The document summarizes information about nebulizers, inhalers, electrooculography, and retinography. It discusses how each works, their parts, advantages, disadvantages, differences, applications, and provides references for further information. Specifically, it explains that nebulizers turn liquid medication into a mist for inhalation, while inhalers use breath coordination to deliver a metered dose of medication. Electrooculography measures eye movements through electrodes, and retinography takes photographs of the retina for medical examination.

1. Recent studies on
measurement
device
By-
Yash Channe PA 29
Shubhangi Prasad PA 181
Shivali Yadav PA 185
Vivek Vijayan PA 214

2. NEBULIZER
&
INHALER
01

3. NEBULIZER: INTRODUCTION
● A nebulizer is a piece of medical equipment
that a person with asthma or another
respiratory condition can use to administer
medication directly and quickly to the lungs.
● A nebulizer turns liquid medicine into a very
fine mist that a person can inhale through a
face mask or mouthpiece. Taking medicine
this way allows it to go straight into the lungs
and the respiratory system where it is
needed.
● It is prescribed for children and severe
Asthma patient who cannot use inhalers.

4. CONCEPT
● A nebulizer turns liquid medicine into a mist to
help treat your asthma. They come in electric
or battery-run versions.
● They come in both a portable size you can
carry with you and a larger size that’s meant to
sit on a table and plug into a wall. Both are
made up of a base that holds an air
compressor, a small container for liquid
medicine, and a tube that connects the air
compressor to the medicine container.
● Above the medicine container is a mouthpiece
or mask you use to inhale the mist.

6. HOW DOES IT WORK?

7. Pressurized air passes through the tube and turns the liquid medicine into a mist. During an
asthma attack or a respiratory infection, the mist may be easier to inhale than the spray from a
pocket inhaler. When your airways become narrow — like during an asthma attack — you can’t
take deep breaths. For this reason, a nebulizer is a more effective way to deliver the medication
than an inhaler, which requires you to take a deep breath.
Nebulizers can deliver short-acting (rescue) or long-acting (maintenance to prevent acute
attacks) asthma medication therapy. Also, more than one medication can be given in the same
treatment.
The doctor determines which medications you need to take in the nebulizer based on your
individual needs. The type of medication and dose will be prescribed by your doctor. You may
receive premixed containers of liquid that can be opened and placed in the machine, or you may
have to mix the solution before each use.

8. STEPS TO USE A NEBULIZER
2
Assemble the top
piece, tubing,
mask, and
mouthpiece and
attach the tubing
to the machine,
according to the
instructions.
1
Wash the hands
and add the
medicine to the
medicine cup,
according to the
doctor’s
prescription.
3
Turn the nebulizer
on and hold the
mouthpiece and
medicine cup
upright to help
deliver all the
medication.
4
Take slow, deep
breaths through
the mouthpiece
and inhale all the
medicine.

9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
1. No coordination required
2. Allows large dosage of
medicine
3. Option for those who cannot
use pMDI or DPI
4. Soft mist
DISADVANTAGES
1. Less portable / convenient
2. Longer time for set-up
3. Expensive

10. SIDE EFFECTS & CONTRADICTIONS
● Dry or irritated throat, temporary
or occasional cough
● Sneezing, stuffy or itchy nose,
watery eyes.
● Burning or bleeding of your nose
● Nausea, heartburn, stomach
pain.
● Urinating more or less than
usual.
● Dizziness, drowsiness, headache.
● Unusual or unpleasant taste in
your mouth.
● In some cases, nebulization is
restricted or avoided due to
possible untoward results or
rather decreased effectiveness
such as:
● Patients with unstable and
increased blood pressure
● Individuals with cardiac irritability
(may result to dysrhythmias)
● Persons with increased pulses
● Unconscious patients (inhalation
may be done via mask but the
therapeutic effect may be
significantly low)

11. INHALER

12. INHALER: INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT
● An inhaler (also known as a puffer, pump or allergy spray) is a medical device
used for delivering medicines into the lungs through the work of a person's
breathing. This allows medicines to be delivered to and absorbed in the lungs,
which provides the ability for targeted medical treatment to this specific region
of the body, as well as a reduction in the side effects of oral medications. There
are a wide variety of inhalers, and they are commonly used to treat numerous
medical conditions with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) being among the most notable.
● Some of the common types of inhalers include meter-dosed inhalers, dry powder
inhalers, soft mist inhalers, and nebulizers. Each device has advantages and
disadvantages and can be selected based on specific patient needs, as well as
age, coordination, and lung function. Proper education on inhaler use is
important to ensure that inhaled medication takes its proper effects in the lungs.

