Briefly knowledge of ordinary NPS

1.  Defination-
Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers
(nm) in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. The
interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and
organic molecules.
Green Chemistry-
Utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the
use or generation of hazardous substances in the design,
manufacture, and application of chemical products.
 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles-
Use of biological routes such as those involving
microorganisms, plants etc. for the synthesis of nanoparticles.

2. Green synthesis is the most suitable choice for the synthesis
of nanoparticles.
Physical Method – time and energy consuming, synthesis at
high temp. and pressure
Chemical Method – simple, inexpensive and low temp.
synthesis method, use of toxic reducing and stabilizing agents
makes it harmful
Green Method – easy, efficient, and eco-friendly. Eliminates
the use of toxic chemicals, consume less energy and produce
safer products and by products
Example – bacteria for Au, Ag, Zn and Fe NPs; yeasts for Ag
and Pb NPs; plants for Au, Ag, Pb, Pd and Pt NPs

3. Our experiment is based on the green synthesis of nanoparticles
which are not synthesized by available plant leaf extract in biological
method.
Why ZnO nanoparticles selected ?
 The chemical, physical and fungal synthesis of silver and gold
nanoparticles have been reported in literature but no work is carried
out on the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by using fenugreek
(Methi) leaf extract (yield).
 In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using
fenugreek leaves aqueous extract and zinc acetate .
 The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet–
Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD).

6. Preparation of Fenugreek (Methi) leaf
extract:
Take fresh leaves of fenugreek commonly
known as methi were collected. Then leaves of
Fenugreek weighing 5 g were thoroughly
washed and dried and crushed into 50ml sterile
distilled/RO water and heated at 70-80°C
using a magnetic heater-stirrer for 10-15 min.
Then
Filtered leaf extracts solution through filtered
paper to remove the plant residue and impurities
and stored for further uses.

7. Synthesis Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles:
ZNPs were synthesized by the biological method given in recent
research paper with some different modification.
To find better method of synthesizing nanoparticles, we have
required to do several number of trial and testing.
For synthesis of ZNPs by zinc acetate and the plant extract, 50 ml
of Zn(OAc)2. Solution was mixed with 6 ml of the Fenugreek leaf
extract.
The mixture was stirred for 2 h using a magnetic stirrer at room
temperature. Then 0.02 M NaOH was added drop by drop and
maintain ph 10. The mixture was stirred for another 1 h until solid
particles with light yellow was obtained. Then purified with distilled
water.
The final product was a light yellow or
white colour powder material which was
dried overnight in an air oven dryer at
60-70°C.

8. Characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles:
The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various
techniques.
Optical properties of ZnO NPs were characterized depended on UV
absorption spectrum with the wavelength in between 350-430 nm.
FT-IR analysis of the dried powder of ZnO was carried out and the
presence of the different types of vibrational modes in the
synthesized nanoparticles was investigated.

9. UV-visible spectroscopy:
UV-visible absorption spectrum of synthesized nanoparticles is shown in
below figure.
Below figure represents the UV-visible spectrum of freshly synthesized
ZnO NPs.
In this experiment peak obtained 410 nm show that the presence of ZnO
NPs in the reaction mixture

10. FT-IR analysis:
In our literature study show that the metal oxides generally give absorption
peak in range between 600-400 cm-1 and in our FT-IR spectrum show peak at
464.80 cm-1.
So according to literature values the ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized.

11.  Eco friendly.
Low cost.
Can be used for large scale synthesis.
No need to use high pressure, energy, temperature and toxic
chemicals.
Not required any special culture preparation and isolation
techniques.
Plant produce low yield of secreted proteins which decreases
the synthesis rate
Many nanoparticles harmful for human health & all body
systems

12.  Different methods (physical, chemical and biological) have
been developed to obtain NPs of various shapes and sizes.
Biological method of NPs is economically and
environmentally friendly alternative to chemical and physical
approaches.
It provide a new possibility of synthesizing NPs using natural
reducing and stabilizing agents.
It has faster synthesis rates
In this project different nanoparticles synthesized by leaf
extract of plant.
The latter approach will focus on synthesis of different
photocatalyst nanoparticles and finding its application in
waste water treatment, dyes, pigments etc.