CCO in Action: User Context
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Cataloging Cultural Objects
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CCO in Action: User Context
- 1. Cataloging Cultural Objects CCO in Action User Context
- 2. CCO Recommends: Consider the expertise of users Must satisfy a range of users from beginners to scholars Display and retrieval should accommodate the expectations and knowledge of the users. (See CCO page 9) What does CCO Say About the User?
- 3. User Profile for Teaching Collection: Undergraduate graphic design students Desire successful experiences Search results & display results worthwhile Accommodate expectations - Case Studies Users
- 4. Case Study Peace Sign 1958-1963 Works in Case Study • 1- Reproduction of Peace Sign • 3 - Images of what influenced Holtom • 4 - Original drawings (Papers of Hugh Brock, Commonweal Collection, University of Bradford, UK Background • Gerald Holtom (British artist, 1914 -1985) • Campaign Nuclear Disarmament (CND) Symbol 1958 Peace Sign (Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain)
- 5. “I was in despair. Deep despair. I drew myself: the representative of an individual in despair, with hands palm outstretched outwards and downwards in the manner of Goya’s peasant before the firing squad. I formalised the drawing into a line and put a circle round it.” – Gerald Holtom Francisco Goya: The Third of May/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain (PD-US) Goya Painting
- 6. N = Nuclear D = Disarmament N + D = Nuclear Disarmament Semaphore signal for the letter D. Denelson83/Wikimedia Commons/Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported/GFDL. Peace Sign (Wikimedia Commons/Public Semaphore signal for the letter N. Denelson83/Wikimedia Commons/Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported/GFDL Flag Semaphores
- 7. Case Study – Original Drawings 4 Original Drawings Common Wheel Collection, at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom 2 sketches of the symbol 2 sketches of its use on placards during the March All are fragile
- 8. Decision tree - Search and Display Bring Works/Images together in a virtual collection • Related Works - Create relationships between works • Description Element (CCO p.247) • Assign subject terms – local subject & controlled vocabularies • Cluster works for efficient display results (CCO p. 15) “Work Record may be made for a physical or virtual collection of individual items” (CCO page 5)
- 9. Related Works – Case Study ? Record relationships when they “may not be apparent.”(CCO p.13) larger context for part of Relationship Types Case Study Semaphore signal for the letter N. Denelson83/Wikimedia Commons/Creative Commons Attribution- Share Alike 3.0 Unported/GFDL Francisco Goya: The Third of May/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain (PD-US)
- 10. Description Element ? Free-text element used to record descriptive notes about the work.
- 12. Cluster Works - Title CCO: Refer to the title of the whole in the title of the part. Concatenate Collection Name Work Title Peace Sign1958--Case Study. Flag Semaphore for the letter "N" (Nuclear) Peace Sign1958--Case Study. Flag Semaphore for the letter "N" (Nuclear) Search Results
- 13. Following CCO’s Recommendations: Ensures meaningful search results Considers users Provides guidance to catalog virtual collections, and Accommodate user expectations User Context
- 14. Watch more of this series on VRA’s Vimeo channel: vimeo.com/vravideo Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO): https://vraweb.org/resources/cataloging-cultural- objects/ VRACore: http://www.loc.gov/standards/vracore/ Interested in learning more?
Editor's Notes
- In this video, we will look at how CCO can help with cataloging decisions to address the needs of users in an academic setting. We’ll see how CCO considers users and follow its recommendations for cataloging a virtual collection of images to meet user expectations.
- CCO recommends that the expertise of the users be considered when making cataloging decisions. It recognizes that a range of users from beginners to scholars must be satisfied. (See CCO page 9) Additionally, “Display information and retrieval capability should accommodate user expectations and knowledge.”
- Undergraduate students tend to be novice users, and may be new to resources like Artstor- our main image resource. Their experiences need to be successful. Search and display results must be worthwhile. Viewing case studies of graphic design artifacts is a reasonable user expectation. Case-studies help students understand the creative process involved in a design. They illustrate where ideas and inspiration come from, and help to develop design literacy. What recommendations does CCO make to help catalog a case-study that will ensure meaningful display results?