13. PARTS OF
INHALER

14. ● 1. Canister:
○ The canister which is produced in aluminium or stainless steel , where the
formulation resides.
● 2. Actuator:
○ The complete made canister is fitted into a plastic container this is called actuator,
which allows the patient to operate the device and directs the aerosol into the patient
lungs.
● 3. Metering valve:
○ It allows a metered quantity of the formulation.
● 4. Actuator seat:
○ It holds metering valve and actuator nozzle.
● 5. Actuator nozzle:
○ It helps to spread the component into the mouth.

15. HOW TO USE AN INHALER

16. ADVANTAGES
● It reduces dose lose.
● It allows pressurized metered dose.
● It deliver specific amount of medication to patients.
● No drug preparation is needed.
● It is small size & convenience to patients.
● Usually, it is inexpensive as compared to Dry Powder Inhaler(DPI) &
Nebulizer.
● Quick to use than other device.
● It has multi-dose capability, more than hundred (100) dose are available.

17. DISADVANTAGES
● Accessory device decreases portability.
● Additional cost.
● Possible dosing error.
● There is no information about the number of dose left in the MDI.
● Proper coordination is essential.
● Difficult to deliver high dose.

18. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
NEBULIZER AND INHALERS
Inhalers and nebulizers both send medication into your lungs, and both have pros and
cons.
A nebulizer is often easier for young children to use because all they have to do is
breathe normally. It takes longer to deliver medicine: at least 5 or 10 minutes. And even
portable nebulizers can be bulky and hard to carry around. But some people prefer
nebulizers because they can see and feel the mist of medication.
Inhalers are often cheaper and tend to have fewer side effects than nebulizers. You can
carry one in your pocket or bag. An inhaler can be tricky to use at first, but most people
quickly get the hang of it. It delivers an exact dose of medication.

19. ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY

20. ● Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for measuring the corneo-retinal
standing potential that exists between the front and the back of the human eye.
The resulting signal is called the electrooculogram.
● It is a technique to help systems to control and guide autonomous mobile robots.
● EOG serves as a means of control for allowing the handicapped, especially those
with only eye-motor coordination, to live more independent lives.
● This is a low cost assistive system for disabled people.
● This system allow their users to travel more efficiently and with greater ease.
Introduction

21. The eye acts as a dipole in which the anterior pole is
positive and the posterior pole is negative.
1. Left gaze: the cornea approaches the
electrode near the outer canthus of the left
eye, resulting in a negative-trending change
in the recorded potential difference.
2. Right gaze: the cornea approaches the
electrode near the inner canthus of the left
eye, resulting in a positive-trending change in
the recorded potential difference.
Principle

22. ● Four to five electrodes, the amplifiers
and filters are required.
● Measurement of eye movements is
done by placing pairs of electrodes
either above and below the eye or to
the left and right of the eye.
● If the eye moves from center position
toward one of the two electrodes, this
electrode sees the positive side of the
eye and the opposite electrode sees the
negative side of the eye.
● Potential difference occurs between the
electrodes. The recorded potential is a
measure of the eye's position.
Working
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23. 1. The red electrodes represent vertical
placement. VEOG signals are obtained from
vertical eye movements.
2. The blue electrodes represent horizontal
placement. HEOG signals are obtained from
horizontal eye movements.
3. The grey electrode represent reference
placement. Blink signals are obtained due to
blinking of eyes.
Placement of electrodes

