Yash Agarwal, Commercial Design Diploma, NSQF Level 6 of NSDC.

INTERIOR DESIGN
Subject : Building Construction
Submitted By : Yash Agarwal, B.sc.ID 1st sem. + 1 Year
NSQF LEVEL – 5 (NSDC)
Residential Design Diploma
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dezyneecole.com
Today A Reader,
Tomorrow A Leader

Project Report
On
Computer fundamentals
At
Dezyne E’cole College
Ajmer
Submitted to
Towards the
Partial Fulfillment of
B.SC. – Interior Design
By
Yash Agarwal
106/10 Civil Lines, Ajmer
Tel- 0145-2624679
www.dezyneecole.com
2016-17

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Yash Agarwal, Student Of Dezyne E’Cole College, Am Extremely Grateful To
Each And Every. Individual Who Has Contributed In Successful Completion of
My Project.
I Express My Gratitude towards Dezyne E’Cole College for Their. Guidance and
Constant Supervision As Well As For Providing. The Necessary Information and
Support Regarding. The Completion of Project.
Thank You.

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
03rd November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Design Diploma
Residential Buildings
Top Plan Of Detached House Isometric View Of Detached House
Detached House-It is usual tendency of any family to have a house surrounded by its own land. This had led to the formation of detached
houses. The design of a detached house can be made considering the individual requirements of the family to be accommodated in that
house. Sufficient margins are left on sides, front and rear. It may also include amenities such as private garden, swimming pool, etc.
Plot
Road
Detached House

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
03rd November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Top Plan Of Semi-Detached House Isometric View Of Semi-Detached House
Semi-Detached House-A common boundary Wall In the form of structural barriers divides an independent plot into two units. Such a
construction helps in securing many advantages of the detached type of houses and in addition, economy may be achieved by sharing
expenses of common amenities such as waterlines, drainage lines, electric cables, etc.
Road
Plot Plot
Semi-Detached
House
Semi-Detached
House

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
03rd November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Top Plan Of Row Houses Isometric View Of Row Houses
Row Of Houses-For providing reasonable accommodation to the laborers or workers, a row of houses with minimum requirements such as
living room and kitchen, may be constructed. It may be single storeyed or two- storeyed. The row-housing yields more net residential density
and it is preferred for the low – income group of families
Road
Plot
Plot
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
4
Common Wall
Road

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
4th November,2016
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Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Top Plan Of Apartments / Flats Isometric View Of Apartments/Flats
Apartments/Flats-Due to tendency of migration by village population to cities, there is considerable rise in the price of city land and hence,
it has become practically impossible even for the higher class of the society to have a detached house in a thickly populated city area. This has
led to the conception of apartments or flats. An apartment or a flat consist of three to ten storeys and each floor or storey may accommodate
two or six flats or apartments.
Road
Plot
Common Wall
Lift Lift
Flat 1 Flat 2 Flat 3 Flat 4
UP
UP
DW
DW

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
05thNovember,2016
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Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Top Plan Of Duplex Type Apartments Isometric View Of Duplex Type Apartment
Duplex Type Apartments-Duple is an Apartment having rooms on two adjoining floors connected by an internal staircase. In mutli-
storeyed buildings, these can be so arranged that corridors fall on alternate floor or even beyond. Along with good elevation split level has
advantage of privacy, more air and light and more internal space with the vertical movement from adjacent levels of only half the height of
floor to ceiling.
Road
Ground
floor
Road
1st floor
UP

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
10th November,2016
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Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Structural System Of
Buildings
Front View Isometric View
Load Bearing structure- The system of building comprising of slabs, Beams and load bearing walls is known as a Load bearing structure.
Most of the residential buildings are small in size and are up to three storey are generally constructed as load bearing structure.
Road
Foundation
Load Bearing Pillars
Flooring
Roof Truss
Cement Concrete
GLGL

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
10th November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Buildings
Load Bearing structure- It is a structure comprising of slabs resting on beams and pillars which are supported by a network of columns.
The live load from the slab Is transferred it to main beams through rigid joints. Main beam rest over columns and load from the beam is
transferred to the soil through columns and their footings.
Road
Foundation
Floor Slab
Flooring
GLGL
Footing
Plinth Beam
Floor Beam
Pillar
Roof Slab

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
10th November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Buildings
Composite structure- some of the buildings are constructed with combination of both load bearing as well as framed structure. Such
structure is called composite structure. In this type of structure external walls are treated as load bearing walls and all intermediate
supports are in the form of R.C.C columns/pillars, buildings having large spans such as warehouses, workshops,halls,large factory sheds, etc.
Road
Cement Concrete
R.C.C Beam
FlooringGLGL
Rubber
Filling
Flooring Floor Beam
R.C.C Slab
Load Bearing Pillars

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
11th November,2016
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Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Components of building
Flooring
Ground floor
First floor
Water Shed
Window
Steps
R.C.C slab
coping
Parapet Wall
Wall
Door Frame
Components Of Buildings
GLGL

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
15th November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Building Bye-laws
Bye laws- A bye-law is a local law framed by a subordinate authority. The buildings codes is bye laws as the standards and specification designed to
great minimum safeguards to the workers during construction; to the health and comfort of users; and to provide enough safety to the public in
general.
An order prescribed is known as the regulation, while the law of a local authority is known as bye-law. Bye law is supplementary law or regulation
Top Plan Isometric View
SET BACK
GARDENPARKING
S
E
T
B
A
C
K
BUILT-UP AREA
S
E
T
B
A
C
K
10’

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
15th November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Building Bye-laws
The bye-laws and regulations govern the
following building aspects:
1) Set back or building Line
2) Floor space index or built up area
3) Open space requirements around the building.
4) Size of the room.
5) Height of room and building.
6) Lightings and ventilation of room
7) Water supply and sanitary provisions
8) Structural design or sizes and sections
Set Back
Open space
Lightings &
ventilation
Height

STAIRCASE
o Stairs
o Types Of Stairs

STAIRS
TYPES OF STAIRS
 Straight Stairs
 Turning Stairs
 Circular Or Helica Or Spiral Stair
 Geometrical Stairs
A Stair Is Defined As A Sequence Of Steps And It Is Provided To Afford The Means Of
Ascent And Decent Between The Floors Or Landings. The Apartment Or Room Of A
Building, In Which The Stair Is Located, Is Known As Staircase And The Opening Or
Space Occupied By The Stair Is Known As A Stairway.

