Introduction to plants

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IntroductionIntroduction
to the Plantto the Plant
KingdomKingdom
copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale

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Early AncestorsEarly Ancestors
Aquatic to TerrestrialAquatic to Terrestrial
LifeLife

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Aquatic AncestorAquatic Ancestor
 Closest livingClosest living
speciesspecies to ato a
possible landpossible land
plant ancestorplant ancestor
 Group ofGroup of greengreen
algaealgae
 CalledCalled
CharyophyceansCharyophyceans CharaChara

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Algae & Land PlantAlgae & Land Plant
SimilaritiesSimilarities
 Both containBoth contain chlorophyllschlorophylls aa andand bb
 HaveHave chloroplastschloroplasts with stacks ofwith stacks of
thylakoidsthylakoids
 StoreStore starchstarch inin plastidsplastids
 CelluloseCellulose inin cell wallscell walls
 Go throughGo through Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations
life Cyclelife Cycle

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Terrestrial HabitatTerrestrial Habitat
Aquatic HabitatAquatic Habitat

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Living in Aquatic EnvironmentsLiving in Aquatic Environments
 Plants surrounded by water soPlants surrounded by water so
don’t dry outdon’t dry out
 Sperm swimsSperm swims to eggto egg
 Water supportsWater supports plantplant
 Plants stay in upper surfacePlants stay in upper surface nearnear
lightlight
 AbsorbAbsorb nutrientsnutrients from thefrom the HH22OO

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Plant Adaptations to LandPlant Adaptations to Land
Problems:Problems:
 Need mineralsNeed minerals
 GravityGravity
 Increase inIncrease in
Height for LightHeight for Light
 Adaptations forAdaptations for
DrierDrier
environmentenvironment
 ReproductionReproduction
Solutions:Solutions:
 RootsRoots absorb Habsorb H22O &O &
mineralsminerals
 Lignin & celluloseLignin & cellulose in cellin cell
wallswalls
 VascularVascular TransportTransport
SystemSystem
 Waxy cuticleWaxy cuticle &&
stomatastomata with guardwith guard
cellscells
 PollenPollen containing spermcontaining spermcopyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale

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How Are PlantsHow Are Plants
All Alike?All Alike?

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Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics
 MulticellularMulticellular
 AutotrophicAutotrophic (photosynthesis)(photosynthesis)
 ChlorophyllsChlorophylls aa andand bb in thylakoidin thylakoid
membranesmembranes
 Surrounded bySurrounded by cell wallscell walls containingcontaining
cellulose (polysaccharide)cellulose (polysaccharide)
 Store reserve food asStore reserve food as amyloseamylose
(starch)(starch)

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Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction
 Alternation of generationsAlternation of generations lifelife
cyclecycle
 Diploid (2n)Diploid (2n) sporophytesporophyte stagestage
 Haploid (1n)Haploid (1n) gametophytegametophyte stagestage
 ProduceProduce multicellular embryomulticellular embryo
protectedprotected inside multicellularinside multicellular
haploidhaploid (gametophyte egg sac)(gametophyte egg sac)
tissuetissue

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Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction
 Diploid (2n)Diploid (2n) sporophytesporophyte stagestage
producesproduces haploid sporeshaploid spores byby
meiosismeiosis
 Haploid spores undergoHaploid spores undergo mitosismitosis toto
produceproduce gametophytegametophyte stagestage
 Gametophyte makesGametophyte makes gametesgametes
(eggs and sperm)(eggs and sperm) byby meiosismeiosis
 ZygoteZygote (2n) produces the new(2n) produces the new
sporophytesporophyte

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Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations
2n Sporophyte2n Sporophyte 2n gametophyte2n gametophyte 1n pollen1n pollen
Ovary withOvary with
1n ovules1n ovules
(eggs)(eggs)
2n seed with2n seed with
plant embryoplant embryo
SporophyteSporophyte
GametophyteGametophyte

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PlantPlant
DivisionsDivisions

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TaxonomyTaxonomy
 Plants are dividedPlants are divided
intointo twotwo groupsgroups
 Based on theBased on the
presence orpresence or
absenceabsence of anof an
internal transportinternal transport
systemsystem for waterfor water
and dissolvedand dissolved
materialsmaterials
 CalledCalled VascularVascular
SystemSystem
VascularVascular
BundlesBundles

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Vascular SystemVascular System
 XylemXylem tissue carriestissue carries waterwater andand
mineralsminerals upward from the rootsupward from the roots
 PhloemPhloem tissue carriestissue carries sugarssugars mademade
by photosynthesis from the leavesby photosynthesis from the leaves
to where they will be stored orto where they will be stored or
usedused
 SapSap is the fluid carried inside theis the fluid carried inside the
xylem or phloemxylem or phloem

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Nonvascular PlantsNonvascular Plants
 Do not haveDo not have
vascular tissuevascular tissue
forfor supportsupport oror
conduction ofconduction of
materialsmaterials
 CalledCalled
BryophytesBryophytes
 Require aRequire a
constantly moistconstantly moist
environmentenvironment Moss Gametophytes &Moss Gametophytes &
SporophytesSporophytes
Sporophyte stageSporophyte stage
GametophyteGametophyte
StageStage

