Artists and designers organize visual elements in relationships to create meaningful objects and experiences that engage multiple senses. Good design requires passion, visual sensitivity, knowledge, open-mindedness, and inventiveness. The Bauhaus school pioneered the approach of using specific exercises to encourage student discovery in design foundation programs. Design education focuses on developing observation, comparison, connection-finding, and context skills through hands-on projects to help students become informed thinkers.

1. CHAPTER
13D DESIGN
INTRODUCTION

2. Introduction to
Three-Dimensional
Design
Organizing Form
An F/A-18 Hornet aircraft breaking the sound barrier.
Artists, designers, and architects
organize form, placing elements in
relationship to each other in order to
make useful products, meaningful
objects, and ordered experiences.

3. • Vision is the primary sense involved in
art and design, but three-dimensional
design concerns all the senses
• Haptic, or tactile experiences, involve
the sense of touch and can
communicate how an object feels to
you.
•Acoustic feedback from computers or
kinetic sculpture activates your hearing.
• Some work can even include olfatory
responses, such as your sense of smell.
Introduction to
Three-Dimensional
Design Organizing Form
3D design concerns all the
senses

4. Introduction to
Three-Dimensional
Design
Organizing Form
Attention
There is perhaps no frame of mind
more important to design thinking
than attention! Without interest and
care, nothing will happen.
Good Design
Good design, provocative sculpture,
and magnificent architecture are
achieved by those who are
passionate, visually sensitive,
informed, open-minded, and
inventive.
Framing Hammer. Vaughan, manufacturer. 18 oz., length 1' 6".

5. The word design has many meanings.
As a noun, design can refer to the result of the process of design. It can also relate to
various professions such as product design, graphic design, information design, interior
design, etc.
As a verb, design refers to the activity of planning, or organizing.
Basic Design
Before majoring in a specific discipline, most art and design students take basic design
courses in their foundation year.
• 2-D design deals with organizing all that is flat.
• 3-D design covers all concepts relating to form and structure, as well as related spatial
issues.
• 4-D design involves phenomena that exist in time, like movement and the sequential.
Introduction to
Three-Dimensional
Design
Design Defined

6. Introduction to
Three-Dimensional
Design
Design Defined
Origins
Most of the seminal ideas taught today in art and
design foundation programs around the world were
developed in the revolutionary, experimental
German design school, the Bauhaus during the
years 1919–1933.
• Prior to the Bauhaus, the training of artists and
designers was an apprenticeship system: students
learned their masters’ techniques.
• The “new” approach emphasized specific exercises
to encourage student discovery.

7. Looking
Attentive Observation
Artists and designers are voyeurs—the entire world elicits fascination.
Art and design require clear observation.
• Using analytical and insightful skills to see with sensitivity
• Being aware of various viewpoints and changing your place in space
Vertebra section, view 1. Vertebra section, view 2.

8. Looking
Similarities and Differences
Comparison helps us see in context
and make insightful observations.
Analyze these two forms. These lists
are only the beginning.
Similarities:
• Birds as subject matter.
• Reductive forms depicting only
essential features, eliminating detail,
and utilizing an economy of means.
Blue Heron Decoy. 1907.
Differences:
• Sense of movement: a bird in flight
and one standing still
• Material use: brass or wood
• Number of components: 1 or 5.
• Fine art sculpture versus functional
object
Constantin Brancusi
Bird in Space. 1924. Bronze
4' 2 5⁄16" high.

9. Double Helix
DNA model
Looking
Connections
Artists and designers, much like scientists, are always on the lookout for resemblances and
hidden patterns connecting the world and their work, and within the work itself.
What shape repeats in these different natural forms?
Spiral Nebula (M51).
NASA, Hubble Heritage
Team. 2010. Photo.
Chambered nautilus, cross section

10. Touch
Tactile Sensation
Creating a variety of forms often involves shaping complex geometries and necessitates
using both vision and touch to test for gracefully flowing form.
Clay model, 2010 BMW 550I Gran Turismo
Clay model, 2010 BMW 550I Gran Turismo

11. Context
A Shaping Force
All objects exist in relationship to
other objects and to their
environments. Perceived qualities of
objects change when other objects are
placed in proximity or when placed in
a new environment.
• An example of a formal change can
involve a small form looking larger
next to a smaller one.
• An example of a conceptual shift can
be an everyday object taking on
greater philosophical meaning when
recontextualized or juxtaposed
against other forms.
Haim Steinbach. Shelf with Ajax. 1980. Mixed mediums.
Fisher Fine Arts Library Image Collection.

12. Context
Site Specific
Artworks, architecture, and design
installations made for particular places
are considered site specific.
Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1980–83.

13. Learning
Becoming Informed
and Aware
Student project. Professor Matt King, instructor.
Virginia Commonwealth University, Art Foundation Program.
Most art and design foundation
programs are created to teach
students to become informed,
inventive, thinking makers by
learning:
• The basics of visual form
• Materials and structural
principles
• The ability to research and
articulate ideas
• Visual sensitivity
• Effective communication skills
• An awareness of art and
design history against a global
backdrop