- Let’s look at a case-study of the iconic Peace Sign as an example. British artist, Gerald Holtom, designed the Peace Sign in 1958, for the anti-nuclear protest march from London to Aldermaston, England. It was later adopted by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and became known as the CND Symbol. This case-study focuses on the early years of the Peace sign’s history from 1958 to 1963. The case-study includes 8 works. 1 reproduction – which you see here. 3 works - that influenced Holtom’s design and 4 original drawings The objects, or concepts, that inspired Holtom were:
- Goya’s painting, The 3rd of May 1808 in Madrid, done in 1814.
- The letters N and D of flag semaphore, “the system of sending messages by holding two flags following an alphabetic code.” The letter N stood for Nuclear and D for Disarmament – together standing for Nuclear Disarmament. Holtom superimposed the letters, and placed them inside a circle. A work showing a diagram of the superimposed letters and the Peace Sign was added to the case-study. Bringing us up to 9 images.
- [Drawings] The four drawings are located in an archive, at the Common Wheel Collection, at the University of Bradford, in the UK. They are fragile, and described as “Four sketches, ON three sheets of paper.” Two sketches are versions of the symbol, and two, show how it was to be placed on placards, which were held by hand throughout the demonstration. Ephemeral documents related to design artifacts are often located in archives. While the drawings will not be viewed in this case-study, CCO offers a way to in include them – more on that later. The challenge is to bring unrelated works together in a collection where they are discoverable from multiple access points. Let’s see how CCO can help.
- First, CCO allows items to be grouped virtually. It states that a “Work Record may be made for a physical, or virtual collection of individual items (CCO, page 5). Following CCO’s principle #1, the case-study will be the focus of the Work Record. To connect the works to each other, we’ll use CCO’s recommendations for: Related Works - Create relationships between works The Description Element (CCO p.247) Assigning subject terms, AND Clustering
- CCO defines related works as works that have an important conceptual relationship to each other. P.377 It recommends that relationships be recorded, especially when they may not be apparent as in this case-study. P.13 Following CCO’s guidelines for Relationship Type and Reciprocity, the Relationship Types and the ID numbers of the related work(s) are recorded in the Related Item field of each record. This shows the user how the works are related. Goya’s painting and the flag semaphore are “a part of” the case-study, while the case-study is the “larger context for” the works. Recording the ID numbers lets users know there are other works in the case-study.
- The CCO’s Description Element (p.247) is used to “record a descriptive note, discussing some or all of the major characteristics and historical significance of the work of art.” Here we add a description of the case-study, which includes the origin of the Peace Sign, its related works, and sources. By adding the links to the archive where Holtom’s original drawings are located, students are directed to primary material, allowing them to access information beyond our collection. Testing the search results showed that adding a description in the work record improved finding the case-study to some extent. Holtom’s name now appears in the results, while previously it didn’t. However, the individual works are scattered throughout the pages of the results.
- Using CCO’s Subject element brings the images together in a cohesive group. When subject terms from Local and Controlled Vocabularies are added to work records in Forum, they become links in Artstor at the item level. The links create another point of access for students to find the case-study. For example, clicking on the Local Subject term, “Case-study--peace sign-1958,” results in finding ALL of the works in the case-study. Our users may not use subject terms at the item level in their initial searches, but CCO offers another way to bring the images together in search results.
- Clustering. CCO allows catalogers to cluster related and unrelated items together. (see Group and Collection Relationships) (p.15) Clustering [Work Records] can be pre-determined by arranging items in groups, ensuring that a search that renders a large number of results is displayed in a logical order. The works int the case-study are clustered together by concatenating their titles. The collection name: Peace Sign 1958—Case-study is pre-pended to the title of the individual work, to aid in display and sorting. When clustering is applied, the entire case-study is found and displayed as a cohesive group in the search results.
- [Conclusion] By following CCO’s recommendations our case-study has been cataloged to ensure meaningful display results. We’ve seen how CCO considers users and can be used to catalog a virtual collection. Archives and digital collections may contain items that if grouped together virtually with CCO’s guidance, may better accommodate user expectations.