Beekeeping, or apiculture, involves rearing honeybees to collect honey, beeswax, propolis, and other bee products. There are four main species of honeybee kept in India - Apis dorsata, Apis indica, Apis florea, and Apis mellifera. Beekeeping can be done through traditional indigenous methods or more modern methods using movable frame hives. Proper feeding and management is important for honeybee health throughout the year.

2.  REARINGOFHONEYBEESONACOMMERCIALLEVEL
TOEXTRACTHONEY, BEESWAX, PROPOLISAND
OTHERPRODUCTSONECONOMICLEVELISTERMED
ASAPICULTURE
 APIS– HONEYBEE CULTURE–TOREAR
 APICULTUREISBECOMINGPOPULARIN INDIANOT
ONLYFORHONEY BUTALSO FORCULTIVATED
PLANTSAND POLLINATORS
 CBRTI– IMPORTANTINSTITUTELOCATEDIN PUNE
APICULTURE

3. MY VISITTOCBRTI

4.  Abeekeeper keeps bees in order to collect their honey and
other products that the hive produce to pollinate crops, or to
produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. Alocation where
bees are kept is calledan apiary.
 Apiculture in India
Production of honey in metric tonnes - 52.23
Consumption of honey in metric tonnes – 45
Number of bee hives-9,800,000
 Average honey yeild is5kg/colony/year
GENERALINFORMATION

6.  PHYLUM –ARTHROPODA
 CLASS–INSECTA
 SUBCLASS– PTERYGOTA
 INFRACLASS– ENDOPTERYGOTA
 ORDER– HYMENOPTERA
 FAMILY- APIDAE
 GENUS– APIS
SPECIES– dorsata , mellifera ,
Indica , florea
CLASSIFICATIONOFHONEY BEE

7.  COMMONLYKNOWNASROCK BEE
 LARGESTBEEAROUND 20mm INLENGTH
 GIANTHONEYBEE, SARANG, BOMBARAOTHERNAMES.
 YEILDSMAXIMUM AMOUNTOFHONEYASCOMPAREDTO
OTHERSPECIESI.E. 60 POUNDSOFHONEYALMOST.
 WORKERSMAYPOLLINATE12,000 FLOWERSDAILY
 HAVEFERROCIOUSAND IRRITABLENATURE.DUETO
MIGRATORYHABITITISPRACTICALLYIMPOSSIBLETO
DOMESTICATETHEMFORBEEKEEPINGINDUSTRY
.
 THEREPOISONCANEVENLEADTODEATH.
Apis dorsata

9.  INDIAN BEE
 COMMONLYFOUNDIN FORESTAND PLAIN REGIONSOFINDIA
 PREFERTOLIVEIN DARKSP
ACESAND CONSTRUCTPARALLEL
COMBSIN CAVITIESOFTREETRUNKSMUD WALLS ETC.
 SPECIESISEXTREMELYGENTLEAND FRIENDLYSOCANBE
DOMESTICATEDEASILY
 PRODUCTIONOFHONEYISREALLYLESSI.E. 6-7 POUNDSPER
COLONY
 COMMONLYUSEDIN INDIAN APIARIES
Apis indica

11.  COMMONLYCALLEDASLITTLE BEE
 THISISSMALLERIN SIZETHANFIRST2 BEES
 ITYEILDSSMALLERAMOUNTOFHONEY
 BEESARENOTGREGARIOUSIN NATUREAND FORM
ASINGLECOMB
 DUETOITSDOCILENATUREAND RARESTINGING
BEHAVIOURTHECOMBSCANBEREMOVEDEASILY
FORHONEY EXTRACTION.
Apis florea

13.  EUROPEANBEE
 THISBEEPRODUCESLESSHONEYBUTIN
ENVIRONMENTALPOINTOFVIEWITIS BEST
 THEYCANBEDOSMESTICATEDREALLYEASILYAND
BREEDINGIMPROVEDEASILY
.
 ITISUSEDIN LARGESCALEIN EUROPEANDAMERICA
FORARTIFICIALHIVES
 EXCELLENTPOLLINATORS
 ½ KGHONEYPER COMB
 THIN HONEYCONSISTENCY
Apis mellifera

15.  HIGHLY ORGANISED DIVISION OFLABOUR IS
OBSERVEDINHONEYBEES
 WELLDEVELOPEDCOLONYOFBEESCONSISTOF40-
50 K INDIVIDUALS OF3 CASTES: QUEEN , WORKER,
DRONES.
 UNFERTILISEDEGGS- DRONES
 FERTILISEDEGGS- WORKERSAND QUEEN- FED
WITH ROYALJELLY
SOCIALORGANISATIONIN
HONEYBEE

