sigmund freud

1. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Presenter : Dr. Vipin George
DNB psychiatry resident

2. Introduction
• Family and early years
• Early career
• Birth of psychoanalysis
• Theories of mental apparatus
• His works
• Exile and final years.
• Conclusion

3. • Born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg,Moravia now part of
the Czech Republic.
• His father Jakob was a 41-year-old jewish
wool merchant who had two adult sons from a
previous marriage.
• Mother, Amalia, was 21 years old at the
time of his birth.

4. .
• The Freud family moved to Vienna amid serious
financial difficulties when Sigmund was nearly four.
• As Jews, they lived in the Jewish ghetto of a
predominantly Roman Catholic city.
• Sigmund remained in Vienna for all but the final year
of his life.
• Sigmund was his mother’s favorite child, whom she
called her “golden Sigi.”

5. • She often repeated a gypsy woman’s prediction that he
would be a great man. when the 7- or 8-year-old Sigi
urinated inappropriately in the parental
bedroom,Jakob Freud exclaimed, “The boy will never
amount to anything!”
• His school performance was outstanding .
• He had a firm foundation in Latin and Greek, a sound
knowledge of Hebrew, English , French and Italian.

6. Early Adulthood , Education and Early Interests
• At age 17 he entered medical school
• Medical student at the University of Vienna from
1873 to 1881 (with a year out for required military
duty).
• Freud had good observational skill , mainly involving
dissection and microscope work.
• He was influenced by Ernst Brucke head of the
Institute of Physiology.

7. • His initial interest was in physiological research.
• 1st published paper answered a long-standing question
by establishing the presence of testes in the male eel.
• Freud was regarded by his professors as a promising
neurophysiologist!!
• He had already fallen in love with young woman named
Martha Bernays.
• Therefore his professors advised him to go into clinical
practice, specializing in neurological problems.
• To marry her and support family.

8. In 1885 he traveled to Paris to observe the treatment of
hysteria and other psychological syndromes by the great
Jean Martin Charcot and to study the hypnotic techniques
of Hippolyte Bernheim.
In his own early psychiatric work, Freud became an expert
on aphasia and a respected authority on childhood
paralyses.
Freud administered the latest therapies—such as electric
shock and hypnosis—but found them unsatisfactory.

9. From ‘Über Coca,’ Centralblatt für die ges. Therapie, 2, pp. 289–314, 1884
V. The Effect of Coca on the Healthy Human Body
“I have carried out experiments and studied, in myself and others,
the effect of coca on the healthy human body;
“The first time I took 0.05cg. of cocaïnum muriaticum in a 1%
water solution was when I was feeling slightly out of sorts from
fatigue.” I have tested this effect of coca, which wards off hunger,
sleep, and fatigue and steels one to intellectual effort, some dozen
times on myself; I had no opportunity to engage in physical work.
Freud was one of the pioneers of research into the
properties of cocaine
“Über Coca” published in 1884,is described as “the definitive
description of the effects of cocaine in humans

10. • The Paris visit changed the direction of Freud’s
career. Charcot had broadened his grasp of neurology,
• but the neuroses had captured his imagination.
• He leftParis at the end of February 1886.
• After returning to Vienna he married Martha in
September 1886,
• They had six children .
• ANNA was the last one and the only one to follow
Freud into psychoanalysis.

11. The Birth of Psychoanalysis
• Growth of a friendship with the distinguished physician
Joseph Breuer had profound effects on Freud’s career.
• Between 1880 and 1882 Breuer had treated
miss.Anna O for severe hysterical symptoms, including
multiple limb paralyses, disturbances of sight and
speech, contractures, an intense cough, and anorexia.
• Accounts of the illness, its treatment, outcome, laid the
foundations for psychoanalysis.

12. Joseph Breuer
[1842–1925]

13. • Anna O. suffered from states of autohypnosis
alternating with near normality.
• When, under self-hypnosis, she recounted the
• history of one of her symptoms, recalling the details of
its first appearance, When her first symptom
appeared, the patient was nursing her dying father,
and her recall resulted in ‘abreaction’(the release of
pent-up emotion attached to the event).
• Breuer was astonished to find that it disappeared.

