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Pp japan, unit xxiii
1. Unit XXIII - Japan
Geography (1-3)
Early History (4-10)
The Modern Period through WWII, (11-18)
Copyright 2006; C. Pettinato, RCS High School, All Rights Reserved
3. 2. The Importance of Geography
• A. In what ways did geography affect the
early development of Japan?
• 1. Mountainous terrain.
• 2. Surrounded by the sea.
• 3. 4 main islands
• 4. Ring of fire
5. 4. Early History
• A. The Yamato Clan
• B. Shinto
• C. The Korean Land Bridge
• D. The Influence of China
6. 5. The Feudal Period of Japan
• A. 1192 – Late 1800’s
• B. Social Hierarchy
• 1. Shogun
• 2. Emperor
• 3. Daimyo
• 4. Samurai
• C. The Code of the Warrior – Bushido
• D. The Role of Women
9. 8. Mongolian Conquest
• A. The Mongolian conquest of China and Korea
threatened Japan.
• B. Japan refused to accept Mongolian rule prompting
an invasion of Japan by Kublai Khan in 1274. A
typhoon wrecked a huge fleet of ships carrying
30,000 soldiers.
• C. Another invasion in 1281 was wrecked by a
typhoon.
• D. The Japanese credit the spirit of the wind for
protecting them (kamikaze), the Mongolians gave up
on the invasion.
10. 9. The Tokugawa Shoguns – The
Beginning of Unity
• A. In what way was life more difficult in
Japan after 1450?
• B. What happened in 1603?
• C. What were the Tokugawa Shoguns’
goals?
• D. How did Japan prosper?
12. 11. Zen Buddhism
• A. A sect from China
• B. Values/Beliefs:
– 1. devotion to duty
– 2. meditation and prayer
– 3. scholarship
– 4. a peaceful, uncluttered mind - freedom
– 5. compassion
– 6. nirvana
– 7. devotion to nature
13. 12. The Early Modern Period
• A. How did Japan decline in the 1800’s?
• B. Who was Mathew Perry and what did he do?
• C. What was the period of the Meiji restoration?
14. 13. The Meiji Reforms
• A. Creation of a strong central government
• B. 1889 – The modern constitution
• C. Creation of the Diet
• D. Suffrage limited
• E. Westernization of businesses
• F. Modern banking system
• G. Construction of railroads, highways,
improved ports, telegraph, and postal
system
• H. Government building/selling of factories
15. 14. The Meiji Reforms (cont.)
• I. silk making, shipyards, copper, coal
mining and steel industries grew to be
giants in a short time.
• J. no legal distinctions or restrictions
between classes – homogenous society
• K. The position of women deteriorated
18. 17. The Strongest Country in Asia
• A. By 18900 Japan was the strongest country in
Asia
• B. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and ruled it
until 1945. Thousands of Koreans were
slaughtered
• C. Emperor Hirohito reigned from 1926 – 1989
• D. The Great Depression hit Japan hard
• E. The military clashes with the zaibatsu
• F. Japan invades Manchuria – 1931
• G. Japan invades China 1937
19. 18. The Strongest Country in Asia
(cont.)
• H. The US. cutoff of oil and the oil of
Indonesia
• I. The bombing of Pearl Harbor – 1941
• J. Defeat and surrender
22. 21. Important Terms and People
• A. feudalism
• B. Yamato Clan • K. Open Door Policy
• C. Shogun • L. Edo
• D. Daimyo • M. Meiji Restoration
• E. Samurai • N. Diet
• F. Shinto • O. industrialization
• G. Bushido • P. zaibatsu
• H. Tokugawa • Q. nationalism
Shogunate • R. expansionism
• I. isolationism • S. Hirohito
• J. Mathew Perry • T. militarism
Editor's Notes
1. Map of Japan A. Note the four main islands (north to south) of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. B. Note the Sea of Japan and Pacific Ocean C. Note mainland China, the Korean Peninsula, and the southern tip of Sakhalin Island (Russia) D. Note the mountainous topography of the Japanese archipelago and the Kanto Plain.
2. The Importance of Geography A. In what ways did geography affect the development of Japan? 1. Japan is the top of an undersea mountain range and is very rugged and unsuitable for agriculture accept for the coastal plains and the Kanto Plain. This forced very crowded living conditions along the coastal plain 2. Japan is an archipelago (a group of islands). It is surrounded by water with the Pacific Ocean on the east and the Sea of Japan on the west. This makes Japan dependent on the sea for coastal, inter-island, and overseas travel. It also makes Japan dependent on the sea for food with fishing being it’s biggest industry. 3. It has four main islands. From north to south they are; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It extends over 1000 miles from end to end or roughly equivalent from Maine to Georgia on the east coast of the U.S. 4. It is part of the ring of fire which is a ring of volcanic mountain ranges that surrounded the Pacific Ocean. This is an area of increased volcanic and earthquake activity.
