistor and photo-Darlington devices
are mainly for use in DC circuits.
 the photo-SCR and photo-TRIAC allow AC
powered circuits to be controlled.

34. OPTO-COUPLER

35. Application

36. Application