14. • Under induced hypnosis other symptoms were treated
in similar fashion, and the method was christened the
‘talking cure.’.
• Breuer believed that pathological processes arose
during ‘hypnoid states’ (e.g., Anna O’s autohypnosis).
• For Freud question of how ‘hypnoid states’ arose.
• He considered that psychoneurosis involved psychic
defences against unacceptable internal states of
‘emotional excitation usually sexual in kind.

15. • Breuer had never recognized Anna O’s strong
attachment to him (‘transference’) as sexual .
• Alarmed by its intensity, he brought the treatment to
an end.
• Breuer gave up the study of hysteria because of Anna.
• He agreed with Freud about the unknown emotions.
• Anna became the first social worker in Germany.
• Her real name Bertha Pappenheim.
• Differences of opinion became a strain in 1894, and the
collaboration ceased in 1896.

16. • In time, Freud abandoned the use of hypnosis
altogether.
• They were replaced slowly by the developing
technique of free association.
• The patient lay on a couch (as before) with the analyst
sitting behind him, but was now expected to try to say
everything that entered his mind,while asked about
their problems, irrespective of apparent
irrelevance,distastefulness, or indiscretion.

17. Freud museum london

18. • The analyst listened impartially, without giving more
weight to any one utterance than he did to another
• Conflicting mental forces, undetected by hypnosis and
related devices, were now revealed.
• Memories of striking internal and external mental
experiences in early life had been denied access to
they had been ‘alarming or painful or shameful by the
standards of the subject’s personality’ .

19. • Memory was actively opposed by the force of
repression, experienced by the clinician as resistance to
unwelcome material.
• Forces striving to break through this barrier stemmed
from the drives, founded substantially in infantile
sexuality.

20. • Freud found that his patients were often more willing
to free-associate to their recent night dreams than to
events of the day.
• When he got them to free-associate to each element
of a dream, he saw emerging patterns that revealed
the patient’s underlying motives and psychological
conflicts.

21. • He concluded that some mental content is dynamically
unconscious—barred from reaching the preconscious
by repression.
• During sleep, this barrier is relaxed, and a partial
regression to earlier forms of thinking allows normally
unacceptable childhood wishes to find
expression,though only in disguise.
• Even in sleep a censorship is partially operative and the
result is a distorted representation of infantile wishes
that gives the dream its seemingly bizarre nature.

22. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900, 1901)
• Analysis of dreams can provide conscious access to
unconscious drives, wishes, fantasies and associated
repressed infantile memories, Freud called these
as“royal road to the unconscious”.
• Manifest dream: Is that dream which is remembered
on awakening.
• It is the product of mental activity that has woven
together a number of conscious and unconscious
elements into a hallucinated experience.

23. • Latent dream content is the set of unconscious
infantile urges, wishes and fantasies that seek
gratification during the dreaming state of blocked
motor discharge and regression.
• Dream work
• Dream censor, whose function is to keep the
unconscious latent content from conscious awareness.
• The specific mechanism of dream work include
condensation, displacement, symbolization, projection
and secondary elaboration

24. • From early in his psychoanalytic practice, Freud had
been aware of the power of sexual motivation, as well
as of his patients’ struggles to keep it under control.
• The repression of distressing childhood sexual
experiences was so consistently a problem among his
patients that Freud formulated what he called the
“seduction hypothesis” the idea that severe neurosis
always originates from a child’s “seduction” or sexual
initiation by an older sibling or adult.

25. • His self-analysis was, according to his friend and
biographer Ernest Jones, “one of the two great deeds
of Freud’s scientific life.” (The other great deed was
the development of the free association method.).
• A core concept in Freud’s early psychoanalytic
theories is named after a literary work:
• The Oedipus complex. Freud’s reference here is to
Sophocles’ play Oedipus the King, written 2300 years
earlier.

26. [Greek king, warned by an oracle that his newborn son
will eventually kill him, takes the baby into the
countryside and leaves him to die. The infant Oedipus is
saved by a shepherd and is then raised by adoptive
parents. As a young adult, unaware of the family
relationships involved, he kills his father the king and
takes his mother the queen as his wife. Upon discovering
that he has committed patricide and incest, Oedipus
blinds himself in shame over his terrible acts].