Building
constructions
4th March, 2017 Dezyne E’cole College
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
Bullnose step is generally provided
at the bottom of flight. It projects in
front of the newel post and its end
forms a circular quadrant in plan.
Commode step has a curved riser
and tread.
Splayed step has one end or both
ends splayed in plan.
Winder is a tapering step and it is
used to change direction of a flight
STAIRS
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Up Up Up Up
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
Bullnose Splayed Commode
Winder
Round -ended
Tread Tread Tread Tread
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
4 march, 2017 Dezyne E’cole College
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
In case of turning stairs, the flights
take turn. Diagram is showing one
of type of turning stairs named
quarter- turn stairs. This type of
stairs turn through right angle.
TURNING STAIRS
Landing
TOP PLAN STAIRS
ELEVATION OF STAIRS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF STAIRS
ELEVATION OF STAIRS
Riser
Up
First floor
Ground level
Down
Riser
Landing
Riser
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
In case of straight stair, all steps
lead in one direction. This type of
stair may consist of one or more
flights and they are used when the
space available for staircase is long
but narrow in width.
STAIRS
Landing
TOP PLAN STAIRS
Up
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread
Landing
Landing
Ground level
4th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
In case of turning stairs, the flights
take turn. Diagram is showing one
of type of turning stairs named
bifurcated stair. It is branched into
two flights at a landing. This type of
stair is commonly used in the public
buildings near their entrance hall.
The stair has a wider flight at the
bottom which bifurcates into the
narrower flights at the landing- one
turning to the left and the other to
the right.
BIFURCATED STAIRS
Landing
TOP PLAN STAIRS
ELEVATION OF STAIRS
Down Down
Tread
First floor
Ground level
Tread
Riser
Landing
Riser
Landing
Landing
Tread
Riser
Up
4th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
A stair turning through two right
angles is known as a half-turn stair.
A half-turn stair may be of dog-
legged type or open newel type. In
case of a dog-legged stair, the
flights run in opposite directions
and there is no open space between
them in plane. These stairs are
useful where total width of space
available for the staircase is equal to
twice the width of steps. Its name is
derived from its appearance in the
sectional elevation.
DOG-LEGGED STAIRS
Landing
TOP PLAN STAIRS
ELEVATION OF STAIRS
Up
Down
Tread
First floor
Ground level
Tread
Riser
Landing
Tread
Riser
Landing
Tread
Riser
4th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
legged type or open
newel type. In case of an open
newel stair, there is well or hole or
opening between the flights in plan.
This well may be rectangular or of
any geometrical shape and it can be
used for fixing lift. These stairs
useful where available space for
staircase has a width greater than
the width of steps.
HALF-TURN STAIRS
Winders
Open geometrical
well
TOP PLAN STAIRS
ELEVATION OF STAIRSUp
Down
Tread
Riser
First floor
Ground level
Tread
Riser
Landing
Tread
Riser
4th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
legged type or open
newel type. In case of an open
newel stair, there is well or hole or
opening between the flights in plan.
This well may be rectangular or of
any geometrical shape and it can be
used for fixing lift. These stairs
useful where available space for
staircase has a width greater than
the width of steps.
HALF-TURN STAIRS
Landing Landing
Opengeometricalwell
TOP PLAN STAIRS
ELEVATION OF STAIRS
Up
Down
Tread
Riser
First floor
Ground level
Landing
Landing
Landing
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
6th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
A stair turning through three right
angle is known as a three-quarter-
turn stair. In this case, an open well
is formed. This type of stair is used
when the length of the staircase is
limited and when the vertical
distance between the two floors is
quite large.
THREE-QUARTER-TURN STAIRS
LandingLanding
Well
TOP PLAN STAIRS
ELEVATION OF STAIRS
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF STAIRS
Up
Down
ELEVATION OF STAIRS
Landing
Landing
Landing
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
Landing
Landing
Landing
First floor
Ground level
6th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Stairs
Circular or helical or spiral stairs is a
type of stair where steps radiate
from the centre and they do not
have either any landing or any
intermediate newel post. In diagram
the height of the floor and rise
respectively 3.68m and 160mm.
The steps radiate at an angle of 30
degree from the core. The
headroom is 2.08m and the width
of stair is 2m.
CIRCULAR OR HELICAL OR
SPIRAL STAIRS
Central core
Floor
30
TOP PLAN STAIRS
Riser
Central core
Tread
Riser
Central core
Tread
6th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

DIFFERENT MATERIALS OF STAIRCASE
• Stone Stairs
• Wooden Or Timber Stairs
• Brick Stairs
• Metal Stairs
• R.C.C. Stairs