17.  WELLDEVELOPEDFERTILE FEMALE
 MOTHEROFCOLONYWITH ONLYDUTYOFEGGLAYING.FED
ONROYALJELLY
 15-20MM LENGHT
,TAPERINGABDOMEN, SHORTLEGSAND
WINGS.
 OVIPOSITORCUMSTINGPRESENTFOREGGLAYING.
 DURINGNUPTIALFLIGHTDRONEFERTILISESQUEEN1500-2000
EGGSLAID DEPENDINGUPONSEASONALVARIATIONAND
ECOLOGICALFACTORS.
 WHENQUEENLOSESABILITYOFEGGLAYINGNEWQUEEN
EMERGES
 QUEENSECRETESPHEROMONESTHATREGULATESENTIRE
COLONY
QUEENBEE

18.  SMALLESTOFTHREE CASTES
 PRODUCEDFROMFERTILISEDEGGSLAID IN
WORKERCELL
 21DAYSFORDEVELOPMENTLIFESPAN6 WEEKS
 INDOORASWELLASOUTDOOR DUTIES.
WORKERBEE
HOUS
E BEE
NURSER
Y BEE
BUILDERS REPAIRE
R S
CLEANERS FANNERS GUAR
D BEE
COLLECT ATTEND PRODUCE COMB REMOVIN MAINTAIN WATCH
NECTAR QUEEN WAXAND REPAIRING G ENCE OF FORANY
WATER AND REPAIR IMPURITIE HIVE DANGER
DRONES HIVE SAND TEMPERAT TOHIVE
DEAD UREBY
BODIES FANNING

19.  LONGPROBOSCIS - SUCKINGNECTAR
 STRONGWINGS - FANNING
- POLLENCOLLECTION
 POLLENBASKETS
 STING - DEFENSE
 WAXGLAND - WAXSECRETION
WORKERBEEMODIFICATIONS

21.  MALE MEMBERDEVELOPEDFROMUNFERTILISEDEGGCALLED
KINGOFCOLONY
 ONLYWORKOFFERTILISING FEMALES
 STINGASWELLASWAXGLANDSABSENT
 TOTALLYDEPENDANTON WORKERS
 ATTIME OFSWARMINGDRONEFOLLOWSQUEEN COPULATES
AND DIES
 SUNBASKERS
DRONES

22. LIFECYCLE

23. LIFECYCLE

24.  NEEM
 JAMUN
 SOAPNUT
 MAIZE
 ROSE
 SORGHUM
 PLUM
 CHERRY
 APPLE
 MUSTURD
 COCONUT
APICULTUREFLORA

25. SELECTIONOFBEESFOR
APICULTURE
 GENTLETEMPERAMENT
 SHOULDHAVECAPABILITYTOCONSTRUCTSTRONG
COLONY
 ABILITYTOPROTECTFROM ENEMIES
 ENERGETICAND INDUSTRIOUS WORKERS
 LARGEAMOUNTHONEYYEILDING CAPACITY
 EASYMIGRATIONLESSABSCONDING
 GENTLENATURE OBSERVED
 PROFOLICWORKERS

26. METHODSOFBEEKEEPING
INDIGENEOUS MODERN

27. INDIGENOUSMETHOD
 TWOTYPES OFHIVESAREUSEDIN THISTYPE OFMETHOD
 WALLORFIXEDHIVE-PURELYNATURALTYPEOFHIVEAS
BUILTBEBEESTHEMSELVESONWALLORTREES.OPENING
ONONESIDEFORBEEENTRANCE.
 MOVABLEHIVE-HOLLOWWOODLOGS,EMPTYBOXESAND
EARTHENPOTSIN VERANDAS.TWOHOLESONEFOR
ENTRANCEAND EXITOFBEES.SWARMCLUSTERSKEPTIN
HIVE

28. INDIGENEOUSMETHOD

29. EXTRACTIONOFHONEY-
INDIGENEOUSMETHOD
 FORHONEYEXTRACTION, BURNING FIREIS
BROUGHTNEARTHEBEEHIVEAT NIGHT.
 ASARESULTTHEBEESEITHERAREKILLEDORTHEY
ESCAPEOFF
 FURTHERTHEHIVEFULLOFHONEYISREMOVED,CUT
INTO PIECESAND SQUEEZEDTOREMOVEHONEY
.
 SOMETIMESSMOKINGISDONETOESCAPEHONEY
BEES

