9. Although the total number of species is relatively small,
conifers are of immense ecological importance. They are
the dominant plants over huge areas of land, most notably
the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere ,[
but also in
similar cool climates in mountains further south. Boreal
conifers have many wintertime adaptations. The narrow
conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-
drooping limbs help them shed snow. Many of them
seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more
resistant to freezing, called "hardening". While tropical
rainforests have more biodiversity and turnover, the
immense conifer forests of the world represent the largest
terrestrial carbon sink, i.e. where carbon from atmospheric
CO2 is bound as organic compounds.
10. Conifer
The name āconiferā comes from Latin and means ācone bearingā. All conifers bear
their male and female reproductive organs in separate cones (strobili) rather than
in flowers. Trees usually bear both male and female cones. Male cones produce
pollen grains which are transported to the female cones by wind. The seeds
subsequently develop within the female cones. In some genera, such as Juniperus
and Podocarpus, these may be fleshy. The foliage of conifers is either needle-like
(eg Pinus, Abies) or scalelike (egCupressus, Chamaecyparis), and most conifers,
with the exception of four genera, are evergreen trees and shrubs. The conifers
belong to the group of seed plants known as the gymnosperms. Gymnosperm
literally means ānaked seedā. This is the main characteristic which differentiates
them from the more advanced flowering plants (angiosperms) which bear their
seeds encased in an ovary that becomes the fruit. Other gymnosperms include
ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) and cycads.
15. ā¢ Trees to 55 m tall and over 100 cm dbh. Bark dark
red-brown, thick, deeply and longitudinally
fissured, scaly; winter buds brown, small, ovoid,
not resinous. Leaves 3 per bundle, slender,
flabellate-triangular in cross section, 20-30 cm Ć
1.5 mm, resin canals 2, median, base with
persistent sheath 2-3 cm long. Seed cones shortly
pedunculate, ovoid, 10-20 Ć 6-9 cm. Seed scales
oblong, thick, stiff; apophyses strongly swollen,
conspicuously transversely ridged; umbo
triangular, protruding. Seeds 8-12 mm long; wing
ca. 2.5 cm long. Seed maturity Oct-Nov
25. Among the principal pines found in India, chir pine is the most important. Native to the
Himalayas, it is good as a street tree too. This is one of the least exacting of the
Himalayan trees growing sometimes on bare rocks where only a few species are
capable of existing. It is a resinous tree capable of yielding resin continuously provided
rill method of tapping is adopted. Erect, round-headed evergreen tree with one or more
trunks. Grows at moderate rate to 30 ft., with spread of 20 ft at maturity. The bark is
red-brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, thinner and flaky in the
upper crown. The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles of three, very slender, 20-35 cm
long, and distinctly yellowish green. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are
either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are
pollinated by wind. The cones are ovoid conic, 12-24 cm long and 5-8 cm broad at the
base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy chestnut-brown when 24 months old.
They open slowly over the next year or so.
27. Picea smithiana
Picea smithiana, theĀ Morinda SpruceĀ orĀ West Himalayan Spruce, is
aĀ spruceĀ native to the westernĀ HimalayaĀ and adjacent mountains,
from northeastĀ AfghanistanĀ east,Ā India Ā to centralĀ Nepal . It grows at
altitudes of 2,400-3,600 m in forests together withĀ Deodar
Cedar ,Ā Blue Pine and Pindrow Fir.
Picea smithianaĀ is a largeĀ evergreenĀ treeĀ growing to 40ā55 m tall
(exceptionally to 60 m), and with a trunk diameter of up to 1ā2 m. It
has aĀ conical crown with level branches and usually pendulous
branchlets.
The shoots are pale buff-brown, and glabrous (hairless). TheĀ leaves
Ā are needle-like, the longest of any spruce, 3ā5Ā cm long, rhombic in
cross-section, mid-green with inconspicuousĀ stomatalĀ lines. TheĀ cones
Ā are broad cylindric-conic, 9ā16Ā cm long and 3Ā cm broad, green when
young, maturing buff-brown and opening to 5ā6Ā cm broad 5ā7
months after pollination; the scales are stiff and smoothly rounded.
Morinda Spruce is a popular ornamental tree in largeĀ gardensĀ in
westernĀ EuropeĀ for its attractive pendulous branchlets. It is also
grown to a small extent inĀ forestryĀ forĀ timberĀ andĀ paperĀ production,
though its slower growth compared toĀ Norway Spruce reduces its
importance outside of its native range. The nameĀ morindaĀ derives
from the tree's name inĀ Nepalese.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Abies pindrow
The Pindrow Fir or West Himalayan Fir (Abies pindrow) is a fir native to the
western Himalaya and adjacent mountains, from northeastAfghanistan east
through northern Pakistan and India to central Nepal. It grows at altitudes of
2,400ā3,700 metres (7,900ā12,100 ft) in forests together with Deodar
Cedar, Blue Pine and Morinda Spruce, typically occupying cooler, moister north-
facing slopes.
It is a large evergreen tree growing to 40ā60 metres (130ā200 ft) tall, and with a
trunk diameter of up to 2ā2.5 metres (6 ft 7 inā8 ft 2 in). It has a conical crown
with level branches.
The shoots are greyish-pink to buff-brown, smooth and glabrous (hairless).
The leaves are needle-like, among the longest of any fir, 4ā9 centimetres (1.6ā
3.5 in) long, flattened in cross-section, glossy dark green above, with two
whitish stomatal bands on the underside; they are arranged spirally on the
shoots, but twisted at the base to lie in a flat plane either side of the shoot.
The cones are broad cylindric-conic, 7ā14 centimetres (2.8ā5.5 in) long and 3ā4
centimetres (1.2ā1.6 in) broad, dark purple when young, disintegrating when
mature to release the seeds 5ā7 months after pollination.
33. TheĀ West Himalayan FirĀ (Abies pindrow)
Ā is a frost hardy perennial evergreen conifer. It grows well in any light
situation., and prefers high levels of water. It has no drought tolerance and low
flood tolerance.Ā
Abies pindrow grows in soils ranging from a pH of 5 (extremely acidic ranges
from 0 to 5.1) to 7 (neutral ranges from 6.6 to 7.5). It is adapted to clay, loam,
sand, clay loam, loamy sand, peat, sandy clay, sandy clay loam and sandy loam
soils.
34.
35.
36.
37. Himalayan Cedar tree - Cedrus deodara
The Himalayan Cedar is
one of the true cedars
and is a close relative to
the Cedar of
Lebanon and the Atlas
Cedar. It can be
distinguished from these
other two by the length
of its leaves (up to 2
inches long) and by the
number of leaves on
reach "rosette" (12-15).
38. Another distinguishing
feature of the Himalayan
Cedar is that the new
branches tend to hang
down in a sort of "weeping
tree" manner. In the
images below you can see
the new leaves that are
growing at the center of
each rosette.