The document discusses different types of conjunctions that are used to join words, phrases, and sentences. It describes coordinating conjunctions like and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and so. Coordinating conjunctions connect elements of equal grammatical value. The document also discusses correlative conjunctions that work in pairs, such as both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also. Finally, it discusses subordinating conjunctions that introduce dependent clauses and make one clause subordinate to the other.

1. Conjunctions and Interjections
Name –Vipul M. Patil
Submitted to-Deepak R. Gupta Sir
Name of the course-M Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
SVKM's NMIMS (Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies)
1

2. INDEX
Sr. no Content Slide no.
1 What is a Conjunction? 3
2 Types of Conjunction 9
3 Coordinating Conjunction 10
4 Correlative Conjunction 33
5 Subordinating Conjunction 51
6 Interjections 70
2

3. • A Conjunction is like a glue.
• It helps things to stick together.
• A Conjunction is a word that joins together words and
sometimes sentences.
3

4. Conjunction join two or more words.
1. Bread and butter.
2. Pizza and burgers
3.Bike and car.
4

5. 4.Men and women
5.City and village
6. Birds and animals.
7.chocolate and candy
5

6. • Conjunctions can join two prepositional phases.
e.g.
1.I went skiing down the hill and past the trees.
2. I tried to hit the nail but hit my thumb instead.
3. They are rich but they aren’t happy.
6

7. 4. We went home and went straight to bed.
5. Dogs and cats make perfect pets.
6.I read poems and short stories.
7

8. • Conjunction can connect the two sentences or clauses.
e.g.
1. Come here and sit down.
2. I play cards for awhile ,but then I play chess.
3. I am going to Manali for vacation, or I am going to Ooty.
8

9. Types of Conjunction:
• Mainly there are 3 types of conjunction:
1.Coordinating conjunction.
2.Correlative conjunction.
3.Subordinating conjunction.
9

10. Coordinating Conjunction
• A coordinating conjunction joins words or word groups that are used in the same way.
They connect words, phrases and clauses which are sentences.
They connects things of equal value.
10

11. e.g.
1. go for a walk or read a book.
2. beans and rice.
3. after breakfast, but before lunch.
4. go to the library and study.
11

12. • There are seven types of coordinating conjunction:
use FANBOYS to remember…..
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
12

13. • Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence.
AND connects things that are alike or join together.
e 1. I want popcorn and pizza.
2. I want toys and chocolates.
3. I want mango and apple.
13

14. 5. I like to eat cookies, and I like to drink milk.
• 6. My friend likes to go mountain-climbing and swim in the ocean.
7. My mom was born in the U.S., and my dad
born in Switzerland.
14

15. But is used to connect things that are different or separated.
e.g.
1. I also called Steve, but he wasn't home
2. Tom likes music, but he can’t dance.
3. She is poor but honest.
15

16. 4. Sheila likes soup, but sometimes she orders something different.
5. The dress was beautiful but slightly expensive.
6. My mom doesn’t like to cook, but she does it anyway.
16

17. OR is used to offer a choice.
• OR is used to link alternatives.
e.g.
1. a cup of tea or coffee.
2. There are various colors of chalk,
such as blue, green, or purple.
17

18. 3. He could go to the hotel, or he could go to work.
4. Do you like chocolate or vanilla better?
5. You can come buy groceries with me,
or you can stay home until I get back.
18

19. Exercise 1:
• Complete the following sentences using an appropriate coordinating conjunction.
1. They were poor, ______ often suffered great hardship.
2. He overslept himself ____ thus missed the train.
3. That coat cannot be mine, _____ it is too big for me.
4. As a boy he had never been to school, and ____ he had no opportunity of learning to
read and write.
5. This must not happen again, ____ you will be dismissed.
6. He is rich, ______he is not happy.
7. Hurry up, _____else you will be late.
8. He must have done his duty, _____ he is a conscientious man.
9. He tried hard, ______he did not succeed.
10. The parents were horrified _____they saw blood stains on the floor and no sign of
their child.
19

20. Answers:
1. They were poor, and often suffered great hardship.
2. He overslept himself and thus missed the train.
3. That coat cannot be mine, for it is too big for me.
4. As a boy he had never been to school, and therefore he had no opportunity of
learning to read and write.
5. This must not happen again, or you will be dismissed.
6. He is rich, yet he is not happy.
7. Hurry up, or else you will be late.
8. He must have done his duty, for he is a conscientious man.
9. He tried hard, but he did not succeed.
10. The parents were horrified for they saw blood stains on the floor and no sign
of their child.
20

