2. Psychoanalysis.pptx

PSYCHOANALYSIS
Halima S. Qureshi
Lecturer | Clinical Psychologist
NUMS Department of Psychology

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
• History of Freud
• born in 1856
• did not practice religion
• Mother was loving and protective, Freud felt a passionate, even sexual
attachment to her, a relationship that set the stage for his concept of the
Oedipus complex.
• Freud’s father, Jacob stern and authoritarian, but his son respected him
• Feelings toward his parents were mixed with fear and hate, respect and love
• Freud had dreams of becoming a general or a minister of state, but in reality
professional choice was severely restricted for a Jew in Vienna
• Freud became influenced by Joseph Breuer, a Viennese physician and friend,
who encouraged his patients to talk freely about their symptoms.
• Freud’s further investigations with Breuer’s “talking cure” led to his own
development of free association and later psychoanalytic techniques.
Halima S. Qureshi | Lecturer, Clinical Psychologist NUMS 2

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
• 1900 Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams.
• some even said his work was pornographic
• psychoanalytic society was founded by Freud and his
colleagues
• psychoanalysts: Ernest Jones (his biographer), A. A. Brill,
Sandor Ferenczi, and Karl Abraham.
• Carl Jung and Alfred Adler were also close associates, but
later they left Freud’s psychoanalytic movement to develop
and stress other ideas.

Discovery of Unconscious Forces
• Psychoanalysis may be said to begin with the case history of one of Joseph Breuer’s patients
• Anna O. was a twenty-one-year-old, highly intelligent woman.
• developed a number of physical and mental disturbances
• paralysis of the right arm and leg, difficulty in vision, nausea, the inability to drink any liquids,
and the inability to speak or understand her mother tongue
• medical profession of 1880 was quite puzzled by illnesses such as these and diagnosed them as
cases of hysteria, an illness in which there were physical symptoms but no physiological basis for
the problem
• conversion disorders

• Anna frequently mumbled several words.
• Breuer put her under hypnosis, repeated the words to her, and asked her to
verbalize for him any associations that she had to the words.
• Center of her stories were father’s illness and death
• Anna’s symptoms were relieved and eventually disappeared. Anna gratefully
called the cure the “talking cure,” or referred to it jokingly as “chimney
sweeping.”
• Anna told of a time when she was sitting by her father’s bed during his
illness and was very worried about him. She was trying to hide her tears so
that her father would not see them, when he asked her what time it was.
Since she was crying, it was only with difficulty that she could look at her
watch and make out the position of the hands on the dial. Recollecting that
event and the emotions she had restrained at the time restored her clarity of
vision

• another memory. A black snake
• appeared in the room and seemed to go toward her ill father.
• She tried to drive the reptile away, but it was as if she could not
move her arm. She wanted to call for help, but she could not
speak.
• Recalling these events and the emotions they included relieved
her paralysis and restored her knowledge of her native tongue.

• Catharsis refers to emotional release.
• When Anna recalled the events, she did so with a great deal of
emotional intensity.
• mid-1882, it appeared that Anna was completely
and dramatically cured.
Breuer was anxious to end the treatment, because Anna’s
open proclamation of love and strong demands
• Anna offered a phantom pregnancy as a final symptom.
Breuer was very shaken by this turn of events and abruptly
dropped the case.

Childhood Sexual Abuse: Fact or
Fantasy?
• Freud was increasingly convinced that sexual conflicts were the primary cause of all neuroses.
• These events resembled seduction, with the seducer usually being an older male relative,
typically the father.
• a year after he published this theory, Freud changed his mind and announced they were his
client's fantasies
• Freud concluded that the fantasies his patients described were quite real to them. They believed
that the shocking sexual events had actually happened.
• Because the fantasies still focused on sex, then sex remained the cause of adult neuroses.

Freud’s Life
• Freud’s sex life: ended at age 41 years, negative attitude, wrote abut dangers of sex
• Freud’s personal frustrations and conflicts about sex surfaced in the form of neuroses, in
the same way he believed sexual difficulties affected his patients
• 40s, he experienced a severe neurotic episode, which he described as involving “odd states of
mind not intelligible to consciousness—cloudy thoughts and veiled doubts, with barely here
and there a ray of light…. I still do not know what has been happening to me”
• migraine headaches, urinary problems, and a spastic colon. He worried about dying,
feared for his heart, and became anxious about travel and open spaces.

Analyzing Freud’s Dreams
• He wrote to a friend that “The chief patient I am busy with is myself”
• exploration of his dreams, he realized, for the first time, how much hostility he felt
toward his father.
• He recalled his childhood sexual longings for his mother and dreamed of a sex wish toward his
eldest daughter.
• Thus, he formulated much of his theory around his own neurotic conflicts and childhood
experiences, as filtered through his interpretations of his dreams.

• Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, who later broke with Freud to develop their own theories. Freud
considered them traitors to the cause, and he never forgave them for disputing his approach to
psychoanalysis.
• “The trouble with you, Sigi,” said his aunt, “is that you just don’t understand people”

Instincts
• Freud wrote that instincts were the basic elements of the personality, the motivating
forces that drive behavior and determine its direction.
• The stimuli for instincts—hunger and thirst, for example—are internal.
• such as hunger is aroused in the body, it generates a state of physiological excitation or
energy.
• mind transforms this bodily energy into a wish. It is this wish—the mental representation of the
physiological need—that is the instinct or driving force that motivates the person to behave in a
way that satisfies the need.
• physiological equilibrium

Instincts
1. Life Instincts
• life instincts serve the purpose of survival of the individual and the species by seeking to satisfy the
needs for food, water, air, and sex.
• The psychic energy manifested by the life instincts is the libido.
• sexual impulses to include “all of those merely affectionate and friendly impulses to which usage applies
the exceedingly ambiguous word ‘love’ ”
2. Death Instincts
• destructive or death instincts.
• all living things decay and die, returning to their original inanimate state, and he believed that
people have an unconscious wish to die.
• One component of the death instincts is the aggressive drive, which he saw as the wish to die turned
against objects other than the self.