Building
constructions
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Construction of
Stairs
The overlap is about 25mm to
40mm. This arrangement results in
considerable saving labor of cutting
and dressing stones.
RECTANGULAR STONE STEP
STAIRS
Overlap
ELEVATION OF SPANDRIL STEP WITH PLAIN SOFFIT ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SPANDRIL STEP WITH PLAIN SOFFIT
Riser
Tread
ELEVATION OF RECTANGULAR STONE STEP ISOMETRIC VIEW OF RECTANGULAR STONE STEP
Tread
Tread
Riser Riser
Tread
Riser
Soffit Soffit
SPANDRIL STEP WITH PLAIN
SOFFIT
In this arrangement, the steps are
triangular in shape and they are cut
in such a way so as to obtain aci
plain soffit. It is used where the
headroom is desired. Weight of
steps is reduced ends of the
spandrel steps which are built into
wall should be square so as to
provide a horizontal seating or
bearing.
7th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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SPANDRIL STEP WITH BROKEN
SOFFIT
Soffit
ELEVATION OF SPANDRIL STEP WITH MOULDED SOFFIT ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SPANDRIL STEP WITH MOULDED SOFFIT
Riser
Tread
ELEVATION OF SPANDRIL STEP WITH
BROKEN SOFFIT
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SPANDRIL STEP WITH
BROKEN SOFFIT
Soffit
Riser
Tread
Soffit
Riser
Tread
Soffit
Riser
Tread
SPANDRIL STEP WITH MOULDED
SOFFIT
bearing.
bearing.
Construction of
Stairs 7th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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In this arrangement, the treads and
the risers of stones are provided as
in case of timber steps. The stone
slab treads and the risers are
connected by dowels.
TREAD AND RISER OF STONE
STEP STAIRS
Wall
ELEVATION OF CANTILEVER TREAD SLAB STEP ISOMETRIC VIEW CANTILEVER TREAD SLAB STEP
Riser
Tread
ELEVATION OF TREAD AND RISER OF
STONE STEP
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF TREAD AND RISER OF
STONE STEP
Wall
Riser
CANTILEVER TREAD SLAB STEP
STAIR
formed of treads only. For this
purpose, only thick stone slabs are
used without any riser. The steps
may either be rectangular or
triangular in shape.
Construction of
Stairs
Riser
Tread
Dowel Dowel
Riser
Tread
7th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
ELEVATION OF CANTILEVER TREAD SLAB STEP
ISOMETRIC VIEW BUILT-UP STAIRSELEVATION OF BUILT-UP STAIRS
ISOMETRIC VIEW CANTILEVER TREAD SLAB STEP
Riser
Tread
Wall
Wall
Riser
Tread
Riser
Riser
CANTILEVER TREAD SLAB STEP
STAIR
formed of treads only. For this
purpose, only thick stone slabs are
used without any riser. The steps
may either be rectangular or
triangular in shape.
BUILT-UP STEP STAIRS
These steps are in form of treads
and risers of thin sawn stone slabs.
They are placed over brick or
concrete steps. The thickness of
stone slab may very from 20mm to
50 mm. this arrangement is
generally adopted for marbles steps
to give an ornamental covering to
the step.
Construction of
Stairs
8th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Tread
ELEVATION OF WOODEN STEP ISOMETRIC VIEW WOODEN STEP
Riser
Brick masonry
ISOMETRIC VIEW BUILT-UP STAIRSELEVATION OF BUILT-UP STAIRS
Construction of
Stairs
Tread
Riser
BUILT-UP STEP STAIRS
These steps are in form of treads
and risers of thin sawn stone slabs.
They are placed over brick or
concrete steps. The thickness of
stone slab may very from 20mm to
50 mm. this arrangement is
generally adopted for marbles steps
to give an ornamental covering to
the step.
WOODEN STAIRS
As wooden stairs are light in weight,
they are mostly used for residential
building. If wooden stairs are
constructed from a good quality
timber then it becomes sufficiently
fire-proof.Riser
Tread
Nosing
Screw
Scotia block
Riser
Tread
Nosing
Scotia block
Screw
8th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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ENTRANCE STAIRS
ELEVATION OF BRICK STAIR ISOMETRIC VIEW BRICK STAIR
ISOMETRIC VIEW ENTRANCE STEPSELEVATION OF ENTRANCE STEPS
Construction of
Stairs
BRICK STAIRS
The entrance steps form a typical brick
stair may be made of solid construction
or arches may be provided. In case of a
brick stair, the treads and the risers are
generally made equal to length of 1.5
bricks and height of two layers of bricks.
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread
Riser
Riser
Tread
G.L
Plinth
Concrete layer
Plinth
Floor level
Floor level
8th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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The fire-escape stairs are generally made
of metal such as cast-iron, bronze, mild
steel. These stairs are used in factories,
go downs, workshops, etc.
METAL STAIRS
Riser
Tread
ISOMETRIC VIEW METAL STAIRELEVATION OF METAL STAIR
ISOMETRIC VIEW METAL STAIRELEVATION OF METAL STAIR
Construction of
Stairs
Riser
Tread
Bolts
Angle
Angle
Bolts
Tread
Riser
Riser
Tread
METAL STAIRS
The fire-escape stairs are generally made
of metal such as cast-iron, bronze, mild
steel. These stairs are used in factories,
go downs, workshops, etc.
9th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
These stairs are framed structure of
reinforced concrete, the R.C.C stair is
perhaps the only choice. They are found
to resist wear and fire better than any
other material and can be molded to the
desirable shape. Materials like marble,
terrazzo, tiles, etc. can be used.
R.C.C STAIRS
ELEVATION OF R.C.C STAIR
ISOMETRIC VIEW R.C.C STAIR
Construction of
Stairs
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread
Landing
6mm dia. Bars at 150mm c/c
12mm dia. Bars at 150mm c/c
9th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

REQUIREMENTS OF STAIRS
 Design Layout
 Treads And Risers
 Materials And Workmanship
 Width
 Pitch
 Headroom
 Flight
 Single Step
 Winders
 Handrail
 Location

ARCHES
o Arches
o Types Of Arches

ARCHES
An arch is a structure which is constructed to span across an opening. It is generally consists of small
wedge-shaped units which are joined together with mortar. However the arches made of steel and R.C.C
are built in single unit without the use of wedge-shaped units and they are used and they are used for the
bridge construction.