27. • Freud gave up his initial seduction hypothesis in large
part ,he turned instead to his newly formulated
concept of the Oedipus complex.
• Freud now argued that the child naturally comes to
focus sexual and aggressive feelings on the most
convenient and emotionally charged objects, his
parents.
• He proposed that the four- or five-year-old child
typically fantasizes about sexual or sensual contact
with the opposite-sexed parent.

28. • Freud was the first person to pay serious attention to
the long-term psychological effects of childhood sexual
abuse.
• During the course of considering the role of sexual
motivation in personality development, Freud came
up with another concept that remains important in
discussions of creativity the process of sublimation.

29. According to Freud’s initial conceptualization, sexual
urges that are not permitted direct expression will go in
one of two directions: they may be converted into anxiety
and other neurotic symptoms, or they can be expressed in
creative work and other culture-building acts. The process
of redirecting sexual energy (as well as, to some degree,
aggressive energy) into creative acts was what Freud
called sublimation.
{Back ground} Freud had personal reasons to consider the
effects of incompletely expressed sexual urges at this time

30. • Martha gave birth to six children during the first eight
years of their marriage. Sigmund and Martha had
attempted by various means to prevent the conception
of the later children—especially the sixth, the daughter
they named Anna—but every birth control method
they tried had failed.
• Finally, after Anna’s birth, husband and wife simply
stopped having sexual relations. During the first several
years after their sexual relationship ceased, Freud
experienced an explosion of creative ideas.

31. • For Sigmund Freud, psychoanalytic theory was not a
static body of ideas but a constantly growing and
changing structure.
• Freud first conceptualized the personality as composed
principally of consciousness, of a deep unconscious
that contains our basic urges and repressed memories,
and of a preconscious that includes temporarily
forgotten or ignored memories.

32. TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF THE MIND

33. The conscious mind
• The conscious is the part of the mind in which the
perceptions coming from outside world or from within
the body or mind are brought into awareness
• That of which you are aware.
It includes
• Memories you are thinking of
• Present perceptions
• Fantasies
• Feelings

34. The preconscious mind
• Comprises those mental events, processes and
contents that can be brought into conscious awareness
by the act of focusing attention.
• Interfaces with both unconscious and the conscious
regions of the mind.
• All the things that are easy to bring into consciousness
• Your name
• your mother’s name
• your phone #

35. Unconscious mind
• It consist of all mental processes and contents operating
outside conscious awareness, through censorship or
repression.
• The content of unconscious is limited to wishes seeking
fulfillment. these wishes provide the motivation for dream
and neurotic symptom formation
• Everything not readily available to your awareness
• Drives, instincts, traumatic memories
• The source of our motivations
• Available mainly in disguise

36. As his theories developed, Freud began to differentiate
aspects of the psychological structure more clearly:
THE ID, a completely unconscious mass of primitive
biological urges which insists on immediate sensual
gratification;
THE EGO, largely conscious but with unconscious
components, mediating between the id and external
reality;
THE SUPEREGO, the internalized representative
of the parents’ (and through them, of society’s) moral stds

38. Structural theory of mind

39. In this middle-phase formulation by Freud, the id
controls most of the personality’s psychological energy;
the relatively weak ego struggles constantly to delay or
redirect the id’s demands, through repression and other
psychological defenses and the superego tries with limited
means to block the id’s more outrageous demands
completely.

40. Mean while he published
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (Freud 1901)
dealt with unconscious motivations in forgetting, slips
of the tongue and pen, as well as some ‘accidents.’
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Freud 1905)
Freud had widened the concept of sexuality. Sexuality was
now understood within a much wider, developmental
perspective.

41. • According to Freud anxiety comes from the turbulent
interplay between the Id and the Superego. When the
Ego feels unpleasant emotional discomfort and is
overwhelmed by conflicting demands we feel anxiety.
• Anxiety can come in three forms:
• Realistic anxiety.
• Moral anxiety.
• Neurotic anxiety.

