The document discusses best practices for data modeling in Cassandra, emphasizing the importance of understanding suitable and unsuitable data types for the database. It covers various data structures, including historical data management, organizational trees, and summarized data processes, detailing methods for using Cassandra efficiently. Additionally, the document provides examples of table creation and querying techniques and addresses the need for high-speed processing and data consistency.

1. Best Better practice of Cassandra
Cassandraに不向きなCassandraデータモデリング基礎
Hayato Tsutsumi
Works Applications

2. Hayato Tsutsumi
堤 勇人
Cassandra experience :
7 years (from ver.0.6)
Certification for Apache Cassandra Administarator
Data size : about 40TB
Nodes：about 40 (would increase soon...)
Twitter : 2t3
Site Reliability Engineering Div.
Works Applications Co., Ltd
自己紹介 Speaker

3. Target
● Mid-range System
Data size
1TB ~ 1PB
Data amount
10 Mil ～ 100 Bil
+ high speed processing

4. What is better?

5. Best practice = Right people, right place
適材適所は確かにベスト
Suitable
Data

6. But not all data is suitable
じゃあベストじゃない部分は？
Our system
Suitable
Data
Un-suitable data for Cassandra

7. Use both Cassandra and RDB?
O*
or
M*
Suitable
Data

8. You may use only RDB...
O*
or
M*
Suitable
Data

9. Another way : Manage data only with Cassandra
Suitable
Data

10. 3 models unlike NoSQL
Historical data
履歴管理データ
Tree structure
ツリー構造
Summarized data
計上データ

11. How Cassandra
read data in 3mins
前
提

12. Partition key &
Clustering key
CREATE TABLE test_table (
pkA text,
pkB text,
ckA text,
ckB text,
v text,
w text,
PRIMARY KEY ((pkA, pkB), ckA, ckB)
);
Partition Key Clustering Key
hash(pkA1
,pkB1)
Column ckA1:ckB1:v ckA1:ckB1:w ckA1:ckB2:v ckA1:ckB2:w
Value v1 w1 v2 w2
hash(pkA1
,pkB2)
Column ckA3:ckB3:v ckA3:ckB3:w
Value v3 w3
Column pkA pkB ckA ckB v w
Value pkA1 pkB1 ckA1 ckB1 v1 w1
pkA1 pkB1 ckA1 ckB2 v2 w2
pkA1 pkB2 ckA3 ckB3 v3 w3
on Table
on Cassandra Cassandra can search Column name

13. Partition key &
Clustering key
CREATE TABLE test_table (
pkA text,
pkB int,
ckA int,
ckB int,
v text,
w text,
PRIMARY KEY ((pkA, pkB), ckA, ckB)
);
Partition Key Clustering Key
hash(pkA1
,pkB1)
Column ckA1:ckB1:v ckA1:ckB1:w ckA1:ckB2:v ckA1:ckB2:w
Value v1 w1 v2 w2
hash(pkA1
,pkB2)
Column ckA3:ckB3:v ckA3:ckB3:w
Value v3 w3
Column pkA pkB ckA ckB v w
Value pkA1 pkB1 ckA1 ckB1 v1 w1
pkA1 pkB1 ckA1 ckB2 v2 w2
pkA1 pkB2 ckA3 ckB3 v3 w3
on Table
on Cassandra Cassandra can search Column name

14. Partition key &
Clustering key
CREATE TABLE test_table (
pkA text,
pkB int,
ckA int,
ckB int,
v text,
w text,
PRIMARY KEY ((pkA, pkB), ckA, ckB)
);
Partition Key Clustering Key
where pkA = "pkA1"; //NG
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1"; //OK
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1" and ckA = "ckA1"; //OK
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1" and ckA = "ckA1"
and ckB = "ckB1"; //OK
where pkA = "pkA1" and ckA = "ckA1"; //NG
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1" and ckB = "ckB1"; //NG
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB >= "pkB1"; //NG
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1" and ckA >= "ckA1"; //OK
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1" and ckA = "ckA1"
and ckB >= "ckB1"; //OK
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1" and ckA >= "ckA1"
and ckB = "ckB1"; //NG
where pkA = "pkA1" and pkB = "pkB1" and ckA >= "ckA1"
and ckA < "ckA2"; //OK