Building
constructions
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Arches
SEGMENTAL ARCH
Extrados
Intrados
Crown
Key
Voussoirs
Springing line Springing line
Span
Centre
Abutment
Spandril
Springer
Piers
Skewback
Rise
Intrados : Inner curve of the arch.
Extrados: External curve of the arch.
Spandril: Irregular triangular space
formed between the extrados and the
horizontal line drawn tangent to the
crown.
Voussoirs: These are the wedge-
shaped units forming the courses of an
arch.
Skewback: This is a inclined or splayed
surface on the abutment. It is prepared
to receive the arch and from it, springs
the arch.
Springer :This is the first voussoir at
springing level on either side of an
arch and it is immediately adjacent to
the skewback.
Crown and key: Crown is the highest
point of the extrados and key is the
wedge-shaped unit at the crown of an
arch.
Abutment: This is the end support of
an arch.
Piers: There are intermediate supports
of an arch.
TECHNICAL TERMS
Haunch : this is the lower half portion
of the arch between the crown and
skewback.
Center: this is the geometrical center of
the curve of an arch.
Springing line: this is the imaginary
horizontal line joining the two springing
line.
15th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Arches
The apparent shape of this arch is
flat and usually the skewback forms
an angle of 60 degree with
horizontal.
FLAT ARCHES
FLAT ARCH RELIEVING ARCH
This arch is constructed over a
wooden joist or a flat arch. Thus it
relieves the joist or flat arch from
carrying the load. Span will be equal
to clear span of the opening plus
twice the bearing of wooden joist
which is being relived from taking
the load.
RELIEVING ARCHES
Extrados
Intrados
Centre
Springer
Skewback
Extrados
Intrados
Opening
Opening
Relieving arch
Wooden
joist
15th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Arches
EQUILATERAL ARCH LANCET OR ISOSCELES ARCH
This type of arch consists two
curves which meets at the apex of a
triangle. Triangle formed may be
equilateral or isosceles. In
equilateral arch, the centers will be
on the springing points.
EQUILATERAL ARCHES
This type of arch consists two
curves which meets at the apex of a
triangle. Triangle formed may be
equilateral or isosceles. The latter
type is known as the lancet arch.
The centers of the arch may be on
or below the springing line and they
may be in between or outside the
springing points.
LANCET OR ISOSCELES ARCHES
Extrados
Centre
Opening
Extrados
Centre
Opening
Intrados
Intrados
Key s Key s
16th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Arches
HORSE-SHOE ARCH STILTED ARCH
This arch has a shape of a horse-
shoe and it is mainly adopted from
architectural consideration. The
shape of the arch includes more
than a semi-circle.
HORSE-SHOE ARCHES
This type of arch has a semi-circular
shape attached at the tops of two
vertical portions. The springing line
of arch passes through the tops of
vertical portions.
SLITED ARCHES
Extrados
Opening
Centre
Intrados
Extrados
Opening
Centre
Intrados
16th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

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constructions
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Arches
VENETIAN ARCH FLORENTINE ARCH
In this type of arch, the depth at
crown is more than that at the
springing line. The venetian arch
has four centers, all located on the
springing line.
VENETIAN ARCHES
This type of arch is similar to the
venetian arch except that the
intrados has shape of a semicircular
curve. There are three centers for a
florentine arch, all located on the
springing line.
FLORENTINE ARCHES
Extrados
Opening
Intrados
Extrados
Opening
Intrados
17th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Arches
BULL’S EYE ARCH
One centered arch has only one
center. The flat, segmental, semi-
circular, horse-shoe and stilted
arches are one-centered.
Sometimes the circular windows are
used to have an architectural effect.
For this purpose, a bull’s eye arch is
adopted.
BULL’S EYE ARCHES
17th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

DOORS & WINDOWS
o Doors
o Types Of Doors
o Windows
o Types Of Windows

DOORS
A door may be defined as an operable secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing access
to the users of the structure. It basically consists of two parts, namely, frame and shutter. The door shutter is
held in position by the wall by some suitable means.
TYPES OF DOORS
 Ledged doors
 Ledged and braced doors
 Ledged and framed doors
 Ledged ,framed and braced doors
 Framed and paneled doors
 Glazed or sash doors
 Flush doors
 Louvered doors
 Collapsible steel doors
 Revolving doors
 Rolling steel doors
 Swing doors