43. WISH
(DRIVE, URGE, IMPULSE)
DEFENSE OPERATION
PROHIBITION
(DANGER, PUNISHMENT, GUILT)
SIGNAL ANXIETY
SYMPTOM FORMATION
(COMPROMISE)
FREUD’S THEORY OF SYMPTOM FORMATION

44. Ego Defenses
To counter anxiety we use ego defenses .
Ego defense mechanisms –
Largely “unconscious” mental strategies employed to
reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. This idea may
have come to Sigmund from his daughter.

46. Denial:
Denial is the act of refusing to accept the realities of a
situation.
Projection:
Projection is similar to denial in that one is unwilling to
accept the realities of one's own self. In projection,
the faults and shortcomings, and urges, of an
individual are seen not as present in one's self, but
rather in others

47. Rationalization:
You come up with various explanations to justify the
situation (while denying your feelings).
Repression:
The involuntary (unconscious) exclusion of a painful or
conflicting thought, impulse, or memory from awareness

48. Reaction Formation
Going to the opposite extreme; overcompensation for
unacceptable impulses.
Examples: (1) a man violently dislikes an employee;
without being aware of doing so, he "bends over
backwards" to not criticize the employee and gives him
special privileges and advances. (2) a person with strong
antisocial impulses leads a crusade against vice. (3) a
married woman who is disturbed by feeling attracted to
one of her husband's friends treats him rudely. You turn
the feeling into its opposite.
"I think he's really great!“
When you really hate him

49. Regression
You revert to an old, usually immature behavior to
ventilate your feeling.
Displacement
Socially unacceptable redirection of your feelings to
another target
Sublimation
Redirect your feelings into a
socially productive or acceptable activity

50. STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
• Each stage of development during the first 5 year is
defined in terms of the modes of reaction to a
particular zone of the body.
• Fixation at a particular phase of development may
occur if there is insufficient mastery of issues
pertinent to that phase.
• Regression, a return to a less mature level of mental
organization, may occur in context of stressors or
conflicts.

51. • These stages were directly attributable to areas of the
body that give us pleasure – known today as the
erogenous zones of the body.
• There are five stages to a person’s development
according to Freud.These stages occur from birth to
adolescence.

52. Everything you do as an adult is dependant on what
happens to you during one of these five stages.
Fixation occurs when a person does not successfully
navigate a particular stage of development and becomes
stuck (fixated) within its associated behavior patterns.

53. Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
The mouth is the focus of stimulation and
interaction; feeding and weaning are
central.
The anus is the focus of stimulation and
interaction; elimination and toilet training
are central.
The genitals are the focus of stimulation;
gender role and moral development are
central. Enter Oedipus and Electra stages.
Energies shift to physical and intellectual
activities. Alternate gratification is central.
The genitals are again the focus of
stimulation with the onset of puberty.
Developing mature sexual relationships is
central.

55. Resolution- capacities to give to & receive from others
without excessive dependence or envy & to trust on
others. Sense of self reliance & self trust.
Fixation- excessive optimism, narcissism, pessimism,
dependence, envy & jealousy
0-1.5yrs

56. Prompted by maturation of neuromuscular control of anal
sphincters.
Resolution- personal autonomy, capacity for independence
& initiative without guilt & self determining behavior
without shame or self doubt & lack of ambivalence.
Fixation, orderliness, obstinacy, stubbornness, frugality,
parsimony ambivalence, defiance,rage.
Typically seen in OCD
1.5-4yrs

57. Primary focus of sexual interests, stimulation & excitation is
the genital area. During this , oedipal involvement is
established & consolidated.
Resolution-sense of sexual identity & curiosity without
embarrassment, sense of mastery not only over objects &
persons in the environment but also over internal
processes & impulses.
Fixation at this stage leads to personality organised around
oedipal fantasies and proneness to regression to anal/oral
4-6yrs

58. Relatively quiescent in inactivity of sexual drive.
Resolution-integration consolidation of previous
attainments in psychosexual development, establishing
decisive patterns of adaptive functioning.
Mature adult life of satisfaction in work & love.
Fixation-failure to sublimate energies in the learning &
development of skills due to lack of control. Excess of
inner control leads to premature closure of personality
development & precocious elaboration of obsessive traits.
6-12yrs