Levels of Personality
• the conscious,
• the preconscious
• the unconscious.

The
Structure
of
Personality

Anxiety
• Anxiety: To Freud, a feeling of fear and dread without an obvious cause
• Reality Anxiety
• involves a fear of real dangers in the real world.
• Neurotic Anxiety
• Neurotic anxiety has its basis in childhood, in a conflict between instinctual gratification and reality.
• fear is not of the instincts themselves, but
of what might happen as a result of gratifying the instincts. The conflict becomes one
between the id and the ego, and its origin has some basis in reality
• Moral Anxiety
• Moral anxiety results from a conflict between the id and the superego. In essence, it is a
fear of one’s conscience. When you are motivated to express an instinctual impulse that
is contrary to your moral code, your superego retaliates by causing you to feel shame or
guilt.

Defenses against Anxiety
• they share two characteristics in common:
• 1. all denials or distortions of reality
• 2. Operate unconsciously

Defenses against Anxiety

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

• In each developmental stage a conflict exists that must be resolved before the infant or child
can progress to the next stage.
• In fixation, a portion of libido or psychic energy remains invested in that developmental stage,
leaving less energy for the following stages

• Oral Stage:
• infant’s principal source of pleasure is the mouth.
• infant is totally dependent on the mother or caregiver who becomes the primary object of the
child’s libido.
• infant learns from the mother to perceive the world as either a good or bad, satisfying or
frustrating, safe or perilous place to be.
• Two ways of behaving during this stage:
1. Oral incorporative behavior
2. Oral aggressive/ sadistic behavior

1. occurs first and involves the pleasurable stimulation of the mouth by other people and by food.
2. Adults fixated at the oral incorporative stage become excessively concerned with oral activities, like
eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing.
3. Excessively gratified during this stage, their adult oral personality will be predisposed to a high degree
of optimism and dependency.

1. oral aggressive or oral sadistic, occurs during the painful, frustrating eruption of teeth
2. infants come to view the mother with hatred as well as love.
3. she has been responsible for everything in the infant’s life so far, so she must also be responsible for
the pain
4. fixated at this level are prone to excessive pessimism, hostility, and aggressiveness.
5. argumentative and sarcastic, making so-called biting remarks and displaying cruelty toward others.

• ANAL Stage:
• new demand, toilet training, is made of the child. Freud believed that the experience of toilet training
during the anal stage had a significant effect on personality development.
• Defecation produces erotic pleasure for the child, but with the onset of toilet training,
the child is put under pressure to learn to postpone or delay this pleasure
• interfered with as parents attempt to regulate the time and place for defecation.
• time of conflict for everybody. Children learn that they have a weapon that can be used against their
parents.
• anal aggressive personality : cruelty, destructiveness, and temper tantrums
• toilet training is to hold back or retain the feces.
• child discovers a new method for securing parental attention and affection
• anal retentive personality : stubborn and stingy, and hoards or retains things because feelings of
security depend on what is saved and possessed,

• Phallic Stage:
• fourth to fifth year, when the focus of pleasure shifts from the anus to the genitals.
• child faces a battle between an id impulse and the demands of society, as reflected in parental expectations
• phallic conflicts are the most complex ones to resolve.
• Out of Freud’s identification of this conflict came one of his best-known concepts: the Oedipus complex.
• the boy sees the father as an obstacle in his path and comes to look upon him as a rival and a threat.
• castration anxiety
• replaces the sexual longing for the mother with a more acceptable affection and develops
a strong identification with the father.
• he attempts to become more like his father by adopting his mannerisms, behaviors, attitudes, and superego
standards.
• Electra Complex

• Latency Period
• the next 5 or 6 years are quiet. The latency period is not a psychosexual stage of development.
• The sex instinct is dormant during this time, Freud believed, and is temporarily sublimated in
school activities, hobbies, and sports and in developing friendships with members of the same
sex.
• Genital Stage
• begins at puberty. The body is becoming physiologically mature,
• believed that the conflict during this period is less intense than in the other stage

Assessment
• Free Association
• free association owes much to Josef Breuer
• started using hypnosis with some degree of success and called
the process catharsis, from the Greek word for purification
• Freud encouraged his patients to relax and concentrate on events
in the past.
• They were supposed to engage in a kind of daydreaming out
loud, saying whatever came to mind.
• Memories were evidently too painful to talk about, and the
patient would be reluctant to disclose them.
• Freud called these moments resistances.
• He believed they were significant because they indicated that the
analysis was getting close to the source of the patient’s problems.

Assessment
• Dream Analysis
• Freud believed that dreams represent, in symbolic form, repressed desires, fears, and
conflicts. So strongly have these feelings been repressed that they can surface only in disguised
fashion during sleep.
• two aspects of dreams: the manifest content, which refers to the actual events in the dream;
and the latent content, which is the hidden symbolic meaning of the dream.
• Criticism on Freud’s theory

Assignment # 1
Summary of Interpretation of Dreams
12th Oct 2022

2. Psychoanalysis.pptx

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