Milli Jain , Residential Design Diploma ,NSQF Level 5

Milli Jain
1st Year Residential Design Diploma,
NSQF Level-5 (NSDC)
Dezyne E’cole College,
www.dezyneecole.com
Today a Reader
Tomorrow a Leader
Building
Construction

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I Milli Jain, Student Of Dezyne E’cole’ College, Am Extremely Grateful To Each And Every Individual
Who Has Contributed In Successful Completion Of My Project.
I Express My Gratitude Towards Dezyne E’cole College For Their Guidance And Constant Supervision
As Well As For Providing The Necessary Information And Support Regarding The Completion Of
Project.
Thank You

SYNOPSIS
The Subject Building Construction Is Rather Complicated In The Sense That It Contains The Study Of
Such Topics Which Are Difficult To Digest. This Project Deals With Various Components Of Building,
Their Types And Sub-types.
This Project Has Been Created Under The Guidance Of Ms. Divya Sharma.
I Am Thankful To Dezyne E’cole College.

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Dezyne E’cole College
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Design Diploma
Types of Building
Detached Houses:
The design of the detached houses can be made by considering the individual
requirements of the family to be accommodated in that house.
Sufficient margins are left on side , front and rear.it may also include garden, swimming
pool, etc.
A detached house permits the highest form of residence and it is applicable at place
where land prices are comparatively low.
Top plan
Isometric view
Detached
Plot
Road
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Types of Building
Semi Detached Houses:
A common boundary wall in the form of structural barrier divides an independent plot
into two units.
Such construction helps in securing many advantages of detached houses and in
addition, economy may be achieved by sharing expenses of common amenities such as
water line, electric cables, etc.
Top plan
Isometric view
T.P. Road
Semi-Detached
house
Semi-Detached
house
PlotPlot
Common Wall
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Types of Building
Row of Houses:
For providing reasonable
accommodation to labourers a row of
houses with minimum requirements
like living room and kitchen, may be
constructed.
It may be single or double storeyed.
The row housing yields more net
residential density and is preferred for
the low income group of families.
Top plan
Isometric view
Common Wall
Plot
House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5
Plot Plot Plot Plot
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Types of Building
Apartments or Flats:
Due to tendency of migration of village population to cities, there is considerable rise in
the price of city land an hence, it has become practically become impossible even for
the higher class of the society to have a detached house in thickly populated city areas.
This has lead to the conception of apartments or flats.
An apartment or flats consists of three to ten floors and may accommodate two to six
flats or apartments.
Top plan
Isometric view
Plot
Road
Flat 1 Flat 2
Common Wall
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Types of Building
Top plan
Isometric view
Duplex type apartments:
Duplex is an apartment having rooms on two adjoining floors
connected by an internal staircase. It is one type of modern
lifestyle having split levels.
In such houses living=g room, family room, kitchen, dining
room and bed rooms are located at different levels.
Ground Floor
First Floor
Plot
Road
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Important building
components
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Important building components:
Foundation :
It is a part of building constructed below the ground level and transmits all load to sub soil. It is also known as sub structure.
Plinth:
It is the building above the ground level and up to the floor level immediately above the ground. The built-up area measures at the plinth level known as
Plinth area.
Superstructure:
It is a part of building constructed above the plinth level .
Following are the structural components of a building:
1. Foundation .
2. Plinth.
3. Masonry.
4. Basement, Ground Floor and Upper floor.
5. Sills, lintels and weather sheds.
6. Doors, windows and ventilators.
7. Roofs.
8. Stairs, Lifts, Ramps.
9. Plastering, Painting, White washing, Flooring etc.
10. Utility Fixtures.
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Important building
components
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Masonry or RCC walls and columns in superstructure:
Walls are used to enclose or divide the floor space. Load bearing walls should be strong enough to take its own weight, superimposed weight and
lateral pressure of wind. They should provide stability, privacy, security and weather resistance.
Basement, ground floor and upper floor:
The floor provides support to the occupants, furniture and fixtures. Different floors divide the building into different levels to provide more
accommodation on the plot of land.
Sills, Lintels and Weather sheds:
Window sills are provided between the bottom of window frame an above the top of the wall below. The lintel is provided above the opening of
window, door and ventilators in the wall to support the weight of the wall above the opening. Weather sheds or chhajjas are generally combined
with lintels to protect doors, windows or ventilators from rain, snow, etc.
Doors, Windows and Ventilators:
Doors are provided in a building to allow the free movement outside and to the internal part of building . It is an openable barrier secured in an
opening left in a wall. Windows and ventilators are generally provided for proper light, ventilation and vision.
Roof:
A roof is the uppermost part of the building which is constructed in a form of a framework to give protection to the building against rain, heat,
snow, wind, etc.
Stairs, Lifts, ramps, etc.:
These are the means of vertical transportation between the floors. Out of these the stairs is the most common. It is defined as a sequence of
steps suitably arranged for the purpose of ascent and decent between the floors.
Utility Fixtures:
These are the built in items in the building. They are immovable in nature. Wooden cupboards made in walls are utility fixtures. Generally they are
provided by making recesses in walls, which the structure weak. So in modern construction these are avoided.
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Important building
components
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Coping
Cornice
Wall
Window
Sill
String Course
Weather shed
Plinth Level
Foundation
RCC Lintel
Flooring of terrace
Steps
Door
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Important building
components
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Coping
Cornice
Watershed
Window
Sill
String Course
Weather shed
Plinth
LevelSteps
Plinth level floor
Plinth
Foundation
First floor slab
RCC Lintel
Flooring of terrace
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Important building
components
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Weather shed
Parapet Wall
RCC Roof Slab
Lintel
Window Brick Wall
Damp Proof Course
Flooring
Footing
Sand Filling
Base Concrete
Foundation
Bed Level
Plinth Level
Superstructure
Substructure
Weathering Course
Coping
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Bye laws
Vestibule
Living Area
18’x20’
Parking
15’x15’
Bed room
12’x14’ Bed room
14’x14’
Kitchen
Set back
5’
S
e
t
b
a
c
k
5
’
S
e
t
b
a
c
k
5
’
Garden
Set back
10’
Bye-laws:
A bye law is a local law framed by a subordinate authority. The
building codes or bye-laws are defined as the standards and
specifications designed to great minimum safeguards to the
workers during construction; to the health and comfort of users;
and to provide enough safety to the public in general.
The Bye-Laws govern the following aspects:
1. Set back or building line.
2. Floor space index or built up area.
3. Open space requirements around the building.
4. Size of the rooms.
5. Height of the rooms and building.
6. Lightning and ventilation of rooms.
7. Water supply and sanitary provisions.
8. Structural design or sizes and sections.
Top Plan
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Bye laws
Height of the building
Pillar
Boundary Wall
Main Entrance
Front Set Back
Interior Entrance
Ramp
Isometric view
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Structural system of
building
Load Bearing wall
Load Bearing Structure:
The system of buildings comprising of
slabs, beams and load bearing walls is
known as load bearing structure.
Most of residential buildings are small in
size and are up to three storey are
generally constructed as load bearing
structures.
Roof truss
Flooring
Cement Concrete
Foundation
Bed Concrete
Front elevation
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
building
Load Bearing wall
Bed Concrete
Roof truss
Flooring
Cement Concrete
Foundation
Isometric view
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
building
Column
Floor Beam
Roof Slab
Floor Slab
Footing
Plinth Beams
Framed Structure:
It is a structure comprising of slabs resting on
beams which are supported by a network of
columns.
Generally all multi-storeyed buildings or high
rise buildings are constructed as Framed
Structure.
Front elevation
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
building
Column
Floor Beam
Roof Slab
Floor Slab
Footing
Foundation
Plinth Beams
Isometric view
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
building
Load Bearing wall
RCC Column
Bed Block
RCC Beam
RCC Slab
Flooring
Cement Concrete
Rubber Filling
Composite Structure:
Some of the buildings are constructed with
combination of both load bearing as well as framed
structure. Such structure is called Composite
Structure.
Composite structures for a building is preferred for
the buildings having large spans such as warehouses,
workshops, halls, large factory sheds, etc.
Front elevation
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
building
Load Bearing wall
RCC Column
Bed Block
RCC Beam
RCC Slab
Flooring
Cement Concrete
Rubber Filling
Isometric view
13th May’ 2017