30. DRAWBACKSOFINDIGENEOUS
METHOD
 HONEYBECOMESIMPUREASDURINGSQUEEZING
BROODCELLS,POLLEN, LARVAEALSOGETSMIXED
 COLONYBECOMESWEAKASKILLING OFEGGSAND
LARVAETAKES PLACE
 HONEYROBBERSLIKEMONKEYSWASPSMAY
AFFECTHIVEVERYEASILY
.
 CLIMATICHAZARDSMAYNOTBE CONTROLLED

31. MODERNMETHOD
LANGSTROTH
HIVEISMOST
COMMONLY
USEDIN INDIA.

32. APPLIANCESFORMODERN METHOD
 TYPICALMOVABLEHIVE
 QUEENEXCLUDER
 HONEYEXTRACTOR
 UNCAPPINGKNIFE
 OTHEREQUIPMENTS

33. TYPICALMOVABLEHIVE
 AN
ARTIFICIALMOVABLE
HIVEISCONSTRUCTED
BYWOODEN BOX.
 SIZEAND NUMBEROF
FRAMESARE VARIABLE
 PERFORATIONSIZE IS
0.375THORAXOR
QUEENISOF0.45 CM
SOSHECANNOTP
ASS
THROUGHIT

34. PARTSOFTYPICALMOVABLE HIVE
 STAND-BASALPARTONENTIREHIVEISCONSTRUCTED.
ADJUSTEDALONGWITHSLOPEOF LAND
 BOTTOMBOARD-SITUATEDABOVEBASE.HAVE2 GA
TESIN
FRONTONEFORENTRANCEOTHERFOREXIT.
 BROODCHAMBER-HAS5-10FRAMES.IN EACHFRAMEWAX
SHEETWITHHEXAGONALFRAMESHELDUPBYWIRES.
ALONGMARGINSBEESTARTCONSTRUCTIONOFHIVE.PUT
VERTICALLY
.
 SUPERCHAMBER-ITISWITHOURCOVERAND BASE.MANY
FRAMESFORHIVE EXTENSION.

35. PARTSOFTYPICALMOVABLE HIVE
 INNERCOVER-WOODENPIECEUSEDTOCOVERTHE
SUPER.IT HASMANYHOLESFOR VENTILATION.
 TOPCOVER-MEANTFORCOLONYPROTECTIONFROM
RAINS.FITTEDWITH ZNSHEETSWHICHISPLAINAND
SLOPING.
 QUEENEXCLUDER-CONSISTSOFWIREGAUZE, EXTRANS
GUARDSANDDRONETRAPSWITH INDIVIDUAL WIRES
0.375 CMAPART.IT READILYPERMITSWORKERSTOPASS
THROUGHIT BUTEXLUDESQUEENTOPASSTHROUGHIT.

36. HONEYEXTRACTOR
 USEDFOREXTRACTION
OFHONEYFROM
COMB
 FUNCTIONSON
PRINCIPLEOF
CENTRIPETALFORCE
 PUREHONEYIS
THROWNOUT
WITHOUTANY
DAMAGETOCOMB.

37. UNCAPPINGKNIFE
 WHENALLCOMBSARE
FILLEDWITHHONEY
THEYARESEALEDBY
CAPPINGWITH WAX
 WAXSEALISREMOVED
WITHSTEAMHEATED
UNCAPPINGKNIFE

38. SMOKER
 ITISADEVICEUSEDTO
CALMHONEYBEESIN
ORDERTOEXAMINE
THEMORFORHONEY
EXTRACTION.
 HESSIANSFABRIC,
ROTTENWOODS,
COTTONETCIS
COMMONLYUSED.

39. BEEVEIL
 IT PROTECTSBEEKEEPER
FROMSTINGS.
 CONSISTSOFWIRE VEIL
LINEDWITHCLOTH.
 ADVANTAGE IS THAT IT IS
LIGHT WEIGHT AND EASY
FORSTORAGE.

40. BEEBRUSH
 SOFTBRISTLEDBRUSH
USEDTOGENTLY
HARMLESSLYREMOVE
BEESFROMSURFACE.
 IFUSEDPROPERLYIT
DOESNTHARM THEBEES.

41. FEEDINGBEES
 RAPIDFEEDERS-Thesefeeders comprise of atray which is placed over
the hive to which bees have accessfrom below by means of a hole or slot
arranged to stop them drowning. Versions known asMiller or Ashforth
are made to the same dimensions of the hive and are placed directly on
top of the brood frames.They can feed up to about 10Lat atime
 CONTACTFEEDERS-This is aplastic bucket with alid fitted with agauze
centre section. The bucket is filled with sugar syrup and then inverted
over an empty container to catch the small amount of syrup that will pass
through the gauze before atmospheric pressure in the bucket drops thus
holding the syrup in the feeder. It is then placed on the hive with the
gauze patch over the crown board feeder hole.
 FRAMEFEEDERS-Theseare containers that look like abrood frame with
a slot at the top and have a float inside to prevent bees drowning. They
are filled by pouring prepared syrup through the slot.