15. Historical data
履歴管理データ
photo by Bryan Wright
(https://secure.flickr.com/photos/spidermandragon5/2922128673/)

16. 社員の異動情報
Employee transfer history
A Div. B Div. C Div.
A Div. C Div. D Div.
emp001
emp002
D Div. E Div.emp003
4/1 4/16 5/13/112/1 2/21

17. 社員の異動情報
Employee transfer history
A Div. B Div. C Div.
A Div. C Div. D Div.
emp001
emp002
D Div. E Div.emp003
4/1 4/16 5/13/112/1 2/21
at 3/25
emp001 emp002 emp003
B Div. A Div. E Div.
at 4/25
emp001 emp002 emp003
C Div. D Div. E Div.

18. emp_history table
CREATE TABLE emp_history (
id text,
no text,
s date,
e date,
div text,
PRIMARY KEY (id, s, e, no)
);
select * from emp_history
where id = 'test' and s <= '2017/03/25' and e > ''2017/03/25''; //NG
?

19. emp_history table
CREATE TABLE emp_history (
id text,
no text,
s date,
e date,
div text,
PRIMARY KEY (id, s, no)
);
CREATE CUSTOM INDEX fn_e ON
emp_history (e) USING
'org.apache.cassandra.index.sasi.
SASIIndex';
select * from emp_history
where id = 'test' and s <= '2017/03/25' and e > ''2017/03/25''; //OK
use custom index

20. Tree structure
ツリー構造

21. 組織構造
Organization tree
A Div. a Dept.
b Dept.
1 Sec.
2 Sec.
3 Sec.
4 Sec.
5 Sec.
Well known models
● Adjacency list
● Path Enumeration
● Nested set
● Closure table

22. 判断のポイント
Criteria
● No join, recursive query
● Anyway need consistency
● Jaywalk or
denormalization is Natural
● JOIN、再帰問い合わせ
不可
● 整合性はどの道別の方
法で取る必要がある
● ジェイウォーク、非正規化
も当たり前

23. ツリー構造への要求
Requirement to tree model
● show ancestors
● show children
● show descendants
● show sibilings of a
● あるノードからルートまで
の全ての親を取得
● 子供を1段展開
● 子供を全て展開
● 兄弟を取得

24. 組織構造
Organization tree
A Div. a Dept.
b Dept.
1 Sec.
2 Sec.
3 Sec.
4 Sec.
5 Sec.
Well known models
● Adjacency list
● Path Enumeration
● Nested set
● Closure table
Worth considering!

25. 経路列挙
Path enumeration
CREATE TABLE pathenum (
id text,
fqdn text,
child text,
code text,
PRIMARY KEY (id, fqdn)
);
id fqdn child code
test A [a,b] A
test A:a [1,2] a
test A:b [3,4,5] b
test A:a:1 1
test A:a:2 2
test A:b:3 3
test A:b:4 4
test A:b:5 5
A a
b
1
2
3
4
5

26. 経路列挙
Path enumeration
CREATE TABLE pathenum (
id text,
fqdn text,
child text,
code text,
PRIMARY KEY (id, fqdn)
);
select * from pathenum
where id = 'test' and fqdn like 'A:'; //NG
It needs 'like' search
A a
b
1
2
3
4
5

27. 経路列挙
Path enumeration
CREATE TABLE pathenum (
id text,
fqdn text,
child text,
code text,
PRIMARY KEY (id, fqdn)
);
select * from pathenum
where id = 'test' and fqdn like 'A:'; //NG
select * from pathenum
where id = 'test' and fqdn >= 'A:' and fqdn < 'A;'; //OK
: U+003A
; U+003B
It needs 'like' search
A a
b
1
2
3
4
5

28. 経路列挙
Path enumeration
CREATE TABLE pathenum (
id text,
fqdn text,
child text,
code text,
PRIMARY KEY (id, fqdn)
);
//show ancestors
fqdn.split(":");
//show children of a
select child from pathenum where id = 'test' and
fqdn = 'A:a';
//show descendants of A
select * from fqdntest where id = 'test' and
fqdn >= 'A:' and fqdn < 'A;';
//show sibilings of a
select p from fqdntest where
id = 'test' and fqdn = 'A';
A a
b
1
2
3
4
5