59. Maturation of genital & associated hormonal systems –
intensification of libidinal drives – regression in personality
organization – reopens conflicts of previous stages – an
opportunity for reresolution of these conflicts for a mature
sexual & adult identity.
Resolution – mature personality, full genital potency, sense
of self-identity & self-realization, meaningful participation
in work, love,creative & productive activities.
Fixation – defects in the emerging adult personality.
12-adulthood

60. The Growth of the Discipline
Gathered together on Wednesdays as ‘The Psychological
Wednesday Society.’
This was the nucleus of an expanding group renamed,
in 1908, the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society.
1907 Jung visited Freud in Vienna.
The friendship grew rapidly and when, in 1910, the
International Psychoanalytic Association was formed,
Freud asked Jung to be President.

61. • But by 1912 Jung was showing signs of disaffection.
• Many Swiss psychiatrists denounced Freud’s theory of
Sexuality.
• 1914 Jung left the movement on the grounds of
incompatible views.

62. • Two extensive clinical studies appeared in 1909.
• The first describes the very first analysis of a child,
though one undertaken by proxy.
• The successful treatment of ‘Little Hans,’ who had
developed a phobia of horses, was carried out by his
father, under Freud’s supervision.
• Case of the ‘Rat Man’ obsessional neurosis.

63. • Psychoanalytic theories of psychotic illness fall into
two broad groups.
• Either it is part of a neurosis–psychosis continuum, or,
unlike neurosis, it involves the loss of higher psychic
functions and the re-emergence of more primitive
ones, hitherto kept in check by the lost capacities.
• Many claim that Freud supported the first (unitary)
theory; others the second (discontinuity theory).

64. • In 1910 Freud published a study of a childhood
memory of Leonardo da Vinci, and the first of three
essays on the psychology of love.
• Totem and Taboo, was written between 1912 and
1913.

65. • Before war broke out in the summer of 1914, Freud’s
works included a history of the psychoanalytic
movement ,giving his version of the disagreements
with Adler and Jung;
• A fascinating paper on the Moses of Michelangelo
(Freud, 1914)
• A discussion of the scientific status of psychoanalysis
(Freud, 1913);
• Paper on Narcissism from which so many ideas were
later developed.

66. • During earliest infancy, libido is originally attached
to ego,a state called `primary narcissism’.
• Libido then becomes attached progressively to
love objects in the form of object libido, this can
be withdrawn back to the ego, referred to as
secondary narcissism.
THEORY OF NARCISSISM

67. • Narcissistic phenomena are involved in certain love
and erotic relationships.
• In infancy, the primary attachment to mother has a
self preservative quality involving libido and is
referred to as an anaclitic attachment.
• Freud observed psychotic individuals with their
turning inward and away from the external world and
with their megalomaniacal preoccupation appeared
to have withdrawn libido from objects and it to the
self .

68. • During the war Freud was anxious about two of his
sons involved in it.
• Martin fought in Galicia and Russia; Ernst against Italy
after that country entered the conflict.
• The most extensive of Freud’s case histories (the Wolf
Man), written in 1914, was published much later
(Freud, 1918).
• In 1919 the baffling problem of masochism (sexual
pleasure in pain),

69. • The war brought great physical deprivation to Freud
and his family, as well as anxiety about his sons who
were fighting in the war and distress over the deaths of
relatives, friends, and ex-patients.
• Freud had already begun to elaborate his concepts of
the id’s basic drives, which he had originally
conceptualized as including both self-preservative
drives and species-preservative (sexual) drives.

70. Now he perceived a new division, between the life
instincts (self- and species-preservative drives together)
and the death instincts (including self-destructive and
other-destructive urges).
In his first postwar book, Beyond the Pleasure Principle,
Freud proposed that a more basic urge than the desire for
pleasure is the “compulsion to repeat” earlier states of
being, even unpleasant ones—a compulsion that
ultimately drives us to restore our original state of being,
which is zero stimulation or nothingness.

71. This theoretical postulate (or, as Freud described it, this
“speculation”) led Freud to his grimmest pronouncement:
“The aim of all life is death.”

72. Three Instinctive Drives
There are three Instinctive Drives which perpetuate the
life of the individual and the life of the species.