21. NOR is used to offer a negative side.
NOR is for two non-contrasting grammatically negative items (not + not).
e.g.
1. He doesn’t eat cake, nor does he eat biscuits.
2. The problem is, you neither asked nor listened.
21

22. 3. We cannot understand it nor the reason of it.
4. His tone was neither harsh nor teasing.
5. They are neither fit for war nor peace!
22

23. YET is used to show changes .
• When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.
e.g.
1. I want popcorn ,yet I also want pizza.
2. And yet, I remain very optimistic.
23

24. 3. The evening was ending, but the night had not yet come.
4. The will has not yet been opened.
5. Nobody seemed yet to realize what awaited the city.
24

25. So is used to show a relationship between things.
• When it is used to combine two sentences ,you must put a comma
before it.
e.g. 1. I want popcorn , so I made some.
2. It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.
25

26. 3. I know you must be tired, so I will let you rest.
4. "I'm not so sure of that," returned Dorothy.
5. Why is the Internet so sterilely defined?
26

27. Exercise 2:
• Fill the appropriate with coordinating conjunction:
1. Jaewon was cold,_____he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to read a novel in French,____ it was too difficult.
3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly,____ you can ride the ferry.
4. I bought a bottle of wine,_____we drank it together.
5. The waiter was not very nice,____ the food was delicious.
6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD,_____ the shop didn't have it.
7. Anna needed some money,_____ she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of El Nino,____ maybe it's just
coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar,_____ she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled,_____ we went to a nightclub instead.
27

28. Answers:
1. Jaewon was cold, so he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to read a novel in French, but it was too difficult.
3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, or you can ride the ferry.
4. I bought a bottle of wine, and we drank it together.
5. The waiter was not very nice, but the food was delicious.
6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, but the shop didn't have it.
7. Anna needed some money, so she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of El Nino, or maybe it's just
coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar, and she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled, so we went to a nightclub instead.
28

29. FOR is used to show a relationship between things .
• When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma
before it .
e.g.
1. I ordered a Panipuri, for I was hungry.
2. I’ve been living in Mumbai for about six months.
29

30. 3 . Is this gift for me or someone else?
4. Me and my friend went Goa , for holidays.
5. The neighborhood had a party last weekend,
for a promotion.
30

31. Exercise 3:
Fill in the blanks with the suitable conjunction:
1.I need to work hard ____ I can pass the exam.
2.______ he was the best candidate, he didn't win the elections.
3.______ you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
4.They said that the movie was fantastic, _____ I watched it.
5.____ he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.
6.I don't know ______ I can buy a pair of jeans.
7.She went to the shops ______ couldn't find anything that could fit her needs.
8.Everybody likes him because he is nice ____ helpful.
9.______ he was angry with her, he didn't utter a word.
10.Keep quiet ______ go out.
31

32. Answers:
1.I need to work hard so that I can pass the exam.
2.Although he was the best candidate, he didn't win the elections.
3.When you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
4.They said that the movie was fantastic, so I watched it.
4.although he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.
6.I don't know where I can buy a pair of jeans.
7.She went to the shops but couldn't find anything that could fit her needs.
8.Everybody likes him because he is nice and helpful.
9.Since he was angry with her, he didn't utter a word.
10.Keep quiet or go out.
32

33. Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunction connects words ,phrases and clauses and which are sentences.
Correlative conjunction things of equal value.
i.e. they connect verb with another verb or a sentence with another sentence.
Correlative conjunctions are not a single words.
They work in a pair.
33

34. • Generally there are five pairs of correlative conjunction :
both…….and
whether…..or
neither…nor
not only ……but also
either……..or
34

35. Both…..and:
1.The game is suitable for both children and adults
2. He was determined both to beat the record and
win over the crowd.
3. It is for him a tunnel of both love and death.
35

36. 4. Both Chan and Chang can speak English.
5. Both San Diego and New York are very beautiful cities
6. Both his mother and his father objected to his making trip.
36

37. Neither…..nor:
1.He neither came nor called.
2.Neither my mother nor my father went to university.
3. Neither the teacher nor the students were
in the classroom this morning.
37

38. 4. She saw herself as neither wife nor mother.
5.Neither the blue one nor the red is available .
6.I don’t want neither pickles nor tomato on my hamburger.
38