Requirements of A Good Stair
Design of layout
Treads and risers
Material and workmanship
Width
Headroom
Flight
Single step
Winders
Handrail
Location
Pitch

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Stairs Dezyne E’cole College
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Stairs:
A stair is defined as a
sequence of steps and it is
provided to afford the means
of ascent and descent
between the floors or landings.
The apartment or room of a
building, in which the stair is
located, is known as staircase
and the opening or space
occupied by the stair is known
as stairway.
The other means of
transportation between the
floors of a building, apart from
stairs are lifts, ramps and
moving stairs.
Side Elevation Isometric view
Handrail
Baluster
Soffit
Waist
Newelpost
Tread
Riser
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Straight Stairs:
In case of a straight stairs, all
steps lead in one direction only
as shown in the figures.
This type of stairs may
consists of one or more flights
and they are used when the
space available for staircase is
long but narrow in width.
Up
Lading
Riser
Tread
Tread
Riser
Lading
Landing
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Turning Stairs:
In case of turning stairs, the
flights take turn.
The usual types of turning
stairs are described below in
the following slides:
Quarter-turn stairs:
A stair turning through one
right angle is known as a
quarter turn stair. If a quarter
turn stairs is branched into two
flights at a landing, it is termed
as bifurcated stairs. This type
of stairs is commonly used in
the public buildings near their
entrance hall. The stair has a
wider flight at the bottom which
bifurcates into two narrow
flights at the landing – one turn
to the left and other to the
right.
Lading
Tread
Riser
Riser
Tread
Lading
Up
Landing
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Bifurcated stairs:
A stair turning through one
right angle is known as a
quarter turn stair. If a quarter
turn stairs is branched into two
flights at a landing, it is termed
as bifurcated stairs. This type
of stairs is commonly used in
the public buildings near their
entrance hall. The stair has a
wider flight at the bottom which
bifurcates into two narrow
flights at the landing – one turn
to the left and other to the right.
Up
Lading
Riser
Tread
Tread
Lading
Riser
Landing
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Half Turn Stairs:
A Stair Turning Through Two
Right Angles Is Known As Half
Turn Stairs. A Half Turn May
Be In Following Types-
• Dog Legged
• Open Newel Stairs
• Three Quarter Turn Stairs
Dog Legged:
In Case Of Dog Legged Stairs,
The Flight Turn In Opposite
Direction And There Is No
Space Between Them In Plan.
These Stairs Are Useful Where
Total Width Of Space Available
For The Staircase Is Equal To
Twice The Width Of The Steps.
Its Name Is Derived From Its
Appearance In The Sectional
Elevation.
Lading
Up
Tread
Lading
Riser
Tread
Lading
Riser
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Open Newel Stairs:
In case of open newel stairs
there is a well or hole or
opening between the flights in
plan.
This well or hole may be
rectangular or of any
geometrical shape and it can
be used for fixing lift. These
stairs are useful where
available space for staircase
has a width greater than twice
the width of steps.
Openrectangularwell
Winder
Up
Tread
Winder
Riser
Tread
Winder
Riser
well
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Open Newel Stairs:
In case of open newel stairs
there is a well or hole or
opening between the flights in
plan.
This well or hole may be
rectangular or of any
geometrical shape and it can
be used for fixing lift. These
stairs are useful where
available space for staircase
has a width greater than twice
the width of steps.
Lading
Openrectangularwell
Up
Tread
Landing
Riser
Tread
Landing
Riser
Open rectangular well
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation
Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Three-Quarter-Turn Stairs:
A stair turning through three
right angles is known as a
three-quarter-turn stairs.
In this case, an open well is
formed . This type of stair is
used when the length of the
staircase is limited and when
the vertical distance between
the two floors is quite large.
Landing
Well
Up
Well
Tread
Landing
Riser
Tread
Landing
Riser
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Side Elevation Isometric view
Top view
Stairs
Circular or helical or spiral
Stairs:
In this type of stair, the steps
radiate from the center and
they do not have either any
landing or any intermediate
newel post.
The height of the floor and rise
are respectively 3.68 m and
160mm. The steps radiate at
an angle of 30 degrees from
the core. The handrail is not
shown.
2m
2.08m
3.68mCentral core
Central core
Tread
Riser
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design Basic
Assignments
Stairs of different
material
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Regular steps with rebated
joints:
In case of rectangular steps
the arrangement is made as
shown in the figure. The
overlap is about 25 mm to 45
mm.
This arrangement results in
considerable saving in labour
of cutting and dressing stones.
Soffit
Tread
Riser
Soffit
Riser
TreadUp
Overlap
13th May’ 2017

