Textual Structures

TEXTUAL STRUCTURES
Andrea Paola Andrade Vargas
Yazmín Paola Gonzalez Gonzalez
Wilson Julián Velásquez Loaiza
EAN University - Discursive Theory
Bogotá D.C. - 2016

INTRODUCTION
Paragraph is the unity of a written speech consists of several sentences that express an idea and end
with a full stop. The prayers that comprise it often share the same theme and one of them is expressing
the main idea.
In all types of texts found in paragraphs as descriptive, expository, narrative and argumentative texts.
Paragraphs are used according to the text fences writing for example in the content of a text paragraphs
are also in the logical structure and by location.

Opening paragraph
It Is that introduces the text.The author uses it to:The problem present, raise the thesis,capture the
attention of the reader.
Example:
Synthesis is a proven fact that the surface temperature of the Earth is increasing at an increasing rate made. If it continues,
the average land surface temperature increased 0.3 ° C per decade. This figure, which seems at first sight not excessive, can
cause, according to major climate change experts in all terrestrial regions.
Taken from: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion/tipos-parrafos-segun-
su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4ANwbXT6o

Paragraph transition
Is used to do a change in a topic, to continue a text or to pass from one topic to another one. Use
expressions as:
- In consequence - Despite that
- However - Besides
- Finally - Below
Example:
Below, we will describe the highlights of the productivity policy of President Juan Manuel Santos.

Closing Statement
- Summarize the general meaning of the text.Round it making sense.Intends to leave a memory in the
author uen.
Synthesis (example): So when the financial implosion of public pension systems is produced, new elders
who refuse to retire starring in the invention of many social movements of protest senatorial revolt. These
new elders are reluctant to obey the command output active life, and instead raise the voice of the then
dominant gray power, wielding protest flag as the defense of their acquired rights. And so a new culture
will emerge only for the elderly, as a sign of identity that will allow them to recognize themselves with
pride and self-esteem, achieve full public approval, be respected by others and acquire legitimate social
prestige.
Taken:http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-
y-su-ubicacion/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-
ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4ANxVHU00

Paragraph argumentative
Present an idea to convince someone of the idea that affirms or denies.
Example:
Internet has become in an indispensable tool in the lives of people. It would be difficult, especially for the younger ones, conceive of a world in which
"we are not connected". Ingo Lackerbauer, in his book "Internet", said that the importance of the Internet in the future overflows everything happened so
far, is becoming the "global media".
No need to explain in detail the benefits of these wonderful technological invention. It allow us to educate ourselves, learn, enjoy. That is, a
multipurpose tool. It is precisely this use which can become negative. We are talking about internet addiction. Many young people spend much of the
day browsing pages, publishing on social networks, or watching videos on youtube.
Using the Internet for entertainment is not a bad thing in itself. The trouble is to abuse. The web world is full of useful knowledge, ideally would be use
in this aspect, and that is not just as a way of entertainment. What are the damages that may result Internet addiction ?. Because the teenager spends
considerable time at the computer, one of the biggest consequences is the loss of the social active life. It is likely to lose the contact you have with
your closest friends, and spent more time with the "virtual" friends.
Taken from: http://reglasespanol.about.com/od/redaccionyestilo/fl/Ejemplo-de-texto-argumentativo.htm

Paragraph conceptual
Specifies the meaning of a term or focus an idea that will present later. Without these conceptual
definitions, the reader couldn’t understand the author ideas. For that reason, the sciencist documents are
important.
Example:
An eclipse is the darkening of a celestial body produced by another celestial body. There are two kinds of eclipses involving Earth:
Moon or lunar eclipses, and the Sun or solar eclipses. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon and its
shadow darkens the moon. The solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth and its shadow is projected onto
the surface. Transits and occultations are similar but not as spectacular astronomical phenomena such as eclipses because of the
small size of celestial bodies that stand between Earth and a bright star.
Taken from: https://espanol.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090909131803AANlCs6

Paragraph chronological
Refers a temporary succession of an event.
Example:
Report of taxi failure :
I went to work and when I started, the engine sounded strangely the car and then went out, I opened the box and tried to find the fault but
at first glance I couldn’t find it . Then, I tried to turn over the car and turned smoothly, but I decided to turn off the engine again and turn it
back on but did not catch on . I rechecked the engine and check the cables but there was no false contact Finally, I checked the fuse box
and was a poorly placed, when I settled the car caught on well, so I returned to turn the car and went to work .
Taken from: http://www.ejemplode.com/12-clases_de_espanol/364-ejemplo_de_orden_cronologico_de_narracion_del_parrafo.html