39. Exercise 4:
• Fill in blank with proper conjunction :
1.She ___ both intelligent ____ beautiful.
2.I will _____ go for a hike _____ stay home and watch TV.
3.Jerry is _____rich _____ famous.
4.He is _____ intelligent, _____ very funny.
5.Would you ______go shopping or spend the day at the beach?
6. She is ______ polite _____funny.
7. _____that is the case, _____ I’m not surprised about what’s happening.
8. Have you made a decision about _____to go to the movies ____not?
9. _____ had I put my umbrella away, _____it started raining.
10. I like ____ to sing opera, _____ to spend my spare time practicing ballroom
dances.
39

40. • Answers:
1.She is both intelligent and beautiful.
2.I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV.
3.Jerry is neither rich nor famous.
4.He is not only intelligent, but also very funny.
5.Would you rather go shopping or spend the day at the beach?
6. She is neither polite nor funny.
7. If that is the case, then I’m not surprised about what’s happening.
8. Have you made a decision about whether to go to the movies or not?
9. No sooner had I put my umbrella away, than it started raining.
10. I like not only to sing opera, but also to spend my spare time practicing ballroom
dances.
40

41. Whether…..or:
1.A student will have to learn all the lessons whether they are
or difficult.
2.I don’t know whether he will come or not.
3.They’ll play tomorrow whether or not it rains.
41

42. 4. Brad wonders whether he’ll get the job or not.
5.The decision depends on whether Alice wants to
make the investment or not.
6.I don’t know whether to play a baseball or to play basketball.
42

43. Exercise 5:
Fill in the blanks with correlative conjunction:
1. "Could I come over at ___ three ___ four o'clock?" asked Joan.
2.The teacher refused to mark his work because his book was ____ torn ___ dirty.
3. I really need a holiday but ____ in Spain ____ France.
4. I'm going to fish tomorrow, ____it rains ___ shines.
5. _____did he borrow a lot of money from us, he ___ refused to pay back a single cent.
6. The children at the center can ____ hear ____ speak.
7. She employs a maid to do _____ the cooking ___ washing for her family.
8. We have enough spices for only one type of curry. We can cook ___ chicke
curry ____ mutton curry.
9. The boy is really talented. He _____ knows how to play the piano but
can ____ compose music.
10. I do not like him. He is ____rude _____selfish.
43

44. Answers :
1. "Could I come over at either three or four o'clock?" asked Joan.
2.The teacher refused to mark his work because his book was both torn and dirty.
3. I really need a holiday but neither in Spain nor France.
4. I'm going to fish tomorrow, whether it rains or shines.
5. Not only did he borrow a lot of money from us, he also refused to pay back a single
cent.
6. The children at the centre can neither hear nor speak.
7. She employs a maid to do both the cooking and washing for her family.
8. We have enough spices for only one type of curry. We can cook either chicken
curry or mutton curry.
9. The boy is really talented. He not only knows how to play the piano but
can also compose music.
10. I do not like him. He is both rude and selfish.
44

45. Either…..or :
1.We can either go to the movies or stay inside and watch Netflix.
2.The sound was either a firework or a gunshot.
3.Either you stay or I leave.
45

46. 4.We can go to either Greece or Spain for our holiday.
5.It’s my final offer – you can either take it or leave it.
6.I want either the cheesecake or the chocolate cake.
46

47. Not only ….but also :
1.I'll eat them both - not only the panipuri but also the dosa.
2.It is important not only to brush but also to floss.
3.The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive.
47

48. 4.Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late.
5. Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.
6. Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also
didn’t even apologize for forgetting it.
48

49. Exercise 6:
Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions:
1. We do not know ______ it's you ____me who will have to do it.
2. Each class is to present ____ a drama ____ a song for the concert.
3.The invitation is for two persons, so ____ Jack ____ his wife can attend the function.
4. We are waiting for the boys. _____ Roy ____ Joseph has come yet..
5. Alfred _____got up late this morning _____ missed the train.
6. "Why is the baby crying?" “____she is hungry ____her nappy needs changing.“
7. ______ we go now ____ in an hour's time, it doesn't matter as it's still very early.
8. Our Yellow House was _____ first ___ last in this year's sports.
9. "Oh, dear! I have left _____my purse _____ keys in the other bag," said Jean
10. _____ you ask Mary ____ Lucy, she will give you the same answer.
49

50. Answers:
1. We do not know whether it's you or me who will have to do it.
2. Each class is to present either a drama or a song for the concert.
3.The invitation is for two persons, so both Jack and his wife can attend the function.
4. We are waiting for the boys. Neither Roy nor Joseph has come yet..
5. Alfred not only got up late this morning but also missed the train.
6. "Why is the baby crying?" "Either she is hungry or her nappy needs changing.“
7. Whether we go now or in an hour's time, it doesn't matter as it's still very early.
8. Our Yellow House was neither first nor last in this year's sports.
9. "Oh, dear! I have left both my purse and keys in the other bag," said Jean
10. Whether you ask Mary or Lucy, she will give you the same answer.
50