Assignments
Stairs of different
material
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Spandril Stairs:
In this arrangement, the steps
are triangular in shape and
they are cut in such a way so
as to obtain aci plain soffit as
shown in the figure.
This arrangement is used
where the headroom is
desired. The soffit affords a
nice appearance and the
weight of steps is also
reduced.
There are three types of
Spandril stairs:
1. with plain soffit
2. with broken soffit
3. With moulded soffit
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Soffit
Riser
TreadUp
Tread
Soffit
Riser
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Stairs of different
material
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Soffit
Riser
Soffit
Riser
TreadUp
Tread
Spandril Stairs With Broken
Soffit:
reduced.
Spandril stairs:
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Stairs of different
material
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Soffit
Riser
Soffit
Riser
Tread
Tread
Up
Spandril Stairs With
Moulded Soffit:
reduced.
Spandril stairs:
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Stairs of different
materials
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Milli Jain
B.Sc.- ID + 1 Year Residential
Design Diploma
Tread And Riser:
In this arrangement, the treads
and risers of stones are
provided as in case of timber
stairs. The stone slab treads
and risers are connected by
dowels as shown in the figure.
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Dowel
Riser
Trade
Tread
SoffitRiser
Soffit
Riser
Tread
Up
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Stairs of different
material
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Cantilever tread slab steps:
I this arrangement, the steps
are formed of trade only. For
this purpose, only thick stone
slabs are used without any
riser.
The steps can either of the
following two:
1. Rectangular in shape
2. Triangular in shape
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Tread
Soffit
Soffit
Tread
Up Wall
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Stairs of different
material
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Built-up Steps:
These steps are in the form of
treads and riser of thin swan
stone slabs. They are placed
in either of the two manners:
1. Over brick
2. Over concrete
The thickness of the step may
vary from 20 mm to 50 mm.
this arrangement is generally
adopted for marble steps to
give an ornamental covering to
the steps.
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Tread
Up
Riser
Riser
Tread
Stone slab
Brick
masonry
Brick
masonry
13th May’ 2017

Assignments
Stairs of different
material
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Built-up Steps:
These steps are in the form of
treads and riser of thin swan
stone slabs. They are placed
in either of the two manners:
1. Over brick
2. Over concrete
The thickness of the step may
vary from 20 mm to 50 mm.
this arrangement is generally
adopted for marble steps to
give an ornamental covering to
the steps
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Tread
Up
Riser
Riser
Tread
Marble slab
Concrete
Concrete
Steps
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Wooden Or Timber Stairs:
As wooden stairs are light in
weight, they are mostly used
for residential buildings. The
main objection to the provision
to a wooden stair is that it is
easily attacked by fire. But if a
wooden stair is constructed
from good quality timber such
as teak and if its thickness is
about 45 mm it becomes
sufficiently fire proof.
The important factors to be
considered in case of wooden
stairs are as follows:
1. The scotia blocks may be
provided to give an
additional finish.
2. The string can be cut string
or close string.
3. The landing can be formed
by wooden bearers or
beams.
4. Risers can be totally
omitted (in some cases).
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Stairs of different
materials
Scotia
block
Glue block
Screw
Tread
Riser
Riser
Tread
Nosing
13th May’ 2017

Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Entrance Stairs:
These steps are now
frequently used. The entrance
steps form a typical stair as
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Stairs of different
materials
Tread
Up
Riser
Riser
Tread
Ground
level
Plinth
Concrete bed
Concrete bed
Isometric view
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Brick Stairs:
These steps are now
frequently used. A brick stair
may be made of solid
construction or arches may be
formed as shown in the figure.
The arrangement reduces the
total quantity of brickwork and
gives some additional space
which can be used for making
cupboards etc.
In case of brick stairs the
treads and risers are generally
made equal to length of 1 1/2
bricks and height of two layers
of bricks respectively.
The trade and risers of a brick
stair are finished with suitable
flooring material.
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Stairs of different
materials
Tread
Up
Riser
Riser
Tread
Arches
Arches
Floor level
Floor level
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Metal Stairs:
The external fire escape are
generally made up of metal.
The common metal used for
constructions of stairs are cast
iron, bronze and mild steel.
These stairs are widely used in
factories, go downs, etc.
The important features of a
metal stair are:
1. Stringers are usually of
channel section.
2. The trade and riser may be
of one unit or of separate
units.
3. The riser may be omitted in
some cases.
4. The metal balusters with
handrail of pipe are used.
Isometric view
Side elevation
Top view
Stairs of different
materials
Tread
Up
Riser
Riser
Tread
Angle
Bolts
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
R.C.C. Stairs:
These stairs are now
commonly used in all types of
constructions and in case of
framed structures reinforced
concrete, the R.C.C. stair is
perhaps the only choice.
The typical R.C.C. stair is been
shown in the figure. The
details and placing of R.C.C.
will naturally depends on the
design of R.C.C. stair. The
steps may be cast-in-situ or
pre-cast. In latter case it is
also possible to pre cast a
flight and then place it in the
position with the help of the
suitable equipment.
Isometric viewSide elevation
Top view
Stairs of different
materials
Tread
Up
Riser
Riser
Tread
6 mm dia.
Bars at 150
mm c/c
Base
Base
12 mm dia.
Bars at 150
mm c/c
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Arches
Definition :
An arch is a structure which is constructed to span across an opening . It generally consist of small wedge-shape units which are joined together with
mortar. However the arches made of steel and R.C.C. are built in single units without the use of wedge-shaped and they are used for the bridge
construction.
Crown
Extrados
Pier
Springing line
Springer
Intrados
Spandril
Span
Rise
Key
Voussoirs
Centre
Abutment
Skewback
Detailed view of an arch
13th May’ 2017

Residential Design
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Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Arches
Technical Terms :
1. Intrados: This is the inner curve of the arch .
2. Soffit: this is the inner surface of the arch . Sometimes the terms , intrados and soffit are treated as synonyms .
3. Extrados or Back: This is the external curve of an arch .
4. Skewback: This is the inclined or splayed surface on the abutment . It is prepared to receive the arch and from it , springs the
arch .
5. Springer: This is the first Voussoir at springer level on either side of an arch and it is immediately adjacent to the skewback.
6. Crown: This is the highest point of the extrados .
7. Key: This wedge-shaped unit at the crown of an arch. It is sometimes made prominent by making it of a larger section and
projecting it below and above the outlines of an arch .
8. Abutment: This is the end support of an arch .
9. Piers: These are the intermediate supports of an arcade .
10. Springing Points: These are the points from which the curve of an arch springs .
11. Springing Line: This is the imaginary horizontal line joining the two springing points .
12. Span: This is the clear horizontal distance between the supports .
13. Rise: This is the clear vertical distance between the highest point on the intrados and the springing line .
14. Depth or Height: This is the perpendicular distance between the intrados and extrados .
15. Spandril: This is the irregular triangular space formed between the extrados and the horizontal line drawn tangent to the crown
.
13th May’ 2017

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Arches
Types Of Arches :
• Segmental Arch
• Flat Arch
• Pointed Arch
• Relieving Arch
• Horse Shoe Arch
• Stilted Arch
• Venetian Arch
• Florentine Arch
• Bull Eye Arch
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Arches
Flat Arches
The apparent shape of this arch is
flat and usually the skewback forms
an angle of 60 degree with
horizontal.
Extrados
Intrados
Springer
Skewback
Opening
Extrados
Intrados
Opening
Relieving arch
Wooden joist
Relieving Arches
This arch is constructed over a
wooden joist or a flat arch. Thus it
relieves the joist or flat arch from
carrying the load. Span will be equal
to clear span of the opening plus
twice the bearing of wooden joist
which is being relived from taking
the load.
Flat Arch
Relieving Arch
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Arches
Equilateral Arches
This type of arch consists two
curves which meets at the apex of a
triangle. Triangle formed may be
equilateral or isosceles. In
equilateral arch, the centers will be
on the springing points.
Lancet Or Isosceles Arches
This type of arch consists two
curves which meets at the apex of a
triangle. Triangle formed may be
equilateral or isosceles. The latter
type is known as the lancet arch.
The centers of the arch may be on
or below the springing line and they
may be in between or outside the
springing points.
Equilateral Arch
Lancet Or Isosceles Arch
Extrados
Opening
Centre
Intrados
Key s
Intrados
Extrados
Key s
Opening
Centre
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Arches
Horse-shoe Arch
Extrados
Opening
Centre
Intrados
Stilted Arch
HORSE-SHOE ARCHES
This arch has a shape of a horse-
shoe and it is mainly adopted from
architectural consideration. The
shape of the arch includes more
than a semi-circle.
SLITED ARCHES
This type of arch has a semi-circular
shape attached at the tops of two
vertical portions. The springing line
of arch passes through the tops of
vertical portions.
Extrados
Opening
Centre
Intrados
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Arches
Extrados
Opening
Intrados
Venetian Arch
Florentine Arch
Venetian Arches
In this type of arch, the depth at
crown is more than that at the
springing line. The venetian arch
has four centers, all located on
the springing line.
Florentine Arches
This type of arch is similar to the
venetian arch except that the
intrados has shape of a
semicircular curve. There are
three centers for a Florentine
arch, all located on the springing
line.
Extrados
Opening
Intrados
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Arches
Bull’s Eye Arch Bull’s Eye Arches
One centered arch has only one
center. The flat, segmental, semi-
circular, horse-shoe and stilted
arches are one-centered.
Sometimes the circular windows
are used to have an architectural
effect. For this purpose, a bull’s
eye arch is adopted.
13th May’ 2017