42. SUGARSYRUPRECIPE
 Basic ingredients: White granulated sugar, water Warning
– Do not use brown or raw sugars asthey contain
impurities.
 Thick Sugar Syrup: 1Kg of granulated sugar to 630 ml of
water (2 lb sugar to 1pt of water)
 Thin Sugar Syrup: 1Kg of granulated sugar to 1Lof water (2
lb sugar to 2pt of water)
 There is no need to boil the mixture but heating the water
helps. Stir regularly to dissolve all the sugar. When fully
dissolved the mixture is clear and avery pale straw colour.

43. FEEDENHANCERS
 VitaFeed Patty: Pollen-rich feed that is best used in autumn
to create strong winter bees
 VitaFeed Power: A liquid nutritionalsupplement packed
with essential amino acids and best used in spring to
promote colony growth and when producing splits,
packages and nucs
 VitaFeed Nutri: Protein-rich feed that can be used at any
time of the year to create strong winter bees
 VitaFeed Gold: Best for colonies that have been weakened
by dysentery orrelated conditions.

44. FEEDINGIN SPRING
 If bees are short of stores
at the Spring inspection
then feed Thin Sugar
Syrup.

45. FEEDINGIN SUMMER
 If bees are short of stores
during the Summer then
feed Thin SugarSyrup.

46. FEEDINGIN RAINYSEASON
 If you harvest your honey in late July or earlyAugust, this gives
the bees the opportunity to make their own winter stores.
 September/early October is the time of year to feed Thick Sugar
Syrup to ensure that honey bees have sufficient stores to last
them the Winter. Feeding is done after the honey crop has been
removed and whilst the colony is still strong, warm enough for
bees to move up into the feeder, able to take syrup down, invert
and store it properly in the comb.

47. WINTERFEEDING
 If bees are short of stores in
the winter and likely to starve
then bee candy (bakers
fondant) is placed over the
crown board feed hole. The
crown board may need
turning in order to position a
feed hole over the bee
cluster. Bees require water,
often taken ascondensation
within the hive, to make use
of candy.

48. EMERGENCYFEEDING
 In extreme caseswhen bees
are starving spray them with a
Thin Sugar Syrup solution and
fill an empty comb with sugar
syrup. This can be done by
pouring the syrup into the cells
slowly by using asqueezy
bottle, e.g. acleansedwashing
up fluid bottle, filled with
sugar syrup. When filled, place
the comb adjacent to the bees.

49. FEEDINGWATER
 If bees do not have natural
water supplies, then provide a
supply by using awaterfeeder
which can be bought and
adapted from equipment
suppliers.
 If making your own water feeder
remember that it is the natural
inclination of bees to suck up
moisture from awet surface
such assoil, sand or brick rather
than from an open water surface

50. PRECAUTIONSTOBETAKEN
 HIVESHOULDN'TBEKEPTMORETHANHALFMILEAWAY
FROMPLACEOFPOLLENAND NECTAR COLLECTION.
 PEOPLEMUSTKNOWABOUTBEEKEEPERFORPROPER
CONTACT
.
 BOXESMUSTBEKEPTIEATCOOLPLACES
 INDUSTRYMUSTHAVEGOODTRANSPORT FACILITIES
 FRESHWATERRESERVIORMUSTBENEAR
 GOODFLORAEASILYACCESSIBLE

51. PRODUCTSOFBEEKEEPING

52. HONEY
 Honey is asweet, viscous food substance made by honey
bees .
 Bees produce honey from the sugary secretions of plants
or from secretions of other insects , by regurgitation,
enzymatic activity, and waterevaporation.
 Honey gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides
fructose and glucose, and has about the same relative
sweetness assucrose

53. COMPOSITIONOFHONEY
 Fructose: 38.2%
 Glucose:31.3%
 Maltose: 7.1%
 Sucrose:1.3%
 Water:17.2%
 Higher sugars:1.5%
 Ash:0.2%
 Other: 3.2%

