common laboratory synthesis

1. Mentor :-
Mr. Mukesh Bugalia
Prepared by:-
Abhishek Nama

2.  COMMON SOLVENT
 COMMON LABORATORY REAGENTS
 SYNTHESIS OF DRUGS
 SEPRATION OF BINARY MIXTURE

3. INTRODUCTION
SOLVENT- A SOLVNET IS A LIQUID ,SOLID ,GAS THAT DISSOLVE
ANOTHER SOLID,LIQUID OR GASEOUS SOLUTE RESULTING IN A
SOLUTION THAT IS SOLUBLE IN CERTAIN VOLUME OF SOLVENT AT A
SPECIFIED TEMPRATURE.
Ex. Water –It is a universal solvent
REAGENTS- A REAGENT IS A COMPOUND THAT IS ADDED TO A SYSTE
IN ORDER TO BRING ABOUT A CHEMICAL REACTION .
ORGANIC REAGETS-
Ex. GRIGNARD REAGENTS
COLLINS REAGENTS
ANALYTICAL
REAGENTS-
Ex. FEHLING’S REAGENT
MILON’S REAGENT

4. ACETIC ACID ACETON
GLYCEROL BENZENE
TOLUENE CHLOROFORM
TETRA HYDROFURANE ETHANOL
FORMIC ACID ETHER
NITROBENZENE PYRIDINE
ETHYL ACETATE CYCLO HEXANE

5.  IODIN REAGENT
 FEHLING SOLUTION
 MOLISH REAGENT
 PICRIC ACID SOLUTION
 FERRIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION
 TOLLENS REAGENT
 SCHIFFS REAGENTS
 PHENOPHTHALEN SOLUTION
STARCH SOLUTION
MILLONS REAGENTS
GRIGNARD REAGENTS
FERRIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION

6. SYNTHESIS OF SODIUM BENZENE SULPHONATE FROM BENZENE.
MECHANISM- SULPHONATION.
 SYNTHESIS OF DIBENZAL ACETON FROM BENZALDEHYIDE.
mechanism –CLAISEN CONDENSATION.
 SYNTHESIS OF β-DIMETHYLAMINO PROPIOPHENONE FROM DIMETHYLAMINE
mechanism- MANNICH REACTION .
 SYNTHESIS OF PHENYTOIN FROM BENZOIN.
mechanism- benzoin condentation.
SYNTHESIS OF COUMARIN FROM RESORCINOL.
mechanism – perkin condensation.

7. To synthesise Sodium Benzenesulphonate from Benzene
MECHANISM: SULPHONATION
WHAT IS SULPHONATION-
Electrophilic substitution reaction between benzene and sulphuric acid (or
sulphur trioxide).
REACTION:
+ H2SO4 + NaHCO3 + H2O
Benzene Benzenesulphonic acid

8. MECHANISM: SULPHONATION
Substrate: Benzene
Attacking Species: Sulphuric acid

9. SYNTHESIS OF DIBENZAL ACETON FROM BENZALDEHYIDE

10.  SYNTHESIS OF Amino – azobenzene FROM ANILINE.
MECHANISM-DIAZOTIZATION.
 SYNTHESIS OF ACETOPHENONE FROM BENZENE.
MECHANISM- FRIEDLE CRAFTS REACTION.
 SYNTHESIS OF SULPHANILAMIDE FROM ACETANILIDE .
MECHANISM- CHLOROSULPHONATION OF ACETANILIDE
To synthesis n-butyl acetate from n-butyl alcohol
MECHANISM- FISHER ESTERIFICATION
 SYNTHESIS OF benzilic acid benzaldehyde .
mechanism-benzoin condensation

11. Mechanism-Addition of a proton (e.g.: p-TsOH, H2SO4) or a
Lewis acid leads to a more reactive electrophile. Nucleophilic
attack of the alcohol gives a tetrahedral intermediate in which
there are two equivalent hydroxyl groups. One of these hydroxyl
groups is eliminated after a proton shift (tautomerism) to give
water and the ester
FISHER
EASTRIFICATION