Definition
A door may be defined as an operable secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing access to the users of the
structure. It basically consists of two parts, namely, frame and shutter. The door shutter is held in position by the wall by some
suitable means.
Types Of Doors
❑ Ledged doors
❑ Ledged and braced doors
❑ Ledged and framed doors
❑ Ledged ,framed and braced doors
❑ Framed and paneled doors
❑ Glazed or sash doors
❑ Flush doors
❑ Louvered doors
❑ Collapsible steel doors
❑ Revolving doors
❑ Rolling steel doors
❑ Swing doors
Residential Design
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Doors

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Technical terms:
Frame:
This consists of a group of members which form a support for a
door or a window.
Style:
This is the outside vertical member of the shutter of a door or a
window.
Head:
The top or upper most horizontal part of a frame is known as the
head.
Sill:
The lower most or bottom horizontal part of a window frame is
known as the sill. The door frames are usually not provided with
the sills.
Top rail:
This is the topmost horizontal member of the shutter.
Lock rail:
This is the middle horizontal member of the shutter where the
locking arrangement is provided.
Bottom rail:
This is the lower most horizontal member of the shutter.
Intermediate or cross rail:
The additional horizontal rails fixed between the top and bottom
rails of a shutter.
Panel:
This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
Holdfast:
This is generally in the form of a mild steel flat bar of section
30mm by 6mm and of length 200mm.
Front elevation
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Front elevation
Doors
Top Rail
Horn
Style
Lock Rail
Frame
Panel
Holdfast
Bottom Rail
Detailed View
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Ledged doors:
Top Ledge
Middle Ledge
Bottom Ledge
Frame
Wall
Lintel
Head
Hinge
Batten
Vertical SectionFront Elevation
HeadA ledged door is formed of
the vertical boards, known
as battens, which are
secured by horizontal
supports, known as the
ledges as the battens are
100mm to 150mm wide
and 20mm to 30mm thick.
The ledges are generally
100mm to 200mm wide
and 30mm thick. The three
edges are generally
employed- top, middle and
bottom.
Frame
Ledge
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan

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Ledged and Braced doors:
Top Ledge
Middle Ledge
Bottom Ledge
Frame
Wall
Lintel
Head
Hinge
Batten
Vertical Section
Front Elevation
Head
Enlarged Part-plan
Frame
Ledge
Brace
Batten
These are similar to ledged
doors except the diagonal
member, known as braces,
are provided as shown in
the figure. The braces are
generally 100mm to
150mm wide and 30mm
thick. The braces are
usually housed in the
ledges. It should be noted
that the braces must slope
upwards from the hanging
side as they have to work
in compression and not n
tension.

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Ledged and Framed
doors:
In this type of doors,
framework for shutters is
provided to make the
doors stronger and better
in appearance as shown
in figure. The styles are
generally 100mm wide
and 40mm thick. The
battens and ledges are
provided as usual.
Top Ledge
Middle Ledge
Bottom Ledge
Frame
Wall
Lintel
Head
Hinge
Batten
Head
Enlarged Part-plan
Frame
Ledge
Style
Batten

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Ledged framed and braced
doors:
This is just similar to the above type
except that the braces are
introduced. This type of door is
more durable and stronger and
hence it can be adopted for external
use. The braces should incline
upwards from the hanging side.
Top Ledge
Middle Ledge
Bottom Ledge
Frame
Wall
Lintel
Head
Hinge
Batten
Head
Style
Frame
Ledge
Style
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan

Panel Style
Top rail
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Panelled Door
This is the most visual variety of door and it consists of a framework in which panels are fitted. A double-leafed, framed and paneled door with four
panels. This type of door reduces the tendency of shrinkage and presents a decent appearance. The styles are continuous from top to bottom and rails are
joined to the styles. The mullion, if any, are joined to rails. Thickness of the shutter depends on various factors such as type of work, situation of door,
number of panels, etc. but thickness of shutter is about 30mm to 40mm.
Single Panel Door Two Panel Door Three Panel Door
Lock
rail
Panel Panel
Mullion
Style
Bottom
rail

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Framed Panelled Door
This is the most visual variety of door and it consists of a framework in which panels are fitted. A double-leafed, framed and paneled door with four
panels. This type of door reduces the tendency of shrinkage and presents a decent appearance. The styles are continuous from top to bottom and rails are
joined to the styles. The mullion, if any, are joined to rails. Thickness of the shutter depends on various factors such as type of work, situation of door,
number of panels, etc. but thickness of shutter is about 30mm to 40mm.
Top
rail
Bottom
rail
Panel
Frieze rail
Mullion
Frame
Panel
Panel Panel
Panel Panel
Top Plan
PanelStyle
Frame
Front Elevation