24. The electro-oculography has a wide range of applications in variety of fields mentioned
as follows:
1. Human Computer Interfacing
2. Medical diagnosis
3. Study of different eye movements
4. Driver Drowsiness Detection
Applications

25. An EOG interface has many advantages because of its simple configuration.
● Detection and measurement of eye movement.
● Recording techniques are simple and cheap and can be done with minimal
discomfort.
● Recording eye movement patterns.
● EOG readings can be measured even when eye is closed.
● EOG can be utilized as an aid to detect the neurological disorders.
● EOG can be employed in modelling ophthalmic instruments which are capable of
accompanying in disease diagnosis as well as for therapeutic purposes.
● Aid to assist fully or partially differently abled persons through human-machine
interfacing.
Advantages

26. ● The signal seldom is deterministic,even for same person in different environment.
● The EOG signal is a result of a number of factors, including eyeball rotation and
movement ,eyelid movement, different sources of artifact such as EEG, electrode
placement, head movements, influence of the luminance.
● The detected signals are easily contaminated with a group in long-term
measurements.
● The EOG suffers from a lack of accuracy at the extremes, due to noise
compounded from the effects of an EEG, EMG, and the recording equipment
equivalent to approximately 100 of a movement. Thus movements of less than
100 are difficult to record.
Disadvantages

27. RETINOGRAPHY

28. ● Retinography is a diagnostic test used by
ophthalmologists to obtain a detailed picture
of the fundus and the retina.
● It is a biometric technique that uses unique
patterns on a person's retina blood vessels.
● This kind of photography of the eyeball allows
examining important areas of the eye for
vision, such as taint and the optical disk.
Introduction

29. ● Retinography is a medical test that involves dilating the pupil of the patient in
order to obtain a detailed picture of the deepest parts of the eye.
● This test aims to study the blood circulation of the retina and the optic nerve, and
allows to obtain a color photograph of the inside of the eye to be able to observe
the retina in detail.
● The results of the retinography allow the doctor to obtain valuable information
about the patient's eye.
● It enables the doctor to pick up signs of many diseases.
● Retinography makes it possible to quickly and effectively prevent and diagnose
damage to the retina and the optic nerve in order to treat any lesion early.
Concept

30. ● The retinography is carried out with a retinograph, which is the medical team
responsible for performing the color photograph of the fundus of the eye. The
retinographer has a tool called opthalmoscope, which has a camera to make the
photographic shot and records the images on the doctor's computer.
● A retinal scan is performed by casting an unperceived beam of low-energy
infrared light into a person’s eye as they look through the scanner's eyepiece.
This beam of light traces a standardized path on the retina.
Working

32. ● Low occurrence of false positives.
● Extremely low (almost 0%) false negative rates.
● Highly reliable because no two people have the same retinal pattern.
● Speedy results: Identity of the subject is verified very quickly.
● A number of diseases can be identified by retinal scanning.
Advantages

33. ● Measurement accuracy can be affected by a disease such as cataracts or by
severe astigmatism
● Scanning procedure is perceived by some as invasive
● Not very user friendly.
● Subject being scanned must be very close to the camera optics.
● High equipment cost
● Leads to eye problems that can be identified by CT Scan.
● Cheap equipment used can damage your eyes on regular usage.
Disadvantages

34. ● Retinal scanning has medical application. By looking at and evaluating the blood
vessels and nerves doctors are able to pick up signs of diseases like diabetes,
high blood pressure, strokes, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol, multiple
sclerosis, and thyroid diseases. Also Communicable illnesses as well as
hereditary diseases.
● Retinal scanners are typically used for authentication and identification purposes.
It has been utilized by several government agencies.
● Retinal scanning is also being used in prisons, and for ATM identity verification
and the prevention of welfare fraud.
Applications

35. ● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_scan#Introduction
● https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/medical-journals/retinography
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN99FQNnFmM
● https://areaoftalmologica.com/en/terminos-de-oftalmologia/retinografia/
● https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27865-5
● https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6797659/
● https://www.realexposer.com/2010/01/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-electro.html?
Reference

36. THANK YOU