Building
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Doors
TECHNICAL TERMS
DOOR
Top rail
Lock rail
Frame
Bottom rail
Hold fast
Head
Style
Panel
F L
FRAME: This consists of a group of
members which form a support for a
door or a window.
STYLE: this is the outside vertical
member of the shutter of a door or a
window.
HEAD: the top or upper most horizontal
part of a frame is known as the head.
SILL: the lower most or bottom
horizontal part of a window frame is
known as the sill. The door frames are
usually not provided with the sills.
TOP RAIL: this is the topmost horizontal
member of the shutter.
LOCK RAIL: this is the middle horizontal
member of the shutter where the
locking arrangement is provided.
BOTTOM RAIL: this is the lower most
horizontal member of the shutter.
INTERMEDIATE OR CROSS RAIL: the
additional horizontal rails fixed
between the top and bottom rails of a
shutter.
PANEL: this is the area of shutter
enclosed between the adjacent rails.
HOLDFAST: this is generally in the form
of a mild steel flat bar of section 30mm
by 6mm and of length 200mm.
HORN: this is a horizontal projection of
head or sill beyond the face of the
frame.
SHUTTER: the entire assembly of styles,
panels, and rails.
Panel
22nd March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Sill
Rail
Style
Frame
Head
Hold fast
Panel
Horn
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constructions
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Doors
TECHNICAL TERMS
WINDOW
SASH: this is a special type of frame,
made of light sections designed to
carry glass.
MULLION: this is a vertical member
which is employed to sub-divide a
window or a door opening vertically.
TRANSOM: this is a horizontal member
which is employed to sub-divide a
window opening horizontally.
LOUVER: this is a piece of timber which
is fixed in an inclined position within a
frame.
JAMB: the vertical wall face of an
opening which supports the frame of
door and window.
REVEAL: the external jamb of a door or
a window opening at right angle to the
wall face.
REBATE: the depression or recess
made inside the door frame to receive
the door shutter.
PUTTY: this is a mixture of linseed oil
and whiting chalk. It is used for fixing
glass panels.
ARCHITRAVE: this is a strip of wood
usually moulded or splayed, which is
fixed around the sides and head of
openings. It thus helps in giving a
decent appearance to the joint of
frame with masonry. It is used only
when doors and windows are placed
flush with the face of masonry.
22nd March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Doors
LEDGED DOOR
A ledged door is formed of the
vertical boards, known ads
battens, which are secured by
horizontal supports, known as
ledges.
LEDGED AND BRACED DOOR
A ledged and framed door is a
framework for shutters is provided
to make the doors stronger and
better in appearance. The styles is
generally 100mm wide and 40mm
thick. The battens and ledges are
provided as usual.
FRONT ELEVATION OF LEDGED DOOR FRONT ELEVATION OF LEDGED AND
BRACED DOOR
Head
Hinges
Frame
Head
Battens
Top ledge
Bottom ledge
Middle ledge
Lock
TOP PLAN TOP PLAN
Lock
Top ledge
Bottom ledge
Middle ledge
Hinges
Battens
Frame
Style Style
Frame
Ledge
Inside
Outside
Battens
Hinges
Ledge
Inside
Outside
Battens
Brace
Hinges
Frame
23rd March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Doors
LEDGED AND FRAMED DOOR
A ledged and framed door is a
framework for shutters is provided
to make the doors stronger and
better in performance. The styles
are generally 100mm wide and
40mm thick. The battens and
ledges are provided as usual.
LEDGED, FRAMED AND BRACED
DOOR
A ledged, framed and braced door
is just similar to the above type
except that the braces are
introduced. This type of door is
more durable and stronger and
hence should incline upwards from
the hanging side.
FRONT ELEVATION OF LEDGED AND
FRAMED DOOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF LEDGED,
FRAMED AND BRACED DOOR
Head
Brace
Top ledge
Bottom ledge
Middle ledge
Frame
Top ledge
Bottom ledge
Middle ledge
Frame
Style
Head
TOP PLAN TOP PLAN
Hinges
Frame
Style
Hinges
Head
LockLock
Ledge
Inside
Outside
Battens
Hinges
Style
Ledge
Inside
Outside
Battens
Hinges
Style
Brace
Frame
Frame
23rd March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Doors
FRAMED AND PANELLED DOORS
This is the most visual variety of
door and it consists of a
framework in which panels are
fitted. A double-leafed, framed and
paneled door with four panels.
This type of door reduces the
tendency of shrinkage and
presents a decent appearance. The
styles are continuous from top to
bottom and rails are joined to the
styles. The mullion, if any, are
joined to rails. Thickness of the
shutter depends on various factors
such as type of work, situation of
door, number of panels, etc. but
thickness of shutter is about
30mm to 40mm.
FRONT ELEVATION OF
SINGLE PANEL DOOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF
TWO PANEL DOOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF THREE
PANEL DOOR
Bottom
rail
Lock
rail
Panel
Panel
Bottom rail
Panel Style Panel Panel
Panel
Mullion
Top rail
Style
Bottom
rail
23rd March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

B
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constructions
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Doors
FRONT ELEVATION OF DOUBLE-
LEAFED DOOR WITH SIX PANEL
FRAMED AND PANELLED DOORS
This is the most visual variety of
door and it consists of a
framework in which panels are
fitted. A double-leafed, framed and
paneled door with four panels.
This type of door reduces the
tendency of shrinkage and
presents a decent appearance. The
styles are continuous from top to
bottom and rails are joined to the
styles. The mullion, if any, are
joined to rails. Thickness of the
shutter depends on various factors
such as type of work, situation of
door, number of panels, etc. but
thickness of shutter is about
30mm to 40mm.
Top
rail
Bottom
rail
Panel
Frieze rail
Mullion
Frame
Panel
Panel Panel
Panel Panel
TOP PLAN
TOP PLAN (DETAILED A)
TOP PLAN (DETAILED B
Frame Inside
Outside
PanelStyle
Frame
PanelPanel
Meeting styles
A
24th March, 2017
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Design Diploma

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Doors
FRONT ELEVATION OF
FULLY GLAZED DOOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF
PARTLY PANELLED AND
PARTLY GLAZED DOOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF
DOOR WITH DIMINISHING
STYLES
GLAZED OR SASH DOORS
In order to admit more light, in
addition to that coming from the
windows, the fully glazed or partly
paneled and partly glazed doors
are used. Usually the ratio of
glazed portion to paneled portion
is 2:1. the glass is received into the
rebates provided in the wooden
sash doors and secured by nails
and putty or by wooden beads
fixed to the frame. In order to
increase the area of the glazed
portion, the width of style above
lock rail is decreased. These are
known as diminished styles or
gunstock styles. The glazed or sash
doors are used in hospitals, offices,
show rooms, banks, shopping
units, etc.
Glass
panel
Style
Glass
panel
Glass
panel
Top rail
Glass
panel
Timer
panel
Lock rail
Frame Frame
Style
Glass
panel
24th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Doors
FRONT ELEVATION OF
FRAMED FLUSH DOOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF
LAMINATED FLUSH DOOR
FLUSH DOORS
It consists of a framework of rails
and styles and it is covered with
plywood or hard-board. There are
two varieties of flush door –
framed flush door and a laminated
flush door.
A FRAMED FLUSHED DOOR
consists of styles, rails, horizontal
ribs, vertical ribs and ply wood. the
horizontal holes are provided for
ventilation and vertical ribs rest on
rails. Empty space is filled with
granulated cork or any other light
material. The lock block and hinge
block is provided to shutter to fix
mortise lock and hinges.
A LAMINATED FLUSH DOOR
consists of styles, rails, laminated
core and ply wood. The laminate
of wood are glued together under
great pressure.
Top rail
Bottom rail
Hinge
block
Lock
block
Verticalribs
Horizontal ribs
Hollow
space
Style
Style
Laminated
core
TOP PLAN TOP PLAN
Ply wood
Style Hole
Vertical
ribs
Ply wood
Style
Ply wood
Laminated
core
25th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