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Glazed Or Sash Doors
In order to admit more light, in addition to that coming from the windows, the fully glazed or partly paneled and partly glazed doors are used. Usually
the ratio of glazed portion to paneled portion is 2:1. the glass is received into the rebates provided in the wooden sash doors and secured by nails and
putty or by wooden beads fixed to the frame. In order to increase the area of the glazed portion, the width of style above lock rail is decreased. These
are known as diminished styles or gunstock styles. The glazed or sash doors are used in hospitals, offices, show rooms, banks, shopping units, etc.
Fully Glazed Door Partly Panelled And Partly
Glazed Door
Door With Diminishing
Styles
Glass
panel
Style
Glass
panel
Timer
panel
Frame Frame
Style
Glass
panel

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Flush Doors
It consists of a framework of rails and styles and it is covered with plywood or hard-board. There are two varieties of flush door – framed flush door and
a laminated flush door.
A Framed Flushed Door consists of styles, rails, horizontal ribs, vertical ribs and ply wood. the horizontal holes are provided for ventilation and vertical
ribs rest on rails. Empty space is filled with granulated cork or any other light material. The lock block and hinge block is provided to shutter to fix
mortise lock and hinges.
Style
Hole
Vertical
ribs
Ply wood
Hinge block
Lock block
Verticalribs
Style
Horizontal ribs
Hollow space
Ply wood
Bottom rail
Front ElevationTop Plan

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Flush Doors
It consists of a framework of rails and styles and it is covered with plywood or hard-board. There are two varieties of flush door – framed flush door and
a Laminated Flush Door.
A Laminated Flush Door consists of styles, rails, laminated core and ply wood. The laminate of wood are glued together under great pressure.
Front Elevation
Top rail
Bottom rail
Style
Laminated core
Top Plan
Ply wood
Style
Ply wood
Laminated core
Frame

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Louvered Doors
The shutters are provided with louvers, either fully or partly. The louvers are arranged at such an inclination that the horizontal vision is obstructed.
Thus the upper back edge of any louver will be higher than the lower front edge of the louver. Louvers can be movable or fixed.
Side plan
Elevation
Louvers
Louvers
Panels
Frame

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Sliding Doors
The shutter slides on the sides with the help of runner and guide. The shutter may be of one or several leaves and can slide either on one side or both
the sides. The cavities may be provided in the wall to receive the door in an open position or it may simply lie touching the wall.
Wall
Opening
Sliding Shutter Sliding On One Side
Wall
Opening
Opening
Wall
Double Shutter Sliding On Both Side
Double Shutter Sliding On One Side
Runner
Door opening
Floor
G.L
Handle
Shutter
Front Elevation
Frame

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Definition
A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose of providing daylight, vision and ventilation. It also
consists of two parts, namely, frame and shutter. The window frame is suitable fixed in the opening of the wall and the window
shutter is held in position by the window frame.
Horn
Style
Frame
Panel
Holdfast
Sill
Head
Front elevation
Detailed View

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Types of windows
• Casement windows
• Double-Hung windows
• Pivoted windows
• Sliding windows
• Louvered windows
• Sash or glazed windows
• Metal windows
• Circular windows
• Corner windows
• Gable windows
• Dormer windows
• Bay windows
• Clerestory windows
• Lanterns or lantern windows
• Skylights
Windows

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Casement Window
These are the windows, the shutters of which open like doors. The construction of a casement window is similar to the door
construction and it consists of a frame styles, rails, vertical and horizontal sash bars and sometimes. It also includes mullions and
transoms.
Windows
Detailed View
Wall
Frame
Shutters
Style
Front Elevation

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Double-hung Window
These windows consists of a pair of shutters which can slide within grooves provided in the frame. A pair of metal weights connected by cord
or chain over pulleys is provided for each other.it is so arranged that the upper sash moves in the downward direction, thus opening at the top
and lower sash moves in the upward direction, thus opening at the bottom.
Windows
Style
Bottom rail
Top rail
Glass panels
Front Elevation

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Pivoted Window
The shutters are allowed to swing round the pivots. The frame of a pivoted window is just similar to casement window
except that no rebates are provided. The windows may be vertically or horizontally pivoted.
Windows
Detailed View
ShutterFrame
Pivot
Top plan

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Sash And Glazed Windows
These are fully glazed casement windows. The sashes are rebated to receive glass panels. The width and the depth of rebates are
about 15mm and 5mm respectively. The glass is secured in position either by putty or by small fillets, known as the glazing
beads.
Windows
Frame
Bottom rail
Top rail
Glass
panel
Front Elevation

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Corner Window
These windows are provided at the corner of a room placed at the corner of a room and thus they have two faces in two perpendicular
directions. In this situation there is entry of light and air from two direction. However, special lintel will have to be cast at the corner and the
jamb post of the window at the corner will have to be made of heavy section.
Windows
Frame
Shutter
Frame
WallGlazing
Top plan
Side view

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Metal Window
The shutters are allowed to swing round the pivots. The frame of a pivoted window is just similar to casement window except that no
rebates are provided. The windows may be vertically or horizontally pivoted.
Windows
Lintel
Plug
Hinges
Handle
Lintel
Screw
Handle
Wooden Frame
Hinge
Front Elevation Of Metal Window
Fixed To The Wall
Front Elevation Of Metal Window Fixed
On A Wooden Frame

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Gable Window
These are the windows which are provided in the gable ends of a roof.
Dormer Window
These are the windows provided on the sloping roofs and the main purpose is to admit light and air to rooms which are constructed within or
below the roof slopes.
Windows
Gable end
Gable Window
Dormer window

