The document discusses different types of referential cohesion that help provide semantic interpretation and meaning to items in a text that cannot stand alone, including endophora, exophora, pronouns, demonstratives, substitutions, ellipsis, and conjunctions that relate items either within or outside the text. Referential cohesion relies on references between different linguistic items to build coherence and understanding.

2. It’s realized through certain items that do not have value or cannot be given a semantic interpretation but have to be interpreted by reference to other items or to an information that must be found somewhere else inside or outside the text. These items are: REFERENCE and REFERENT

3. ENDOPHORA Anaphora Cataphora Back in the text Forward in the text EXOPHORA Outside the text

4. Personal Pronouns Possesive adjectives Possesive pronouns Reflexive pronouns

5. Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. The definite article Some adverbs.

6. General identity Similarity Difference Particular Numerative

7. Nominal Substitution Verbal substitution Clausal Substitution

8. Nominal Ellipsis Verbal Ellipsis Clausal Ellipsis

9. Additive Adversative Causal Temporal

10. Is the cohesive effect that is produced by the vocabulary used in a text.