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constructions
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Doors
FRONT ELEVATION OF MOVALBLE LOUVERS
LOVERED DOORS
The shutters are provided with
louvers, either fully or partly. The
louvers are arranged at such an
inclination that the horizontal
vision is obstructed. Thus the
upper back edge of any louver will
be higher than the lower front
edge of the louver. Louvers can be
movable or fixed.
Outside
Louvers
Inside
Verticalpieceoftimber
25th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

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constructions
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Doors
FRONT ELEVATION OF
SLIDING DOOR
SLIDING DOORS
The shutter slides on the sides
with the help of runner and guide.
The shutter may be of one or
several leaves and can slide either
on one side or both the sides. The
cavities may be provided in the
wall to receive the door in an
open position or it may simply lie
touching the wall.
Frame
Runner
Door opening
Floor
G.L
Handle
Shutter
TOP PLAN
Opening
Single shutter sliding on one side
Wall
Opening
Double shutter sliding on both side
Wall
Opening
Double shutter sliding on one side
Wall
25th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

WINDOW
A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose of providing daylight, vision and
ventilation. It also consists of two parts, namely, frame and shutter. The window frame is suitable fixed in the
opening of the wall and the window shutter is held in position by the window frame.
TYPES OF WINDOWS
 Casement Window
 Double Hung Window
 Pivoted Window
 Sliding Window
 Louvered Window
 Sash Or Glazed Window
 Metal Window
 Circular Window
 Corner Window
 Gable Window
 Dormer Window
 Bay Window
 Clerestory Window
 Lanterns Or Lantern Lights
 Skylights

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Window
PIVOTED WINDOW
The shutters are allowed to swing
round the pivots. The frame of a
pivoted window is just similar to
casement window except that no
rebates are provided. The windows
may be vertically or horizontally
pivoted.
FRONT ELEVATION OF VERTICALLY
PIVOTED WINDOWS
FRONT ELEVATION HORIZONTALLY
PIVOTED WINDOWS
TOP PLAN TOP PLAN
Frame
Pivot
Pivot
Pivot
Shutter
Pivot
Shutter
Frame
Pivot
Shutter
Frame
Pivot
30th March, 2017
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Design Diploma

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Window
SASH AND GLAZED WINDOWS
These are fully glazed casement
windows. The sashes are rebated
to receive glass panels. The width
and the depth of rebates are about
15mm and 5mm respectively. The
glass is secured in position either
by putty or by small fillets, known
as the glazing beads.
CORNER WINDOW
These windows are provided at the
corner of a room placed at the
corner of a room and thus they
have two faces in two
perpendicular directions. In this
situation there is entry of light and
air from two direction. However,
special lintel will have to be cast at
the corner and the jamb post of
the window at the corner will have
to be made of heavy section.
FRONT ELEVATION OF SASH AND
GLAZED WINDOWS
FRONT ELEVATION OF CORNER
WINDOW
Frame Frame
Shutter
Frame
Wall
Glazing
Frame
Bottom
rail
Top
rail
Glass
panel
30th March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Window
METAL WINDOW
The shutters are allowed to swing
round the pivots. The frame of a
pivoted window is just similar to
casement window except that no
rebates are provided. The windows
may be vertically or horizontally
pivoted.
FRONT ELEVATION OF METAL
WINDOW FIXED TO THE WALL
FRONT ELEVATION OF METAL WINDOW
FIXED ON A WOODEN FRAME
Lintel
Plug
Lintel
Hinges Hinges
Wooden
frame
Screw
HandleHandle
Lug
31st March, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

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Window
GABLE WINDOW
These are the windows which are
provided in the gable ends of a
roof.
DORMER WINDOW
These are the windows provided
on the sloping roofs and the main
purpose is to admit light and air to
rooms which are constructed
within or below the roof slopes.
FRONT ELEVATION OF GABLE
WINDOW
FRONT ELEVATION OF DORMER
WINDOW
Gable end
Gable window Sloping
roof
Dormer
window
31st March, 2017
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Design Diploma

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Window
BAY WINDOW
These windows project outside the
external walls of a room. they may
be square, splayed, circular,
polygon or of any shape. The
projection of bay window may
start from floor level or sill level.
These window admit more lights,
increase opening area, provide
ventilation and improve the
appearance of the building.
CLERESTOREY WINDOW
These windows are provided near
the top of main roof and pivoted
windows are used for this purpose.
The clerestorey windows provide
ventilation to the inside of the
room as the front is blocked by the
verandah.
FRONT ELEVATION OF CLERESTOREY
WINDOW
FRONT ELEVATION OF SQUARE AND
SPALYED BAY WINDOW
Building face line
Frame
Shutter
Outside
Frame
Shutter
Window sill
Window sill
Building face line
Shutter
Pivot
Inside
Veranda
roof
Veranda
roof
1st April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

