Student Dezyne E'cole College , www.dezyneecole.com

1. SCHOOL FURNITURE

2. Dezyne E’cole College
106/10, Civil Lines, Ajmer
Tel-01452624679
www.dezyneecole.com
2017- 2018
Project Report On:
School furniture
At
Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
Submitted To
Dezyne E’cole College
Towards The Partial Fulfillment Of
2nd Year Commercial Design
Diploma
NSQF Level 6 (NSDC)
By:
Milli Jain

3. This Project Report On School Furniture Has Been Created, Developed And
Designed By Me, During My Study Of Product Designing, Confirming To NSQF
Level 6 Of NSDC.
In This Project I Have Discussed About Product Design And Amongst Various
Products I Have Made An Elaborated Discussion Of Furniture Design, Its
Timeline And Various Types. Classification Of Furniture, Functional
Requirement Of A Furniture And Its Characteristics Has Also Been Discussed.
After Their Study I Have Learned To Make A Furniture Ergonomically Sound.
This Made Me Clear The Basic Level And Then I Moved Down On
Developing Engineering Design Of Furniture I.E. Specifying The Construction
Of Furniture Through Detail Drawings.
I Have Also Discussed About The Various Furniture Joints And Their
Application In My Design.
I Request You To Kindly Go Through My Project Pages. As A Novice In This
Field I Have Tried My Level Best To Bring Out The Best Of My Knowledge
Gained At Dezyne E’cole College.
SYNOPSIS

4. I, Milli Jain, Student Of Dezyne E'cole College, Am Extremely Grateful To
Each And Every Individual Who Has Contributed In Successful Completion
Of My Project.
I Would Like To Express My Special Thanks Of Gratitude Towards Dezyne
E’cole College And Its Mentors For Their Guidance And Constant Supervision
As Well As For Providing Me The Necessary Information And Support
Regarding The Completion Of Project.
I Also Want To Thank My Parents And My Friends Who Helped Me A Lot In
Finalizing This Project Within A Limited Time Frame.
Thank You.
Due Regards
Milli Jain
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

5. GRADE SHEET
This Project Report Of Ms. Milli Jain, A Student Second Year,
Commercial Design Diploma, NSQF Level 6 Of NSDC, Has Been
Checked And Is Graded As
Thank You
Principal
(Seal & Sign)

7. Commercial Design
Commercial Interior Design Involves The Development Of Interior Spaces
Used For Business Purposes. Commercial Buildings Have The Primary
Purpose Of Making Money, So Commercial Interior Design Is Focused On
The Usability Of A Structure.
It Has Often Been Said That The Key To A Successful Business Is Location.
We Get It; Location Is Important. But Even With The Greatest Location In
The World, A Business Can Easily Fail If Its Interior Is Not Just As Well Thought
Out. Interior Design Is The Art Of Balancing Functional Needs And
Aesthetic Preferences Inside Of A Structure. After All, The Purpose Of A
Building Is Really Defined By Its Interior, Not Its Exterior.
A Commercial Building Is One Used For Some Sort Of Business Purpose,
Such As A Store, Office, Warehouse, Or A Restaurant. Just As There Are
Many Types Of Buildings, There Are Different Types Of Interior Design.
Houses Utilize One Kind Of Design, While Commercial Structures Have Very
Different Needs. We Want These Needs To Be Successful, But A Successful
Structure Does Require A Bit More Than Just Location.

8. Functions Of Commercial Buildings
Interior Designers Design Interiors. That's Obvious, But They Need To Do So
In A Way That Enhances The Basic Function Or Purpose Of A Structure. A
House Is A Space For Living, So Residential Designs Need To Enhance
Liveability. Commercial Structures Have A Different Purpose: They Help
Businesses Make Money. How Can An Interior Designer Help A Business
Make Money? The Interior Designer Balances The Commercial Building's
Functional Needs In Terms Of Physical Space And Its Aesthetics.
Designing Usable Space Will Change Based
On The Needs Of The Building. An Office
Building Needs To Fit Multiple Cubicles Into
A Shared Area But Not Pack Them So Tightly
As To Decrease Productivity. A Department
Store Needs Space For Window Displays, As
Well As Space For Merchandise, Trying On
Clothes, And Purchasing Counters.
Restaurants Need Kitchens, And The
When Looking At Interiors, We Can Talk
About Two Main Things: The Use Of Physical
Space And Aesthetics. Let's Start By Looking
At How Interior Designers Can Utilize
Physical Space To Enhance The Purpose Of
A Commercial Structure. If The Design Of A
House Is Centered On Liveability, Then The
Design Of A Commercial Building Is Based
On Usability. Space Needs To Be Usable For
Both Employees And Customers In Order To
Maximize Profits.