29. 経路列挙
Path enumeration
CREATE TABLE pathenum (
id text,
fqdn text,
child text,
code text,
PRIMARY KEY (id, fqdn)
);
pros
- one access
cons
- hot spot
- range slice
- complex process when update
pros & cons

30. 閉包テーブル
Closure table
CREATE TABLE closure_main (
id text,
v text,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE closure_path (
p text,
c text,
d int,
PRIMARY KEY (p, d, c)
);
id v
A A Div.
a a Dept.
b b Dept.
1 1 Sec.
2 2 Sec.
3 3 Sec.
4 4 Sec.
5 5 Sec.
p c d
A A 0
A a 1
A b 1
A 1 2
A 2 2
A 3 2
A 4 2
A 5 2
a a 0
a 1 1
p c d
a 2 1
1 1 0
2 2 0
b b 0
b 3 1
b 4 1
b 5 1
3 3 0
4 4 0
5 5 0

31. 閉包テーブル
Closure table
CREATE TABLE closure_main (
id text,
v text,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE closure_path (
p text,
c text,
d int,
PRIMARY KEY (p, d, c)
);
CREATE CUSTOM INDEX fn_c ON
test.closure_path (c) USING 'org.apache.
cassandra.index.sasi.SASIIndex';
p c d
A A 0
A a 1
A b 1
A 1 2
A 2 2
A 3 2
A 4 2
A 5 2
a a 0
a 1 1
p c d
a 2 1
1 1 0
2 2 0
b b 0
b 3 1
b 4 1
b 5 1
3 3 0
4 4 0
5 5 0
//show ancestors
select p from closure_path where c = '1';
select * from closure_main where id in [?];
//show children of a
select c from closure_path where p = 'a' and d
= 1;
select * from closure_main where id in [?];
//show descendants of A
select c from closure_path where p = 'A';
select * from closure_main where id in [?];
//show sibilings of a
//load a's parent = A
select * from closure_path where c = 'a';
select c from closure_path where p = 'A' and d
= 1;
select * from closure_main where id in [?];

32. pros
- Distributed
- get access
cons
- need an index
- 2 ~ 3 times access
- increase data
- complex process when update
pros & cons
閉包テーブル
Closure table
CREATE TABLE closure_main (
id text,
v text,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE closure_path (
p text,
c text,
d int,
PRIMARY KEY (p, d, c)
);
CREATE CUSTOM INDEX fn_c ON
test.closure_path (c) USING 'org.apache.
cassandra.index.sasi.SASIIndex';

33. pros
- Distributed
- get access
cons
- need an index
- 2 ~ 3 times access
- increase data
- complex process when update
pros & cons
閉包テーブル
Closure table
CREATE TABLE closure_main (
id text,
v text,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE closure_path (
p text,
c text,
d int,
PRIMARY KEY (p, d, c)
);
CREATE CUSTOM INDEX fn_c ON
test.closure_path (c) USING 'org.apache.
cassandra.index.sasi.SASIIndex';
How increase data?
When assume n-children per
node and d-depth tree,
number of data will be
proportional to d.

34. Summarized
data
計上データ

35. 伝票集計処理
Aggregation of slips
Dr. Cr.
A 200 B 50
C 150

36. 伝票集計処理
Aggregation of slips
parallel batch processing
aggregation
online streaming

37. 要求水準
Requirements
● miscalculation = critical
● need parallel / streaming
processing
● need high speed
processing
● 誤計算は死
● バッチの並列処理、オン
ラインによるストリーミン
グ処理が必要
● 高速処理が求められる

38. ● miscalculation = critical
● need parallel / streaming
processing
● need high speed
processing
● 誤計算は死
● バッチの並列処理、オン
ラインによるストリーミン
グ処理が必要
● 高速処理が求められる
= Consistency!
要求水準
Requirements

39. 計上データ
Summarized data
CREATE TABLE countup (
id text PRIMARY KEY,
v counter
);
UPDATE countup SET v = v + 1 WHERE id = 'test';
Use Counter...? No.

40. 計上データ
Summarized data
CREATE TABLE countup (
id text PRIMARY KEY,
v int
);
UPDATE countup set v = 101 where id = 'test' if v =
100;
Use update with LWT

41. What is the best?

42. Thanks!