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constructions
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Window
LANTERNS OR LANTERN
LIGHTS
These are the windows which are
fixed on flat roofs to provide light
to the inner portion of the building
where light coming from the
windows in the external walls is
insufficient. They may be square or
rectangular or curved. The glass
panels are generally fixed, but if
ventilation is also required in
addition o lights, the pivoted
windows may be provided.
SKYLIGHTS
These are the windows provided
on the sloping roofs of the pitched
roof meant for light, they are
usually provided with the fixed
glass panels. The common rafters
are suitable trimmed and the
skylight is erected on a curb frame.
FRONT ELEVATION OF LANTERNS OR
LANTERN LIGHTS
FRONT ELEVATION OF SKYLIGHTS
PLAN OF LANTERNS OR LANTERN
LIGHTS
Flat
roof
Lantern
light
Curbing
Lead
gutter
Top
rail
Putty
Copper
clip
Curb
frame
Common
rafter
Trimming
piece
1st April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

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constructions
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Ventilators
VENTILATOR
Ventilators are windows of small
heights and they are generally
fixed at the top at the top of door
or window. The ventilators may be
also movable. The ventilators are
provided with glass panels and
steel grill is fixed in the ventilator
for the purpose of safety.
Sometimes the ventilators are
isolated from the door or window
and they are provided at the top
level of room or at any level
between the top of door or
window and the bottom of ceiling.
In case of doors and windows, the
recommended dimensions of
ventilators are;
FRONT ELEVATION OF DOOR WITH
VENTILATOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF WINDOW
WITH VENTILATOR
Glass
Style
Wooden
panel
Frame
Ventilator
Ventilator
Glass
Style
Frame
2nd April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Mosquito-proof
window
MOSQUITO-PROOF
To avoid the nuisance of mosquito
and flies, it becomes necessary to
make mosquito-proof shutters of
doors, windows and ventilators of
refreshment rooms, sweet shops,
hotels, etc. the shutters of doors,
windows, and ventilators are made
mosquito-proof.
FRONT ELEVATION OF MOSQUITO-
PROOF DOOR
FRONT ELEVATION OF MOSQUITO-PROOF WINDOW
MOSQUITO-PROOF DOOR
In case of doors, ordinary paneled
shutters are provided on the front
side and they open outside. The
inside shutters are provided with
wire-gauge and an automatic
arrangement, in the form of a
spring hinge, is also provided.
MOSQUITO-PROOF WINDOW
It shows the arrangement for
mosquito-proofing a window
which is opening outside. In order
to open shutters of window from
inside, the roto mechanism is
provided. In figure wire-gauge is
provided on the outside and
parliamentary hinges are provided
to the shutters of window.
2)
1)
Wall
Wall
Wire-
gauge
shutters
Frame
Outside
Inside Spring
hinge
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
Frame
Fixed wire-gauge in
wooden frame
Wire-gauge in steel
frame
Roto
mechanism
Metal window
Paneled
shutters
Window shutters
3rd April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Mosquito-
proofing
PROOF PIVOT-HUNG VENTILATOR
PROOF TOP-HUNG VENTILATOR
VENTILATORS
In case of ventilators, the
mosquito-proofing is achieved by
providing wire gauge on a steel
frame in the area under the
command of a ventilator.
3)
Inside
Wire
gauge
Outside Inside
Wall
Pivot
Wall
Outside
Wire
gauge
Pivot
4th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
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Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Windows
4’
Sill level 3’
10’
Centered window
3D Image
Top PlanIsometric view
4th April, 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Windows
3D Image
Top Plan
2 corner window
Sill level 1’6”
6’
Isometric view
10’
4th April, 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Windows
3D Image
Top Plan
4 corner window
Sill level 6”
6’
Isometric view
10’
4th April, 2017

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
24th November,2016
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Windows
3D Image
Top Plan
Box window
Isometric view
Sill level 1’6”
10’
6’

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
www.dezyneecole.com
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma
Windows
3D Image
Top Plan
Box window
Isometric view
Sill level 3’
10’
6’
4th April, 2017

POINTING AND PLASTERING
o Pointing
o Objectives Of Pointing
o Mortar For Pointing
o Method Of Pointing
o Types Of Pointing

POINTING & PALSTERING
The exposed surfaces of walls are to be provided with pointing or plastering. The process of pointing is
adopted for stone masonry or brick masonry while plastering is carried out for exposed surfaces of ceiling,
walls, columns, etc. Pointing is used to donate the finishing of mortar joints of either stone masonry or
brick masonry
OBJECTIVES of DOORS
To improve the appearance of the
structure as a whole and to give
smooth surface.
to protect the exposed surfaces
from the effects of atmospheric
actions.
To rectify the defective
workmanship or to conceal inferior
materials.
POINTING
Mortar for pointing the pointing is generally adopted
for the finishing of exposed walls of a structure. It is
cheap in the first coat, but it requires frequent
replacement.it can be carried out either in lime mortar
(equal volume of lime and sand) or in cement mortar
(equal volumes of cement and sand).
Method of pointing the mortar to be covered by
pointing is raked out as least to a depth of 20mm; the
dust from the masonry joints is removed from brush
and then washed with water, mortar is placed in
desired shape in these prepared joints, the finished
surface is well watered for a period of 3 days. If lime
more than 10 days.
Types of pointing the pointing can be carried out in a
number of shapes. The choice of a particular type will
depend on the nature of masonry and the effect
required.