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 Plants can’t grow as tallPlants can’t grow as tall
 Cells must be inCells must be in direct contactdirect contact
with moisturewith moisture
 Materials move byMaterials move by diffusiondiffusion
cell-to-cellcell-to-cell
 Sperm mustSperm must swim to eggswim to egg
through water dropletsthrough water droplets

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 Includes mossesIncludes mosses (Bryophyta)(Bryophyta),,
liverwortsliverworts (Hepatophyta)(Hepatophyta), and, and
hornwortshornworts (Antherophyta)(Antherophyta)
LiverwortsLiverworts HornwortsHornwortscopyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale

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Main Parts of VascularMain Parts of Vascular
PlantsPlants
 ShootsShoots
-Found above ground-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of- Photosynthetic part of
plantplant
 RootsRoots
-Found below ground-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant-Anchor the plant

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Vascular PlantsVascular Plants
 Also calledAlso called
TracheophytesTracheophytes
 Subdivided intoSubdivided into
two groups --two groups --
SeedlessSeedless
vascular plantsvascular plants
andand Seed-Seed-
bearingbearing vascularvascular
plantsplants
Club MossClub Mosscopyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale

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Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants
 Includes club mossIncludes club moss (Lycophyta)(Lycophyta),,
horsetailshorsetails (Sphenophyta)(Sphenophyta), whisk, whisk
fernsferns (Psilophyta)(Psilophyta), and ferns, and ferns
(Pterophyta)(Pterophyta)
HorsetailsHorsetailsWhisk fernsWhisk ferns copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale

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Seed-Producing VascularSeed-Producing Vascular
PlantsPlants
 Includes two groups –Includes two groups –
GymnospermsGymnosperms andand AngiospermsAngiosperms
 GymnospermsGymnosperms havehave naked seedsnaked seeds inin
conescones
 AngiospermsAngiosperms havehave flowers thatflowers that
produce seedsproduce seeds to attractto attract
pollinators and produce seedspollinators and produce seeds

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GymnospermsGymnosperms
 ConiferophytaConiferophyta areare
known as conifersknown as conifers
 Includes pine,Includes pine,
cedar, spruce, andcedar, spruce, and
firfir
 CycadophytaCycadophyta ––
cycadscycads
 GinkgophytaGinkgophyta --
ginkgoginkgo
GinkgoGinkgo
CycadCycad

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GymnospermsGymnosperms
 Contains theContains the
oldest livingoldest living
plant –plant – BristleBristle
cone pinecone pine
 Contains theContains the
tallest livingtallest living
plant –plant – SequoiaSequoia
or redwoodor redwood

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AngiospermsAngiosperms
 Flowering plantsFlowering plants
 SeedsSeeds are formed when anare formed when an
egg or ovuleegg or ovule is fertilized byis fertilized by
pollenpollen in the ovaryin the ovary
 OvaryOvary is within a floweris within a flower
 Flower contains the maleFlower contains the male
(stamen)(stamen) and/or femaleand/or female
(ovaries)(ovaries) parts of the plantparts of the plant
 FruitsFruits are frequentlyare frequently
produced from theseproduced from these
ripened ovaries (ripened ovaries (helphelp
disperse seeds)disperse seeds)

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AngiospermsAngiosperms
 DivisionDivision AnthophytaAnthophyta
 Subdivided into two groups –Subdivided into two groups –
Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots
 MonocotsMonocots have a single seedhave a single seed
cotyledoncotyledon
 DicotsDicots have two seed cotyledonshave two seed cotyledons

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MonocotsMonocots
 ParallelParallel
venation invenation in
leavesleaves
 Flower parts inFlower parts in
multiples of 3multiples of 3
 Vascular tissueVascular tissue
scatteredscattered inin
cross sectioncross section
of stemof stem

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DicotsDicots
 Net venationNet venation inin
leavesleaves
 Flower parts inFlower parts in
multiples of 4multiples of 4
or 5or 5
 Vascular tissueVascular tissue
in ringsin rings inin
cross sectioncross section
of stemof stem

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Plant UsesPlant Uses

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Why We Can’t do WithoutWhy We Can’t do Without
Plants!Plants!
 Produce oxygen for theProduce oxygen for the
atmosphereatmosphere
 Produce lumber for buildingProduce lumber for building
 Provide homes and food for manyProvide homes and food for many
organismsorganisms
 Prevent erosionPrevent erosion
 Used for foodUsed for food

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More Reasons We Can’t doMore Reasons We Can’t do
Without Plants!Without Plants!
 Produce wood pulp for paperProduce wood pulp for paper
productsproducts
 Source of many medicinesSource of many medicines
 Ornamental and shade for yardsOrnamental and shade for yards
 Fibers such as cotton for fabricFibers such as cotton for fabric
 DyesDyes

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Introduction to plants

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