51. Subordinating conjunction
• A subordinate conjunction joins dependent clause to a main clause.
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.
In other words, it does not need any additional information
to operate as a sentence.
51

52. Some subordinating conjunctions are:
after how unless which
although if until while
as since when whose
as if so that whenever who
as long as than where whom
because that wherever whose
before though whether
52

53. e.g.
Tom plays tennis well because he practices often.
• The subordinating conjunction because joins the
dependent clause because he practices often to the
main clause, Tom plays tennis well.
The subordinating conjunction shows the relationship between the main clause and the
dependent clause.
53

54. Because:
1.I didn’t answer your messages because I was out of the country.
2.I’m not going to apologize just because you told me to.
3.Because my lower back kept hurting, I decided to finally go see
a chiropractor.
54

55. Since:
1.I decided to bake cupcakes, since it was John’s birthday.
2.Since you’re always late, I’m going to start showing up late too.
3. Ever since I was young, I’ve always wanted to become
a scientist.
55

56. Until:
1.I usually sit around in my office until my boss gives me work to do.
2.Until you came into my life, I wasn’t quite sure where I would find love.
3.When I was in college, I would study until I passed out at
3 or 4 in the morning.
56

57. When:
1.When it started to snow, everyone started posting statuses on Facebook.
2.When the clock struck three, all the students immediately evacuated the classroom.
3.I don’t know how to react when you yell at me like that.
57

58. Exercise 7:
Fill up with subordinating conjunction :
1.His grandpa said the climate was different ____ he was young.
2. He has been feeling sick _____he came back from holiday.
3. Let us wait in the bookshop _____ the rain stops.
4. You cannot be a lawyer _____ you have a law degree.
5. She has not called ____ she left last week.
6. He was angry when he heard ____ happened.
7. He had to retire ______of ill health.
8. We will go swimming next Sunday _____ it's raining.
9. I don't understand how she can say she's happy ______ she looks so sad.
10. _____ the car is old it still runs well. 58

59. Answers:
1.His grandpa said the climate was different when he was young.
2. He has been feeling sick since he came back from holiday.
3. Let us wait in the bookshop until the rain stops.
4. You cannot be a lawyer unless you have a law degree.
5. She has not called since she left last week.
6. He was angry when he heard when happened.
7. He had to retire because of ill health.
8. We will go swimming next Sunday unless it's raining.
9. I don't understand how she can say she's happy when she looks so sad.
10. Although the car is old it still runs well.
59

60. Whenever:
1.Whenever I try to comfort people, I somehow make things worse.
2.I hate it whenever I run into coworkers outside of work.
3.Whenever you start feeling anxious, just try to breathe.
60

61. While:
1. I often get distracted while trying to study.
2.It’s hard trying to take classes while also working two jobs.
3.While my parents were away for the weekend, my brother and I decided to throw a house
party.
61

62. As:
1.As the night drew on, the crowd became noisier and noisier.
2.You should be careful going to the gym, as your ankle is still a little weak.
3.I took the dog out three times a day just as you told me to.
62

63. If:
1.If I lived alone, I’d be blasting my music 24/7.
2. I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine.
3.If something’s bothering you, don’t hesitate to tell me.
63

64. Exercise 8:
Fill up with appropriate suitable subordinate conjunction::
1. She will die _____ the doctors operate immediately.
2. He did not attend the meeting _____ he was sick.
3. I always trust Ray_______ he is my son.
4. The little boy can lift the box ______ it is quite heavy.
5. It had not rained for weeks _______ the villagers had been praying every day for the
rain.
6. The baby cried ______ its mother woke up.
7. The boy could not reach the book ______ it was on the top shelf.
8. The police had not arrived ______ the accident caused a long traffic jam.
9. She won the contest _______she was the best candidate.
10. They blamed the referee _____they lost the match.
64

65. Answers:
1. She will die unless the doctors operate immediately.
2. He did not attend the meeting because he was sick.
3. I always trust Ray because/since he is my son.
4. The little boy can lift the box although it is quite heavy.
5. It had not rained for weeks although the villagers had been praying every day for
the rain.
6. The baby cried until its mother woke up.
7. The boy could not reach the book because/since it was on the top shelf.
8. The police had not arrived until the accident caused a long traffic jam.
9. She won the contest because/since she was the best candidate.
10. They blamed the referee when they lost the match.
65