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Bay Window
These windows project outside the external walls of a room. they may be square, splayed, circular, polygon or of any shape. The projection of bay
window may start from floor level or sill level. These window admit more lights, increase opening area, provide ventilation and improve the
appearance of the building.
Windows
Top plan
Frame Shutter Window sill
Building face line
Front elevation

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Clerestory Window
These windows are provided near the top of main roof and pivoted windows are used for this purpose. The clerestorey windows provide
ventilation to the inside of the room as the front is blocked by the verandah.
Outside
Verandah roof
Shutter
Pivot
Inside
Windows

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Lanterns Or Lantern Lights
These are the windows which are fixed on flat roofs to provide light to the inner portion of the building where light coming from the windows
in the external walls is insufficient. They may be square or rectangular or curved. The glass panels are generally fixed, but if ventilation is also
required in addition o lights, the pivoted windows may be provided.
Windows
Flat roof Lantern light
Curbing
Front Elevation
Plan

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Skylights
These are the windows provided on the sloping roofs of the pitched roof meant for light, they are usually provided with the fixed glass panels. The
common rafters are suitable trimmed and the skylight is erected on a curb frame.
Windows
Front Elevation
Lead gutter
Top rail
Glass
Copper clip
Curb frame
Common rafter Trimming piece

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Mosquito-proof
To avoid the nuisance of mosquito
and flies, it becomes necessary to
make mosquito-proof shutters of
doors, windows and ventilators of
refreshment rooms, sweet shops,
hotels, etc. the shutters of doors,
windows, and ventilators are made
mosquito-proof.
• Mosquito-proof Door
In case of doors, ordinary paneled
shutters are provided on the front
side and they open outside. The
inside shutters are provided with
wire-gauge and an automatic
arrangement, in the form of a
spring hinge, is also provided.
• Mosquito-proof Window
It shows the arrangement for
mosquito-proofing a window
which is opening outside. In order
to open shutters of window from
inside, the roto mechanism is
provided. In figure wire-gauge is
provided on the outside and
parliamentary hinges are provided
to the shutters of window.
Windows
Front Elevation Of Mosquito-proof Door
Wall
Wall
Wire-gauge shutters
Frame
Outside
Inside
Spring hinge
Paneled Shutters
Front Elevation Of Mosquito-proof Window
Inside
Wire-gauge in steel
frame
Roto mechanism
Metal window

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Pointing
Definition
The exposed surfaces of walls are to be provided with pointing or plastering. The process of pointing is adopted for stone masonry or brick masonry
while plastering is carried out for exposed surfaces of ceiling, walls, columns, etc. Pointing is used to donate the finishing of mortar joints of either
stone masonry or brick masonry
Pointing : The term pointing is used to denote the finishing of mortar joints , of either stone masonry or brick masonry . The joint is
raked out to a depth of about 20mm and then ,these spaces are filled up by suitable mortar in the desired shape .
Objects Of Pointing And Plastering :
• To improve the appearance of the structure as a whole and to give smooth surface .
• To protect the exposed surface from the effects of atmospheric actions .
• To rectify the defective workmanship or to conceal inferior materials .
Mortar For Pointing : The pointing is generally adopted for the finishing of exposed external walls of a structure . It is cheap in the
first coat , but it requires frequent replacement . The pointing may be carried out either in lime mortar or in cement mortar .
• Lime Mortar : consist of equal volumes of lime and sand . These two materials are carefully ground in a mortar mill . The sand to
be used for preparing lime mortar should be clean , fine and free from any organic impurities .
• Cement Mortar : consist of equal volume of cement and sand . The cement should comply with standard requirements and sand
should be clean , fine and free from any organic impurities .
Methods Of Pointing :
• The mortar of the masonry joints to be covered with a depth of at least 20 mm.
• The dust from the masonry joints is removed by the brushes .
• The mortar is then washed with clean water and it is kept wet for a few hours .
• The mortar then carefully placed in desired shape in these prepared joints .
• The finished surface is well-watered for a period of at least 3 days , if lime mortar is used and 10 days , if cement mortar is used .

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Pointing
Types Of Pointing :
• Beaded Pointing
• Flush Pointing
• Recessed Pointing
• Rubbed Pointing
• Struck Pointing
• Tuck Pointing
• Vee Pointing
• Weathered Pointing

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Pointing
Beaded
It is formed by a steel or iron rod
with a concave edge. It is good in
appearance but it is difficult to
maintain as it can be easily
damaged.
Detail
Beaded Pointing
Side Elevation Front Elevation
It is formed by removing the
excess mortar from joint. The joint
is made flush with the face. It does
not give good appearance but is
durable and does not provide
accumulation of dust, water, etc.
Flush Pointing
Detail
Flush

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Pointing
The face of the pointing is kept
vertical and it is pressed inside the
wall surface by a suitable tool to a
depth of about 5mm or more. it
gives very good appearance.
Recessed Pointing
Side Elevation
Front Elevation
Also called keyed or grooved
pointing. Groove is formed at the
center of height by a pointer and it
gives better appearance and is
generally adopted.
Rubbed Pointing
Detail
Detail
Recessed
Rubbed

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Pointing
The face of pointing is kept
inclined. The upper edge of joint is
about 10mm inside the face of
masonry. This joint disposes water
easily. If the lower edge of joint is
kept inside the face of masonry, it
is called overhead struck pointing.
Struck Pointing
A groove is formed at the center of
joint. The width and depth of
groove are 5mm to 3 mm. the
groove is then filled in or tucked in
by white cement putty with a
projection of 3mm.
Tuck Pointing
Detail
Detail
Struck
Tuck