3. Mt. Fuji This is a picture of Mt. Fuji which is a sacred mountain to the Japanese and especially to the Shinto religion . It symbolizes the Japanese people close link to the spirits or “kami” of nature .
4. Early History A. The Yamato Clan was the first strong clan or ruling group of Japan that ruled a corner if the island of Honshu. It gradually expanded it’s territory to include the Kanto Plain – the most fertile portion of Japan. It set up the first and only dynasty of Japan. It claimed direct descent from the sun goddess, the symbol of Japan today is the rising sun. The current Japanese emperor, even though he has no real power, traces his lineage to the Yamato clan. B. Shinto – the clan gods, were spirits of nature. These spirits were referred to as Kami. Shinto means the way of the gods and thus the name of Shintoism for the worship of the gods of nature. This is the most popular religion of Japan today. C. The Korean Land Bridge – the Korean Peninsula which is a peninsula the is in between China and Japan has been the way that ideas have spread both from China to Japan and from Japan to China over the centuries. Many Koreans settled in Japan and are somewhat discriminated against by the Japanese today. The Japanese language is related to Korean but it totally different than Chinese. D. The Influence of China – China heavily influenced Japan over the centuries. Evidence of this is in the Japanese use of chopsticks, and character writing as well as ancestor veneration. Prince Shitoku of the Yamato Clan in the 600’s wanted to modernize Japan so he sent many students, monks, and traders to China to study during the Tang Dynasty.
5. The Feudal Period of Japan A. This period was from about 1192 to the late 1800’s and is often called the Age of the Samurai . B. Social Hierarchy – social class structure 1. Shogun – the head military leader of Japan, usually a samurai who was very wealthy and who could crate a huge army. 2. The Emperor was the spiritual and ceremonial ruler who had a lot of status but who had little real power and who usually could do nothing without the approval of the Shogun. 3. The Daimyo was a regional military commander who had charge of many cities or villages. 4. The Samurai was a local military leader who the leader and justice of a a small village or area. He was supposed to live by the following. C. The Code of the Warrior . – Also known as Bushido – required samurai to live to a high code of behavior emphasizing honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one’s lord. This was very similar to the code of chivalry in Europe during it’s feudal period. The feudal system operated almost the same in both Japan and Europe with strict allegiance to one’s lord in return for protection and provision of terms that may be needed to survive, including land, housing, and food in times of crisis. D. The Role of Women – The role of women and the status of women declined steadily during the age of the samurai.
6. Video Self explanatory
7. The Samurai A painting of a samurai. A video on the Samurai in Japan
8. Mongolian Conquest A. It threatened Japan because the Mongolians were getting very close to Japan on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese expected them to continue to move east across the sea of Japan. B. Self explanatory C. Self explanatory D. Self explanatory
9. The Tokugawa Shoguns – The Beginning of Unity A. After 1450 life became more difficult in Japan because fighting and warfare spread as peasants were armed by warlords who were fighting for control of territory with the daimyos. B. In 1603 the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated all of his rival for power and began to unite parts of Japan. He founded the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted until 1868. C. The Tokugawa Shogun’s goals were: 1. to end feudal warfare 2. to establish a strong central government (centralized feudalism) 3. to create a uniform and orderly society 4. to require a tithe and the daimyo’s family to live at court at Edo (Tokyo) where they were honored but also watched. This was used to control the daimyo. 5. to uphold a strict moral code of behavior, to hold peasant’s to the land, and women in their proper place (subservient to their husbands) D. Japan prospered because trade in the countryside and agriculture increased due to peace. Towns sprang up and Edo grew into a large city. International trade increased despite attempts to restrict it by various Tokugawa Shoguns.
10. A Zen Buddhist Pagoda Buddhism spread to Japan from China through the Korean Peninsula. A sect spread it that was very concerned with the importance of nature and became known as Zen Buddhism.
11. Zen Buddhism All items are self explanatory except for: #4 which means that Buddhists sought an uncluttered , clear mind with complete freedom to think or ponder – yet followed very strict order, rules and regimentation necessary in their monasteries.