Paragraph Enumeration
- Paragraph numbering focuses on the hierarchy of the information.Expone numerical items or a list of
information
Example 1 garden plants:
In my garden I planted five different types of flowers, the bottom of the garden as red roses in centerfielder put margaritas,
next to the fountain are the hydrangeas and flower boxes the ends are yellow and white roses.
Taken from: http://www.ejemplode.com/12-clases_de_espanol/2641-ejemplo_de_parrafo_de_enumeracion.html
Source: Sample Paragraph Enumeration

Paragraph descriptive
Describes the object, person, idea or situation that is going to speak.
Example:
One of the points before my departure offered to my view was Alange, small town located to the side of a hill and in a very picturesque position; this
villa, which lies a few leagues from Merida, has an extremely curious antiquity: a Roman bath of circular and entirely underground, the water is born
right there and remains in the state itself that must be in time proconsuls ; receives its light from above, and the people, not least educated in
archeology that meridenses, also called the "Moorish bath". The placement of this bath presumes that the Romans had to know the virtues of the
thermal waters of Alange. On the day they are still highly recommended, and a few years ago has been built in the center of a very dense orchard of
orange trees at the entrance of the population, a bathhouse, where the sick, or people who bathe for pleasure, they may remain decently housed and
cared for during the season. The water is hot, but not noticeable in the taste, or smell, no essential difference from ordinary water. Natural referred me
one of his first popular virtues. Streams and small ponds that form in the land of endless rainwater breed leeches, which are introduced often in the
mouths of the horses and bleed; in such cases it seems that just take the animal, rushed degree of brusista evil regime, thermal spring water and make
him drink, bloodthirsty bugs release the prey and leave free to the patient. In a nation where there is so much leech, like Horace, not separated from
their employment, full nisi cruoris not seem useless publishing this simple way to make them drop their prey. It's just that there is fear around Alange
enough water to start. (Mariano José de Larra)
su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4ANsN7PQP

Explanatory paragraph
It serves to clarify or further develop the topic being presented.
Example:
Rootlessness that involves adding the shift away from the traditions of the difficulty of integrating into other, could affect that
particular intellectual ability or willingness of some Jews? He could sharpen their perception and inventiveness having lived
this kind of experience? Surely. Moreover, it is the only explanation I can think of that Jewish intellectual leadership: vision,
clean of adhesions, not of society, but also of the world and human nature. That his presence, at present, seems to have
decreased comparatively, in part, is because throughout the twentieth century Western societies have changed a lot. But also
possibly to the time of the great theoretical synthesis it seems to have passed, that science is increasingly
compartmentalized and that the times seem inauspicious for both speculative thought to artistic and literary creation. The
gradual disappearance of the panorama of such figures could well be a sign that is the creative capacity of human beings
what is retreating own. (Luis Goytisolo)
Taken: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion/tipos-
parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4ANu5Jgwu

Expository paragraph
It is one in which some information is presented in an organized manner.
Example:
"A story is a story or narration few pages, characterized by having a single line of action, ie, is a single story, not several at a
time."
su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4ANvdDiub

Narrative paragraph
Following a temporary order exposes events, actions.
Example:
Throughout my childhood I went to a religious school of Valladolid where, among other things, trying to instill the Christian sense of
charity taking us to visit the needy. It was an activity that used to develop Sunday morning, after Mass, and, in a way, could be considered
a precedent of holding NGOs today. Remember those trips, in the wintry sun, the arrival in the neighborhoods where the poor lived, and I
remember us containing with difficulty shame that led us into those homes with little ventilation, with its permanent smell of food, and
face the sullen look of its inhabitants, which undoubtedly saw us appear discomfort thinly disguised those forced to expose their miseries
to the satisfied look of the privileged, because that is what we were a privileged group descended from his kingdom welfare with the
complacency of knowing that is performing a good deed. Pure aesthetics, ultimately, that little or almost nothing had to do with the
commitment to true justice. Finally, we gave our packages pulses and sugar, and we went out hastily in search of faint odor and relatives
of the winter morning, the smell of roasted chestnuts in the street, churros and overflowing patisseries recent buns , and with the thought
put into the appetizer we'd take us shortly after our parents in one of the cafes in the center. For all of us were children at the center, and
the misery of those neighborhoods, the neighborhood Spain, the slope of the Maruquesa it we were on the bottom as alien as the world of
sewers and ships where cattle piled up. (Gustavo Martin Garzo)
su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4ANyUjwzm