66. Once:
1. I only started to seriously rethink my life once I graduated college.
2.Once I actually started going to museums, I realized that I really liked them.
3.Once he starts a trend, everyone else quickly follows.
66

67. Like:
1.I did the dishes like you told me to.
2.Sometimes I feel like Kiera ignores me on purpose.
3.Don’t treat me like I’m an idiot.
67

68. Unless:
1.The professor said not to email her unless you have a logistical
question.
2.I personally won’t date you unless I find you attractive.
3.The visiting team is going to win unless the tables
somehow turn last minute.
68

69. Although:
1.Although he was a bit rude, people still found him funny and
hung out with him.
2.Although the party was dull, I was still happy to see you guys.
3.My dad claims that he’s German and Dutch, although he’s
also a compulsive liar.
69

70. • Interjections are words used to express some sudden feeling or emotion.
They are not grammatically related to other words in a sentence.
Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation mark (!).
70

71. Interjections may express:
1. Joy
1.Hurrah! I have passed the exam!
2.Hurray! We won this match.
3.Hooray! I got the job!
71

72. 2. Grief:
1.Alas! The city has been captured!
2.Alas, I couldn't keep her long as I wished.
3."Alas. I think I've got plans," she replied with an exaggerated sign.
72

73. 3. Surprise:
1.Ha! Is that all you have to offer?
2.What! You failed!
3.Oh, really? I never thought he’s that kind of guy.
73

74. 4. Approval:
1.Bravo! You have done a good job.
2.Good! Now we can move on to the next chapter.
3. Bravo! bravo!" cried his mother, her eyes sparkling with pride
74

75. Exercise 9:
In the following sentences, identify the interjection and underline it.
1.Hi, I'm glad that you could make it to my party.
2.Wow! You look great tonight.
3.That was the best performance that I have ever seen, bravo!
4.I can't believe you broke my favorite toy, bah.
5.Hmm, I wonder where I put my keys and wallet?
6.Miners used to shout, eureka, when they struck gold.
7."Shoo!" shouted the woman when she saw the cat licking milk from her cereal
bowl.
8.I guess that's the end of the movie, darn.
9.Stop! You should always wear a helmet when riding a bike.
10.Yippee, I made this picture all by myself. 75

76. Answers:
1.Hi, I'm glad that you could make it to my party.
2.Wow! You look great tonight.
3.That was the best performance that I have ever seen, bravo!
4.I can't believe you broke my favorite toy, bah.
5.Hmm, I wonder where I put my keys and wallet?
6.Miners used to shout, eureka, when they struck gold.
7."Shoo!"shouted the woman when she saw the cat licking milk from her cereal bowl.
8.I guess that's the end of the movie, darn.
9.Stop! You should always wear a helmet when riding a bike.
10.Yippee, I made this picture all by myself.
76

77. 5. Disgust:
1.Eww! That movie was so gory.
2.Ugh! I’m never doing that again!
3.Eek! There’s a flying cockroach!
77

78. 6. Admiration/ appreciation:
1.Wow! That’s really great news!
2.Congrats! You finally got your Master’s degree.
3. Congratulations, you won the match.
78

79. 7. Celebration:
1.Yippee! We won. Let’s head to the bar.
2.Yay! The exams are over.
3.Yay!Let’s party.
79

80. Certain groups of words are also used to express some sudden feeling or emotion.
Examples:
Ah me!
For shame!
Well done!
Good gracious!
My goodness!
Oh dear!
80

81. Exercise 10:
• Fill in the blanks appropriate interjections.
1………… We have a party tomorrow!
2.………… You look great this morning.
3.……………. That was the best performance to date.
4.…………….. I can’t believe you broke my favorite toy.
5.…………… I think I have lost my keys again.
6.……………… I finally finished the painting.
7.………… J. K. Rowling is doing a reading at the local library.
8.………. What a pretty dress!
9.……….. That feels good.
10.………….. That hurts!
81

82. • Answers:
1. Hurray! We have a party tomorrow!
2. Wow! You look great this morning.
3. Bravo! That was the best performance to date.
4. What! I can’t believe you broke my favorite toy.
5. Uh oh! I think I have lost my keys again.
6. Yippee! I finally finished the painting.
7. Yay! J. K. Rowling is doing a reading at the local library.
8. Wow! What a pretty dress!
9. Ah! That feels good.
10. Ouch! That hurts!
82

83. 83