54. PRESERVATIONOFHONEY
 Because of its composition and chemical properties, honey is suitable for
long-term storage, and is easily assimilated even after long preservation.
Honey, and objects immersed in honey, have been preserved for centuries.
 The key to preservation is limiting access to humidity. In its cured state,
honey has a sufficiently high sugar content to inhibit fermentation.
 If exposed to moist air, its hydrophilic properties pull moisture into the
honey, eventually diluting it to the point that fermentation can begin.
 The long shelf life of honey is attributed to an enzyme found in the stomach
of bees. The bees mix glucose oxidase with expelled nectar they previously
consumed, creating two byproducts – gluconic acid and hydrogen
peroxide, which are partially responsible for honey acidity and suppression
of bacterial growth.

55. ECONOMICIMPORTANCEOF HONEY
 FOODVALUE-USEDIN VARIETYOFFOODPREPARATION.
USEDIN CAKESBREADSETC.200GHONEYISMORE
NUTRITIOUSTHAN1
1.5LMILK.
 MEDICINALUSES-ITISMILDLY LAXATIVE,ANTISEPTIC,
SEDATIVE.HELPIN BUILDING UPHB.ALSOCURESCOLD,
COUGH,FEVER,MOUTH ULCERS.
 OTHERUSES-FERMENTATIONTOFORMALCOHOLIC
BEVERAGES,BACTERIALCULTURES,INSECT
DIET,STIMULATEPLANTGROWTHAND DROSOPHILA BAITS.

56. BEESWAX
 Beeswax is anatural wax produced by honey bees . The wax is formed
into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of
worker bees,which discard it in or at the hive.
 The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and
larval and pupal protection within the beehive. Chemically, beeswax
consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols.
 Beeswax has been used since prehistory asthe first plastic, asalubricant
and waterproofing agent, in lost wax casting of metals and glass, asa
polish for wood and leather, for making candles, asan ingredient in
cosmetics and asan artistic medium in encaustic painting.Beeswax is
edible
 Widely used in making candles face creams paints ointmentsetc

58. BEEVENOM
 Bee venom is acolorless, acidic liquid. Bees excrete it through
their stingers into atarget when they feel threatened.
 Hasanti-inflammatory properties
 May reduce arthritis-relatedsymptoms
 May benefit skin health -Multiple skincare companies have
started adding bee venom to products like serums and
moisturizers.
 May benefit immunehealth
 May fight Lyme disease -effects against Borrelia burgdorferi

60. PROPOLIS
 Propolis is a resin-like material made by bees from the buds of
poplar and cone-bearingtrees.
 Propolis is rarely available in its pure form. It is usually obtained
from beehives and contains bee products. Bees use propolis to
build their hives.
 Propolis is used for diabetes, cold sores, and swelling
(inflammation) and sores inside the mouth (oral mucositis).
 It is also used for burns, canker sores, genital herpes, and other
conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support
these uses.

62. BEEDISEASES
American
Foulbrood
Disease(AFD)
European
Foulbrood
Disease(EFB)
ChalkBrood
Disease
Sac -brood
disease
Nosema disease
BACTERIAL BACTERIAL FUNGAL VIRAL FUNGAL
Paenibacillus
larvae
Melissococcus
plutonius
Ascosphaera
apis
Morator
aetatulas
Nosema apis/N.
ceranae
The caps of these The diseased the deadlarvae Diseased larvae the abdomenof
dead brood cells larvae die incoiled swell to thesize fail to pupate an infected
are usually darker stage. Thecolour ofthe cell and are after four days; worker often
than the capsof of thelarva covered with the they remain being swollenand
healthy cells, decays from shiny whitish myceliaof stretched out on shiny in
sunken, and often white to pale the fungus their backswithin appearance
punctured. yellow andthen their cells
to brown
frequent, efficient
inspectionservices
Replace infectedcombs
with empty fresh/
sterilized combs
the bees remove the
infected brood with
their hygienebehavior,
It is better to isolate the
infected colonies.
Nosema disease can best be
controlled by keeping
colonies asstrong aspossible
and removing possiblecauses
of stress

64. BEEENEMIES
 WAXMOTHS( GALLERIAMELLONELAANDACHROIA
GRISELLA)
 WASP( VESPASPPAND PALARUSSP)
 BLACKANTS
 BEEEA
TERS(MEROPS ORIENTALIS)
 KINGCROW( CICRUTUSMACROCERCUS)
 MAN -WORSTENEMY

66. REFERENCES
 APPLIEDZOOLOGY -SHUKALAAND UPADHYAY
.

67. THANKYOU!!!!