Comparative Paragraph
Express the similarities and differences between two objects or phenomena.
Example:
The difference between diesel vehicles and gasoline doesn’t correspond only to the type of fuel, it also applies to structural differences
engines , their performance, power and traction , which is usually higher in diesel engines and have fuel enough smaller . While the
gasoline engine has a greater revolution and therefore a faster response, another aspect that clearly differentiates the two engines is
robust and sound , because the gasoline engine can be lighter and is always less sound than the diesel engine , although in latest
technologies has been quite diminished loudness of the family compact diesel vehicles and engines .
Taken from:http://www.ejemplode.com/12-clases_de_espanol/4142-ejemplo_de_parrafo_comparativo.html

Paragraph cause-effect
It presents a fact often for reasons that caused it or the consequences resulting therefrom.
Example:
Many people moved to Canada from Europe in the nineteenth century because there were terrible living conditions in Europe.
Taken from : http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion/tipos-
parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4AO0KRb6N

Paragraph of Proposal and Problem Resolution
Composed of two parts:
● The first part, present the problem of explicit or veiled way.
● The second part, explain the resolution of the same way that the problem.
Example:
One of the problems that confronts the current government is the high school dropout rate. Students take several times the same grade
or drop out. One of the causes of this phenomenon is the economic need of the family forcing young people to work leaving little or no
time for study . Scholarships are a possible solution to this problem. However, their availability may not be indiscriminate , or used as
an electoral weapon, but in order to support studies and ensure that the next generations of young people are better prepared .
Taken from: http://www.ejemplode.com/12-clases_de_espanol/2690-ejemplo_de_parrafo_de_problema_y_solucion.html

Paragraph or process sequence
In this type of paragraphs a series of events or a process described in some kind of order.
Examples of paragraphs in sequence: protocols to prepare a meal, growth and development of a plant
protocol to solve a math problem, actions in sequence of natural phenomena
Taken: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-
ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4AOghQ361

Deductive paragraph
Principal at the beginning idea. Its construction is part of a generalization and then present specific
cases. Example
Most teens have ever tasted alcohol, although the frequency of consumption varies with age, sex, religion,
social class, place of residence and the country of origin. In non-Muslim countries, alcohol is the most
widely consumed psychoactive drug, over marijuana. A phenomenon of the seventies has been the
leveling off in the rate of alcohol consumption among teenagers of both sexes; So while each other show
a continuous increase in the last twenty years corresponding to the girls growth is much faster.
Taken:http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-
ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4AOcPfMtB

Inductive paragraph
Main idea to the final part. Start with sentences that express secondary ideas to come to an escalation or
thematic idea as a conclusion.
Example:
One fact is the most important in European public life of this time , for good or ill . This is the advent of the masses to the full social
power. As the masses, by definition , should not and can direct their own existence , and less regentar society , it means that Europe now
suffers the most serious crisis that peoples , nations, cultures , it is suffering . This crisis has occurred more than once in history. Its
appearance and its consequences are known. His name is also known. The Revolt of the Masses is it called.
Taken from: http://reglasespanol.about.com/od/Parrafos/tp/Ejemplo-de-paacuterrafos-inductivos.htm

Concluding paragraph
It is used to close a topic or section.
Example:
In sum, the biographies of the near future will change in the sense that suit your continuous transformation. Acquisition and
exchange of knowledge with youth will not end but will continue to evolve throughout the life cycle, which will become a
continuous process of (re) continuing education. And that will explode into a thousand pieces the border of youth: the
young adults become late and young adults will become precocious. But this process of continuous re-education will not
stop there. Sooner or later it will affect old age, as if now the border between adults and old is sharp, abrupt and
insurmountable, will soon become permeable, becoming increasingly blurred as the get older and learn to juvenilization
versatile.
Taken: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-
ubicacion/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4AOiQdylR

Conclusion
It uses to close a topic. It’s easy to detect because starts with expressions as: In conclusion, In summary,
therefore we can conclude that.
Example:
Therefore we can conclude that the correct determination of the textual structure and type of paragraph are very important in
the building and organization of the ideas of the text.

References
https://virtual.ean.edu.co/bbcswebdav/pid-208694-dt-content-rid-2873436_1/courses/0025832016-
1D21E3/AmbienteVirtual_c2_2016/g04_a03_o01.html.
http://www.tiposde.org/lengua-y-literatura/67-tipos-de-parrafos/.
http://www.ejemplode.com/12-clases_de_espanol/
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos93/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-
ubicacion/tipos-parrafos-segun-su-contenido-su-estructura-logica-y-su-
ubicacion.shtml#ixzz4ANxVHU00.

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