Beaded
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Pointing &
plastering
TYPES OF POINTING
It is formed by a steel or iron rod
with a concave edge. It is good in
appearance but it is difficult to
maintain as it can be easily
damaged.
Detail
BEADED POINTING
BEADED POINTING
FLUSH POINTING
SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION
It is formed by removing the
excess mortar from joint. The joint
is made flush with the face. It does
not give good appearance but is
durable and does not provide
accumulation of dust, water, etc.
FLUSH POINTING
Detail
Flush
5th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

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Pointing &
plastering
TYPES OF POINTING
The face of the pointing is kept
vertical and it is pressed inside the
wall surface by a suitable tool to a
depth of about 5mm or more. it
gives very good appearance.
RECESSED POINTING
RECESSED POINTING
RUBBED POINTING
Also called keyed or grooved
pointing. Groove is formed at the
center of height by a pointer and it
gives better appearance and is
generally adopted.
RUBBED POINTING
Detail
Detail
Recessed
Rubbed
5th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Pointing &
plastering
TYPES OF POINTING
The face of pointing is kept
inclined. The upper edge of joint is
about 10mm inside the face of
masonry. This joint disposes water
easily. If the lower edge of joint is
kept inside the face of masonry, it
is called overhead struck pointing.
STRUCK POINTING
STRUCK POINTING
TUCK POINTING
A groove is formed at the center of
joint. The width and depth of
groove are 5mm to 3 mm. the
groove is then filled in or tucked in
by white cement putty with a
projection of 3mm. The projection
is done in the mortar, it is called
the bastard pointing or half-tuck
pointing.
TUCK POINTING
Detail
Detail
Struck
Tuck
7th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Weathered
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constructions
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Pointing &
plastering
TYPES OF POINTING
Vee -shaped groove is formed in
the mortar joint.
VEE- POINTING
VEE-POINTING
WEATHERED POINTING
A projection in the form of a vee-
shaped is formed.
WEATHERED POINTING
Detail
Detail
Vee
8th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

FLOORS AND FLOORING
o Floors
o Factors Affecting Choice of Flooring
Material
o Materials Used for Flooring

Building
constructions
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Floors and
flooring
FLOORS & FLOORING
In order to sub-divide the portion between
the plinth level or basement level and roof
level, the solid construction are carried out.
These construction are known as the floors
and the exposed top surfaces of floors are
termed as the floorings.
Factors Affecting Choice of Flooring Material
Appearance means it should produce the colour effect in
comfort.
Cleaning factor includes easy to clean and effective
cleaning of floor and effective resistance against
absorption of oil, grease, etc.
Comfort level comes when flooring material possesses
good thermal insulation.
Cost should be reasonable as compared to the utility of
the building.
Damp resistance so that healthy environment prevails in
the building.
Durability of floor and strong enough to impart resistance
to wear, tear, chemical action, temperature changes, etc.
Fire resistance is more important for upper floors and
should offer fire barriers obtained between different
levels of a building.
Hardness of floor so to have resistance to mark caused by
the shifting or rubbing of furniture, equipment, etc.
Maintenance should be minimum with speedily, easy
maintenance with minimum cost.
Noise leads to discomfort, so materials giving less noise
should be preferred.
Slipperiness is dangerous, surface should be smooth but
at the same time should not be slippery.
In above room, ceramic tile is used for
flooring on the ground floor of the building.
Floor
Ceiling
Walls
20th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
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Floors and
flooring
1.Asphalt flooring have bad smell,
ugly colour, now available in variety
of colours. Asphalt tiles, and asphalt
terrazzo is also available. Flooring is
water-proof, vermin proof, dustless
and joint less. Used in hospitals,
shop, terrace floors, etc.
2.Brick is cheap construction,
absorbs water, non-slippery,
durable, hard, easy repairable.
3.Concrete layer is 40mm thick and
in proportion part cement, 2 parts
sand and 4 parts coarse aggregate by
volume.
4.Cork is natural, available in tiles
and carpet both forms in different
standard sizes, thickness with varying
shades. It is non slipping, attractive in
appearance, used in offices,
churches, etc.
5.Glass transmits light, available in
tiles or slabs or bricks, can sustain
anticipated loads, very costly.
7.Linoleum available in rolls width
1.80m or 3.60m, thickness 2mm to
6mm, attractive appearance, cheap,
durable, resilient, comfortable,
moderately warm, easily cleaned and
used in restaurants, bathrooms, etc.
8.Magnesite/composition/joint less
flooring can be laid over stone,
concrete or wooden floors. Cheap
and used in light factories, schools,
etc.
6.Marble used for superior work,
such as operation theatres, temples,
etc.
Ceiling
Wall planes
Floor
1
2
3
1
5
6
7
8
20th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Building
constructions
www.dezyneecole.com
Floors and
flooring
Ceiling
Wall planes
Floor
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
9.Moorum is cheap, only be
adopted for ground floor, hard,
smooth, grants comfortable
temperature, long life ,easy to
construct.
10.Mud is cheap, hard, fairly
impervious, easy to construct, easy
to maintain, possesses thermal
insulation property. Popular in
villages.
11.Plastic is poly-vinyl-
chloride(P.V.C), P.V.C tile is resilient,
smooth and good looking, easily
cleaned, costly, easily damaged.
12.Rubber available either in sheet
form or tile form in variety of
colours. Laid on smooth or dry
surface, elastic, noiseless, sanitary,
warm and soft, but affected by oil
and grease. Used for hospitals, x-ray
rooms, etc.
13.Stone durable square or
rectangular slabs for flooring, of sizes
300mm*300mm, 450mm*450mm,
600mm*600mm, 450mm*600mm.
Thickness 20mm*40mm.
14.Terrazo is simply a concrete in
which marble are used as
aggregates. 20mm thick floor, used
in hotels, breweries, etc.
15.Tile, pre-cast concrete tiles with
marble chips at top surfaces, known as
mosaic tiles. White glazed tiles is used for
flooring of water-closet, swimming-pool,
etc.
16.Timber possesses natural beauty
available in variety of colours. Elastic,
resistance to wear. Used for auditoriums,
dance halls, etc. used in three types; strip
flooring, block flooring, parquet
flooring.
20th April, 2017
Yash Agarwal
Design Diploma

Yash Agarwal
THANK YOU
NSQF LEVEL – 5 (NSDC)
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dezyneecole.com
B.SC. ID + 1 Year Residential Design Diploma

Yash Agarwal, Commercial Design Diploma, NSQF Level 6 of NSDC.

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