12. The Early Modern Period A. Japan declined in the 1800’s because the shoguns were no longer strong leaders. Many people became discontent with their country. The daimyo were less powerful because Japan had shifted to a cash based economic system brought by internal trade. The daimyo’s wealth and influence was in land – so they no longer had as much power Samurai were not as rich as merchants, so their power declined. Merchants were discontent because they had such low status even though they had a lot of money. B. Mathew Perry was an American Admiral who ended Japan’s 200 year period of international isolation. He pointed the cannons of his fleet at Tokyo’s Royal Palaces and delivered a demand from the U.S. President to open ports to trade. Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. The Japanese people disliked the shoguns for letting this happen and began to resent the western countries for their humiliation.
13. The Meiji Reforms – This refers to a period of reform in Japan that began in 1867 when the shoguns were kicked out of power and the emperor was given political power to change Japan. This was a turning point to modernization in Japanese history. A. Self explanatory B. Self explanatory C. Creation of the Diet - the Diet was a 2 house law making body made up of one elected house and one appointed by the emperor. It’s powers were more limited than western law making bodies. D. Suffrage was limited -- not everyone could vote E. Self explanatory F. Self explanatory G. Self explanatory H. Government would build the factories and then sell them at low interest to wealthy families known as zaibatsus . An example is the Kawasaki family. They would do this to encourage industrial development. The Japanese government still supports it’s large industries today giving Japanese businesses an unfair trade advantage over the U.S. and other nations.
14. The Meiji Reform (cont.) I. Self explanatory J. No legal distinctions between classes – however a class system still is socially in place today in Japan even though it is officially against the law. Foreigners, Koreans, and native people called the Ainu are still discriminated against. K. Self explanatory
15. Japanese Torpedo Boat – 1870’s Self explanatory
16. Japanese Industrial Success – 1890’s The Japanese built the 3 rd largest navy in the world between 1860 and 1890 . They needed more and more oil to power their fleet and bought it from America.
17. The Strongest Country in Asia A. Self explanatory B. Self explanatory C. Self Explanatory D. The Great Depression hit Japan hard – the economy grew more slowly in the 1920’s and in 1929 the depression caused massive unemployment. Discontent grew among the people with the zaibatsus. E. The military disliked the corruption and power of the zaibatsus and condemned western influences and racial policies in the U.S. Nationalists demanded more expansion by Japan (to assert itself and prove it wasn’t a 2nd class country) F. Japan invades Manchuria – the military acted on a made up attack against a Japanese railroad in Manchuria giving the army an excuse to attack the Chinese and move into mineral rich Manchuria which Japan had many businesses in. The military acted without the approval of the civilian government. G. Japan invades China proper in 1937 in an attempt at further expansion, retribution, gained vital natural resources. It gets bogged down in a difficult war.
18. The Strongest Country in Asia (cont.) H. The U.S. reduced it’s sale of oil to Japan in an attempt to get them out of China. Japan needed oil for it’s industry and fleet. It threatened. It allied with Germany and Italy and set its sights on the oil reserves of Indonesia. There was one problem – the U.S. owned the Philippines which was in the way. The generals saw no way out of their problem except to attack the U.S., take the Philippines, and go for the oil in Indonesia. It attacked while a majority of the U.S. Navy was at port in Pearl Harbor. I. The bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941) – a very successful surprise attack that destroyed most of the U.S. fleet – except for the aircraft carrier battle groups which had set sail weeks earlier. They would become the key to U.S. victory. J. After 2 years of success, Japan began to loose territory in the Pacific. The U.S. was closing in on the mainland of Japan when President Harry Truman decided to drop atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to shock Japan into surrendering and prevent massive U.S. casualties in an invasion. Japan surrendered in 1945.
19. Video
20. December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor. This is a picture of the forward ammunition magazines exploding on the Battleship Arizona after taking a hit from an 800 kilogram Japanese bomb at Pear Harbor. The forward superstructure would soon collapse and the ship would rapidly sink.
21. Important Terms and People A. previously explained B. previously explained C. previously explained D. previously explained E. previously explained F. previously explained G. previously explained H. previously explained I. previously explained J. previously explained K. Open Door Policy – the policy of the United States government toward China in which it wanted open access to markets in China – it also wanted access to markets in Japan thus Mathew Perry’s Expedition L. Edo –the old name for Tokyo M. previously explained N. previously explained O. industrialization – the process of building industries to produce important modern goods P. previously explained Q. nationalism – intense belief or pride in one’s nation R. expansionism – the policy of a country expanding it’s territory S. previously explained T. militarism – when the military becomes increasingly powerful and influences a country foreign policy t too much causing it to impose itself on others
