all about life processes

1. LIFE PROCESSES

2. TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
IN PLANTS IN HUMANS IN ANIMALS

3. For plants, the soil is the nearest and richest source of
raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and other
minerals. The absorption of these substances therefore
occurs through the part in contact with the soil, namely
roots. If the distances between soil-contacting organs
and chlorophyllcontaining organs are small, energy and
raw materials can easily diffuse to all parts of the plant
body. But if these distances become large because of
changes in plant body design, diffusion processes will
not be sufficient to provide raw material in leaves and
energy in roots. A proper system of transportation is
therefore essential in such situations.
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

4. VASCULAR TISSUE
consist
of
Xylem Phloem
transport water & mineral ions
fromroots to the upper parts of
plants.‡give mechanical
transport(xylem vessel
transport organic food
substancesby the leaves
during photosynthesis
Vessel : long, hollow,
continuous tubes: strengthened
by lignin depositedin various
patterns.: consist of dead cells:
no protoplasm to obstruct the
flow of water.-
Tracheids : less efficient in cond
ucting water.: don¶t have open
ends to forma continuous hollow
tube.-Parenchyma : consisting of
roughly spherical,frequently with
air spaces betweenthem
Sieve tube :
a cylindrical tube consisting of elongat
ed living sieve tube cells.: little
cytoplasm, no nucleus: sieve plate
with poresseparating the sieve tube
cell: allows the flow of dissolvedfood
substances-Companion : only found in
Flowering
plantcells: adjacent and closelyassocia
ted with the sievetube cells: has a
nucleus, densecytoplasm &
manymitochondria:transport
manufactured food(sucrose& amino
acids) from the leaf cells intothe sieve
tubes

5. XYLEM AND PHLOEM

6. HEART
• Structure diagram of the human heart from an anterior
view. Blue components indicate de-oxygenated blood
pathways and red components indicate oxygenated
pathways.
• The human heart has a mass of between 250 and
350 grams and is about the size of a fist.[7] It is located
anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the
sternum.
• It is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the
pericardium. The superficial part of this sac is called the
fibrous pericardium. This sac protects the heart, anchors
its surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling of the
heart with blood.

7. • The outer wall of the human heart is composed of three
layers. The outer layer is called the epicardium, or
visceral pericardium since it is also the inner wall of the
pericardium. The middle layer is called the myocardium
and is composed of muscle which contracts. The inner
layer is called theendocardium and is in contact with the
blood that the heart pumps. Also, it merges with the inner
lining (endothelium) of blood vessels and covers heart
valves.[8]
• The human heart has four chambers, two superior atria
and two inferior ventricles. The atria are the receiving
chambers and the ventricles are the discharging chambers.
The pathway of blood through the human heart consists
of a pulmonary circuit[9] and a systemic circuit.
Deoxygenated blood flows through the heart in one
direction, entering through the superior vena cava into
the right atrium and is pumped through thetricuspid valve
into the right ventricle before being pumped out through
the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries into the
lungs. It returns from the lungs through the

9. TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF
OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE

10. •The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that
transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of
blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart;
the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals
between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from
the capillaries back toward the heart.
BLOOD
VESSELS

11. PLATELETS
Platelets, or thrombocytes are small,
regularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e.
cells that do not have a nucleus containing
DNA), 2–3 µm in diameter, which are derived
from fragmentation of precursor
megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a
platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets
are a natural source ofgrowth factors.
They circulate in the blood of mammals and
are involved in hemostasis, leading to the
formation of blood clots.

12. • Lymph is considered a part of the interstitial fluid, the fluid which lies in the
interstices of all body tissues.[1] Interstitial fluid becomes lymph when it
enters a lymph capillary. The lymph then travels to at least one lymph
node before emptying ultimately into the right or the leftsubclavian vein,
where it mixes back with blood.
• Lymph returns protein and excess interstitial fluid to the circulation. Lymph
picks up bacteria and brings them to lymph nodes to be
destroyed. Metastatic cancer cells can also be transported via lymph.
Lymph also transports fats from the digestive system.

13. Nutrition

14. • Nutrition

15. HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION
HOLOZOIC SAPROPHYTIC PARASITIC

16. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
The term autotrophic ('self-feeding') defines organisms
which are able to use external sources of energy in the
synthesis of their organic food materials. Plants are of
this group, using light via photosynthesis, they are
therefore photo-autotrophs. In a food chain, autotrophs
are described as ………
Some prokaryotes obtain energy from the oxidation of
simple inorganic substances and use this energy to build
up organic molecules. These organisms are
chemosynthetic and include the nitrifying bacteria which
are important in the nitrogen cycle.

17. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms use light energy to
make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon
dioxide and water
Carbon
dioxide
Water
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Glucose Oxygen
gas

18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

19. Structure
Tiny pores located on bottom of leaf
Oval shaped
Look a little bit like cat eyes!
Two kidney-shaped cells (guard cells)
are found on each side of the stomata.
Chloroplasts are also found in the
guard cells.
Function
Release extra water from the leaf
(called transpiration!)
Take in carbon dioxide
Release oxygen
Guard cells swell & shrink to control the
opening & closing of stomata
Chloroplasts within guard cells carry
out photosynthesis.
Stomata

20. STRUCTURE OF STOMATA

21. Nutrition in amoeba
All the five steps of nutrition occur
inside the cell itself, as in Amoeba,
Paramecium and other unicellular
organisms.
Food particles such as minute bacteria are
enclosed (caught) by pseudopodia
(pseudo = false, podia = feet) to form a food
vacuole (Ingestion).
Enzymes from cytoplasm are secreted into
the food vacuole to break down
complex food. (Digestion)
Digested food is absorbed into the
cytoplasm. (Absorption)
The absorbed food is used up wherever
required in the cell. (Assimilation)
The undigested unabsorbed food is expelled
out, when the food vacuole comes
up on the cell surface and bursts open.
(Egestion)
Food vacuoles are temporary structures and
every time the Amoeba feeds, a new
food vacuole is produced. All free-living
unicellular microorganisms carry out
intracellular digestion.

22. NUTRITION IN AMOEBA

23. Nutrition in humans
salivary
gland
palate
salivary duct
pharynx
glottis
nose
nasal passage
buccal cavity
tongue
epiglottis
salivary
glands
Digestion in the Mouth

24. StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Mouth
Teeth • Grind & break down food, exposing a large surface area
for enzyme action (mastication)
Tongue • Rolls food into bolus before swallowing
• Pushes bolus into pharynx
Salivary
glands
• Produce:
– saliva - dilutes and moistens food
– mucin - sticks food together
- lubricates bolus for swallowing
– salivary amylase – breaks down starch to maltose
• maintains an optimum pH of 6.5 - 7.5 for starch
digestion
Pharynx • Common passage for air & food
• Epiglottis covers trachea (windpipe) during swallowingMrs Seetoh 2006
Digestion in the Mouth

25. StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Oesophagus • Connects pharynx to stomach
• Waves of muscular contraction
(peristalsis) push food into the stomach
Mrs Seetoh
Organs & Their Functions
ring of
muscles
contract
bolus
oesophagus
cardiac
sphincter
stomach
The bolus is being pushed towards the stomach.
The waves of muscular contraction are called

26. Digestion in stomach

27. StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Stomach •Muscular wall churns and breaks up food
•Food stimulate inner wall to secrete gastric juice
•Gastric juice contains:
– pepsin – breaks down proteins to polypeptides
– rennin – clots milk proteins (present usually in
young children
– HCl – kill harmful bacteria
– inactivate salivary amylase
– provide suitable pH of 2 for pepsin to work
•Gastric juice mixes with the food to form chyme
•Stores food for 2 to 6 hours
•Mainly digestion of proteins
Pyloric sphincter •Controls the exit of chyme from the stomach into the
duodenum
Digestion in the Stomach

28. Digestion in small intestine
StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Small
intestine
• Keeps chyme in motion by churning
movements
• Glands secrete mucus, water and digestive
juices
• Alkaline condition pH 7-8
• Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins & lipids
Duodenum • Site of action of -
–pancreatic juice from pancreas
–bile from liver
• Secretes intestinal juice –
–carbohydrase
–protease
–lipase
Ileum • Absorption of digestion food occurs

29. http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2%
20Digestive%20System%20Lab.htm

30. Pancreas and liver
Pancreas :- Secretes pancreatic juice containing pancreatic
enzymes:
amylase
lipase
Protease
Liver and gall bladder:-
Liver produces dark green bile
• Gall bladder stores bile
• Bile flows into the duodenum through the bile duct
• Bile emulsifies fats, providing a greater surface area for the
action of lipase

31. Accessory Organs
• Liver
– produces bile
(alkaline)
• Gall bladder
– temporary storage for
bile
– passes bile to
duodenum through
bile duct

32. Carbohydrates Digestion
Duodenum
starch maltose
amylase
glucose
maltase
lactose
glucose
+
galactose
lactase
sucrose
glucose
+
fructose
sucrase

33. Food Journey
salivary glands
pharynx
stomach
pancreas
colon
rectum
anus
mouth
oesophagus
liver
gallbladder
duodenum
ileum
appendix
small
intestine
Mrs Seetoh 2006