Lec 7 different theories

1. DIFFERENT THEORIES
LEC 7
DEC 23 ,2015

2. RATIONALISM

3. Rationalism is the view that "regards reason as
the chief source and test of knowledge“ or
"any view appealing to reason as a source of
knowledge or justification”

4. EMPERIALISM

5. • Empiricism is a theory that states
that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory
experience.
• The study of human knowledge, along
with rationalism and skepticism, empiricism
emphasizes the role of experience and evidence,
especially sensory experience, in the formation of
ideas, over the notion of innate
ideas or traditions; empiricists may argue however that
traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of
previous sense experiences
• Empiricism, often used by natural scientists, says that
"knowledge is based on experience"

6. • Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) said,
“If you find from your own experience that
something is a fact and it contradicts what
some authority has written down, then you
must abandon the authority and base your
reasoning on your own findings”

7. PRAGMATISM

8. PRAGMATISM
• An approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in
terms of the success of their practical application
• Pragmatism was founded in the spirit of finding a
scientific concept of truth, which is not
dependent on either personal insight or
reference to some meta physical realm.
• The doctrine that truth consists not in correspond
ence with the facts
but in successful coherence with experience

9. PHENOMENOLOGY
• Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects,
properties, events (whatever is physical) are
reducible to mental objects, properties, events.
• Ultimately, only mental objects, properties,
events, exist — hence the closely related
term subjective idealism.
• The philosophical investigation and description of
conscious experience in all its varieties without
reference to the question of whether what is
experienced is objectively real.

10. BEHAVIOUROLOGY
Behaviorism is primarily concerned with
observable behavior, as opposed to internal
events like thinking and emotion. Observable
(i.e. external) behavior can be objectively and
scientifically measured. Internal events, such
as thinking should be explained through
behavioral terms (or eliminated altogether)

11. REALISM AND NOMINALISM
Realism is the doctrine that abstract entities
corresponding to universal terms like ‘man’ or
‘table’ or ‘red’ actually exist. It is opposed to
nominalism, the view that abstract or
universal terms are words only, or denote
mental states such as ideas, beliefs, or
intentions.

12. SKEPTICISM
Skepticism is a philosophical attitude which in
its most extreme form questions the
possibility of obtaining any sort of knowledge.
It is the doctrine that holds that true
knowledge is not possible. There is tendency
to doubt what others accept to be true.

13. IDEALISM
Idealism is the doctrine that nothing can be
directly known outside of the minds of
thinking beings. Or in an alternative stronger
form, it is the metaphysical doctrine that
nothing exists apart from minds and the
“contents” of minds. It is belief that material
things do not exist independently but only as
constructions in the mind.

14. EXISTENTIALISM
A philosophical movement begun in the 19th
century that denies that the universe has any
intrinsic meaning or purpose. It requires
people to take responsibility for their own
actions and shape their own destinies.

15. THE ANALYTIC TRADITION
The term analytic philosophy roughly
designates a group of philosophical methods
that stress detailed argumentation, attention
to semantics, use of classical logic and non-
classical logics and clarity of meaning above all
other criteria.