73. Drives people toward acts
that are sexual and life-
giving. Eros makes people
want to experience
sensual pleasure and
helps them come up with
creative ways to achieve
their goals.

74. Libido is the
energy behind the
Eros drive. Libido
comes from the
Latin word
meaning “I desire”

75. Thanatos drives people
toward aggressive and
destructive behaviors.
Freud came to believe that
the goal of all motivation is
to be at peace and the most
at peace we are is in death.
So, he proposed that we
have a death instinct

76. • In the 1920s, Freud achieved worldwide fame as the
greatest psychological theorist of all time.
• In 1923 Freud’s heavy cigar smoking seemed
responsible for a growth affecting the jaw and palate,
removed surgically. This was the first of many
operations for cancer that Freud survived over the next
16 years.
• In that same year, he set out major changes in
psychoanalytic theory.[1923]

77. • The structure of the mental apparatus was redefined.
• The ego was now the executive mental agency,
holding a balance between the conflicting demands of
reality, the id, and the superego.
• The id strove for immediate drive gratification; its
mentation followed the primitive primary process;
and its content was dynamically unconscious.
• But it intruded into an unconscious part of the ego
where it encountered checks and controls against
inappropriate discharge.

78. • The superego was thought of as a greatly extended
• conscience, based on internalized but modified
parental aims and proscriptions, but a substantial part
of its operations were unconscious.
• Its functions included that of the earlier censor.
• With the aggressive drives of the id partly at its
disposal, it put pressure on the ego to withstand those
inner urges that ran counter to its prohibitions, aims,
and ideals.

79. • It was responsible for the sense of guilt, conscious,
and unconscious.
• Higher mental functions such as conscious thinking
and reflection (secondary process), reality testing, and
judgment were functions of the ego.

80. Exile: England
• In 1938 the Nazis entered Vienna.
• Freud’s books had already been burned in Germany
• Freud, together with Martha, their daughter Anna, and
others, were allowed to leave for London.
• The British Psychoanalytical Society gave him a house
at 21 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead.
• Anna Freud was his devoted nurse.

81. • Freud spent most of 1939 in tremendous pain,
alleviated only partially by orthoform, a distant relative
of cocaine, which was applied directly to Freud’s mouth
multiple times daily.
• Freud quietly slipped into a coma and died at 3:00 AM
on September 23, 1939, ending a brilliant but tortured
life with euthanasia using morphine
• His ashes remain at Golder’s Green Crematorium.

82. Freud’s Impact on Twentieth-Century Thought and
Culture
• Almost every intellectual discipline, it is said, has been
influenced by his ideas.
• The importance of unconscious motivation is
acknowledged widely.
• His concepts – such as the ‘Freudian slip’ of pen or
tongue – have passed into the common language
• His views on sexuality have had a liberating impact on
social attitudes.

83. • Freud always hoped that the underlying basis for
mental activity in terms of the functioning brain
would, one day, yield to investigation.
• Though few psychologists and psychiatrists now
wholeheartedly accept Freud’s specific versions of
theory and therapy, most current personality theories
and psychotherapies incorporate his broad positions at
some level.

84. • Most experts today agree that we use little
manipulations to fool ourselves into believing our own
reality. Freud’s Ego Defenses are accepted.
• Freud’s “talking cure” is the basis of many modern
therapy techniques.
• Freud still has a pervasive influence in today’s
psychological thought.
• Freud is historically and contemporarily relevant
Conclusion

85. 1.Sigmund Freud 1856–1939 “Author of The Interpretation of Dreams and Beyond
the Pleasure Principle” A C Elms, University of California, Davis, CA, USAvolume 1,
pp. 745–753, ã 1999, Elsevier Inc.
2. Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) Clifford Yorke, South Moreton, UK 2001 Elsevier
Ltd. volume 9, pp. 5798–5805, 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
3. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis, Cigars, and Oral Cancer Shahid R. Aziz, DMD,
4. Freud through the centuries Karl Pribram (Department of Psychology, Cognitive
Neuroscience Program, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA).
5. international Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences .
6. Kaplan And Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook Of Psychiatry.
References