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3. ounded ecological system
consisting of all the organisms in
an area and the physical
environment with which they
interact
iotic and abiotic processes
ools and fluxes
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4. Living
aboveground
phytomass
Living
belowground
phytomass
Mineral
nutrients in soil
solution
Uptake
ExudationWashout
Uptake for
shoot production
Retranslocation
Humus
Standing dead
Litter
Mineralization
Decomposi
tion
Animals
Excreta (Urine)
Degistation
Excr
eta
(Dun
g)
Mineralization
Dead
belowground
phytomass
Decompo
-
sition
internal
nutrient cycling
System input:
- wet and dry deposition
- N2-fixation
- fertilization
- water inflow
System output:
- water outflow
- wind erosion
- losses to air
(denitrification)
- fire (burning
dung)
- haymaking
- animal products
(meat, wool,...)
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5. rophic relationships determine an
ecosystem’s routes of energy flow and
chemical cycling
rophic structure refers to the feeding
relations among organisms in an
ecosystem
rophic level refers to how organisms fit
in based on their main source of
nutrition, including
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6. • Primary producers: autotrophs (plants,
algae, many bacteria, phytoplankton),
Primary consumers: heterotrophs that feed
on autotrophs (herbivores, zooplankton);
Secondary consumers heterotrophs that
feed on primary consumers;
Tertiary consumers (quatenary consumers);
Detritivores (organisms that feed on
decaying organic matter, bacteria, fungi, and
soil fauna)
Omnivores (feed on everything), frugivore,
fungivore…….
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8. n ecosystem is a bounded ecological system
that includes all the organisms and abiotic
pools with which they interact.
n ecosystems is the sum of all of the
biological and nonbiological parts that
interact to cause plants grow and decay, soil
or sediments to form, and the chemistry of
water to change.
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18. mall scale: e.g., soil core, appropriate for
studying microbial interactions with the soil
environment, microbial nutrient transformations,
trace gas fluxes,…
tand: an area of sufficient homogeneity with
regard to vegetation, soils, topography,
microclimate, and past disturbance history to be
treated as a single unit.
Appropriate for studying whole-ecosystem gas
exchange, net primary productivity, plant-soil-
microbial nutrient and carbon fluxes
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