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Pointing
Detail
Vee
Weathered
Vee -shaped groove is formed in
the mortar joint.
Vee- Pointing
Side Elevation
A projection in the form of a vee-
shaped is formed.
Weathered Pointing
Detail
Front Elevation

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Flooring
Definition :
In order to sub-divide the portion between the plinth level or basement level and roof level , the solid constructions are carried out .
These constructions are the floors and the exposed top surfaces of floors are termed as flooring .
Factors Affecting Choice Of Flooring Materials :
• Appearance : The flooring materials should be of desired appearances and it should
produce the colour effect in conformity with the use of building .
• Cleaning : The flooring materials should be such that it can be easily and effectively
cleaned . It should have effectively resistance against absorption of oil , grease , etc.
• Comfort : The flooring material should be such that it gives comfort when used . If the
material posses reasonably good thermal insulation , it imparts comfort to the resident of
the building to a great extent .
• Cost : The cost of flooring materials should be reasonable as compared to the utility of
the building .
• Damp resistance : the flooring material should offer sufficient resistance against
dampness so that healthy environment prevails in the building .
• Durability : The flooring materials should be durable and it should be strong enough to
impart resistance to wear , tear , chemical action , temperature changes etc.
• Fire Resistance : This quality of flooring materials is of more importance for upper floor .
• Hardness : The flooring materials should be sufficiently hard so as to have resistance to
mark or signs caused by the shifting and rubbing of furniture .
• Maintenance : The flooring materials should be such that minimum maintenance is
required .
• Noise : If noise is created by the use of flooring materials , it leads to discomfort and
hence , at place where silence is required , such flooring materials giving less noise
should only be preferred .
• Slipperiness : the surface of floor should be smooth but at the same time , it should not
be too slippery .
Floor
Concrete Flooring : The thickness of
concrete layer is about 40 mm and it is
carried out in proportion of 1 part of
cement , 2 parts of sand and 4 parts of
coarse aggregate by volume . You should
remember these points while choosing a
flooring material .

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Flooring
• Asphalt
• Brick
• Concrete
• Cork
• Glass
• Linoleum
• Magnesite
• Marble
• Moorum
• Mud
• Plastic
• Rubber
Types Of Flooring :

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Flooring
Asphalt: Formerly, the asphalt
flooring was not favored because
of bad smell and ugly color of the
asphalt. But at present, asphalt
flooring can be carried out in a
variety of colors and in different
forms.
Brick: This materials is used for
cheap construction and for places
where heavy articles are to be
stacked as in case of go downs,
shed, stores etc. The bricks are
laid on the floor and the
brickwork Is carried out in cement
or lime mortar.
Mud : This flooring is just similar
to moorum flooring except that
mud is used in place of moorum .
Concrete: The thickness of
concrete layer is about 40 mm
and it is carried out in proportion
of 1 part of cement, 2 parts of
sand and 4 parts of coarse
aggregate by volume.
Timber: This is the earliest but
most common flooring material.
This material possesses natural
beauty and is available in a
variety of colours. It is elastic and
has enough resistance to wear.
Linoleum: This flooring materials
is a mixture of linseed oil, gums
and resins, pigments, wood flour,
cork dust and other filling
materials. It is available in rolls of
width about 1.80 m or 3.60 m.
Glass: This flooring materials is
used when it is desired to
transmit light to the floor below
or to admit light to the basement
from the upper floor.
Marble: This flooring materials is
used for superior work and
especially where extraordinary
cleanliness is required as in case
of operation theatres in hospitals,
temples, bathroom, kitchen etc.

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Milli Jain
Design Diploma
Flooring
Plastic : This flooring materials
called poly-vinyl-chloride (PVC) and
it is fabricated in the form of tiles of
different sizes and various colour
shades . This flooring is used with
success practically in all types of
building such as hospitals , offices ,
shops , school etc.
Stone : The flooring of this material
consist of square or rectangular
slabs of stones . The stones to be
used for flooring should be hard ,
durable and of good quality . The
stone slabs may be rough or
polished.
Rubber : This flooring material is a
mixture of raw rubber , fillers such
as Fibre , cork and pigments . A
small percentage of sulphur is
added to accelerate the process of
vulcanization .
Terrazzo : This is simply a concrete
in which marble chips are used as
aggregates and which , when
polished with carborundum stone ,
presents a smooth surface .
Magnesite : This flooring is known as the
composition flooring or joint less flooring
. It consist of a dry mixture of magnesium
oxide , a pigment and an inert material
such as asbestos , wood flour , or saw
dust .
Tile : The pre-cast concrete tiles with
marble chips at top surface known as the
mosaic tiles , are simply a form of
precast-terrazzo . The are available in
different sizes
Cork: The natural cork is the outer bark
of the cork oak tree. This flooring in two
forms, namely– Tiles and Carpet. The
cork tiles which are manufactured from
high grade cork bark, are available in
standard sizes with varying shades and of
different thickness.
Moorum: The moorum is the cheapest
flooring materials and it can only be
adopted for ground floor. The moorum is
a form of disintegrated rock with binding
materials.

Milli Jain, B.Sc. Interior Design- 1st Year
1Year Residential Design Diploma
NSQF Level-5 (NSDC)
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dezyneecole.com
Thank you

Milli Jain , Residential Design Diploma ,NSQF Level 5

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