12. BINARY MIXTURE IS A SOLUTION OF TWO LIQUID
THAT ARE COMPLETELY MISCIBLE WITH EACH
OTHER
SEPRATION OF BINARY MIXTURE- IT IS A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
ORGANIC MIXTURE. SEPRATION METHOD ARE GROUPED INTO THREE
CATAGORIES-
 MEITHOD BASED ON DIFFERENCE IN PHYSICAL PROPERTY
 METHOD BASED ON DIFFERENCENIN CHEMICAL PROPERTY
DIFFRENCE IN VOLATILITIES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

13. PHYSICAL PROPERTY – DIFFERENCES IN THEIR BOILING POINTS,VOLATILITIES
OR SOLUBILITY OF THE COMPONENTS CAN BE USED IN SEPRATION BY
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ,SUBLIMATION ,OR EXTRACTION WITH
SOLVENTS RESPECTIVELY
CHEMICAL PROPERTY-IN THIS THE SOLUBILITY OF COMPONENTS OF
MIXTURE IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS IS TAKEN AS ADVANTAGE FOR SEPRATION
OF MIXTURE .
Ex. MIXTURE OF BENZENE AND PHENOL SEPRATE WITH
NaOH SOLUTION.
DIFFERENCES IN VOLATILITIES- IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION STEAM
DISTILLTION CAN BE EMPLOYED FOR SEPRATION OF WATER INSOLUBLE
COMPOUND.

14. 
THERE ARE THREE TYPE OF MIXTURE-
 MIXTURE OF ORGANIC LIQUID-
 Eg- EATHER + HYDROCARBON
MIXTURE OF ORGANIC SOLID-
 Eg- ANTHRACIN + P-BROMO BENZOIC ACID
 MIXTURE OF ORGANIC SOLID & LIQUID-
 Eg- O-CRESOL + BENZIOC ACID
SEPRATION OF SOLID-SOLID MIXTURE- IT INCLUDE FOLLOWING STEPS-
PRELIMINARY TESTING-IT IS INCLUDE-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES-
TEST FOR ELEMENTS-
IGNITION TEST-
SOLUBILTY TEST-
FUNCTIONAL GROUP TEST -

15. SEPRATION OF MIXTURE CONTAINING WATER SOLUBLE COMPONENT-
THEY CAN SEPRATE BY FILTERATION. AND CHEMICAL TAST IS APPLY ON
RESIDUE.
SEPRATION OF MIXTURE CONTAINING WATER INSOLUBLE ORGANIC MIXTURE
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF MIXTURE THREE GROUPS ARE MADE FOR
SEPRATION -
ACID-BASE PHENOL -BASE BASE -NEUTRAL
ACID-PHENOL PHENOL-NEUTRAL AMPHOTRIC -NEUTRAL
ACID-NEUTRAL
ACID-AMPHOTERIC

16. SEPRATION OF SOLID-LIQUID- IT IS DONE BY DISTTILLATION
EX. BENZENE + P-TOLUDINE
SEPRATION OF LIQUID MIXTURE- 1. MIXTURE CAN BE SEPRATED BY
SEPRATING FUNNEL
2.IF LIQUID MISCIBLE WITH EACH OTHER USE FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
OR BY CHEMICAL METHOD.
EX. TOLUENE AND O-TOLUIDINE.
SOLUBILITY OF GROUPS IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS-
SOLUBLE IN WATER AND EATHER-
LOWER AMINES, AROMATIC ACIDS
SOLUBLE IN WATER INSOLUBLE IN EATHER –
SUGAR , AMINO ACID.
SOLUBLE IN 5% HCL –
AMINS,HYDRAZINS

17. REFERENCES
 VOGEL I. ARTHUR, PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
THIRD EDITION, PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY LOWE AND
BRYDONE (PRINTERS) LTD THETFORD, NORFOLK
 SYKES PETER, A GUIDEBOOK OT MECHANISM OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION,PUBLISED BY
LONGMAN SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL,NEW YORK,
 MORRISION ROBERT THORNTON & NEILSON
BOYD “ORGANIC CHEMISTRY” SIXTH EDITION
(2007) IMPRINT BY PEARSON EDUCATION ,NEW
-YORK.