9. This Does Have Its Challenges. Unlike The Average Residential Structure,
Commercial Buildings Have Unique Infrastructural Needs. Restaurants
Need Industrial Kitchens, Department Stores Need Elevators Or Escalators,
And Offices Need Parking Complexes. In Many Places, Like Retail Or
Food-service Buildings, Customers Will Only See A Portion Of The Total
Space. Storage Rooms And Service Areas Need To Be Accessible To
Employees But Invisible To Customers. This Presents Some Challenges
When Organizing The Use Of Interior Space But, When Handled Correctly,
Can Greatly Increase The Effectiveness Of The Structure.
Dining Rooms Should Have Enough Tables To
Make A Profit But Not So Many As To Create
An Unpleasant Dining Experience. The Interior
Designer Is In Charge Of Utilizing Space In The
Most Effective Way.
A Great Example Of This Can Be Seen In The
Terrace Restaurant Of The London Zoo.
Designers Rebuilt The Restaurant's Interior,
Changing The Layout Of Kitchens, Dining
Spaces, Etc. The New Design Tripled The
Maximum Occupancy Of The Restaurant,
Which Now Serves Up To 10,000 People Per
Day.

10. Product Design, Is To Create A New Product To
Be Sold By A Business To Its Customers. It Is A Set
Of Strategic And Tactical Activities, From Idea
Generation To Commercialization, Used To
Create A Product. Design Expression Comes
From The Combined Effect Of All Elements In A
Product. Colour Tone, Shape And Size Should
Direct A Persons Thoughts Towards Buying The
Product.
Therefore, It Is In The Product Designers Best
Interest To Create The Audiences Who Are Most
Likely To Be The Products End Consumer, Keeping
In Mind How Consumers Will Perceive The
Product During The Design Process Will Direct
Towards The Success In The Market. However,
Even Within A Specific Audience, It Is
Challenging To Cater To Each Possible
Personality Within That Group.
The Solution To That Is To Create A Product That,
In Its Designed Appearance And Function,
Expresses A Personality Or Tells A Story.
Products That Carry Such Attributes Are More
Likely To Give Off A Stronger Expression That Will
Attract More Consumers. On That Note It Is
Important To Keep In Mind That Design Expression
Does Not Only Concern The Appearance Of The
Product But Also Its Function.
Introduction To Product Design

11. Role Of A Product Designer:
The Role Of A Product Designer Is To Combine Art, Science And Technology To
Create New Products That That People Can Use. Their Evolving Role Has Been
Facilitated By Digital Tools That Now Allow Designers To Communicate, Visualize,
Analyze And Actually Produces Tangible Ideas In A Way That Would Have Taken
Greater Manpower In The Past.
Product Design Process:
There Are Various Product Design Processes, And Many Focus On Different
Aspects. The Process Is Usually Completed By A Group Of People With
Different Skills And Training – e.g. Industrial Designers, Field Experts
(Prospective Users), Engineers (For Engineering Design Aspects), Depending
Upon The Nature And Type Of Product Involved. The Process Often Involves
Figuring Out What Is Required, Brainstorming Possible Ideas, Creating Mock
Prototypes, And Then Generating The Product. However, That Is Not The End.
Product Designers Would Still Need To Execute The Idea, Making It Into An
Actual Product And Evaluating Its Success (Seeing If Any Improvements Are
Necessary).
Product Design Versus Industrial Design:
Product Design Is Something Which Is Confused With Industrial Design And
Has Recently Become A Broad Term Inclusive Of Services, Software And
Physical Product Design. Other Aspects Of Product Design Includes
Engineering Design, Particularly When Matters Of Functionality Or Utility Are
At Issue Though Such Boundaries Are Not Always Clear.

12. The Product Design Process Has Experienced Huge Leaps In Evolution Over
The Last Few Years With The Rise And Adoption Of 3d Printing. New
Consumer-friendly 3D Printers Can Produce Dimensional Objects And Print
Upwards With A Plastic Like Substance Opposed To Traditional Printers That
Spread Ink Across A Page.
The Product Design Process, Typically Involves Three Main Aspects:
• Analysis
• Concept
• Synthesis
Depending On The Kind Of Product Being Designed, The Latter Two
Sections Are Most Often Revisited (E.G. Depending On How Often The
Design Needs Revision, To Improve It Or To Better Fit The Criteria). This Is A
Continuous Loop, Where Feedback Is The Main Component.
Define
Ideate User test
Prototype
Build
Analyze &
Iterate
Design Iteration

13. There Are Endless Products Which Are Being Offered In The Market By Many
Businesses. From Pen To A Building, Everything Is A Product And Is Being Offered In
The Market For The Ultimate Consumer Regardless Of Its Size And Amount. Product
Design Is A Very Broad Field Which Includes Many Sub Fields, One Of Which Is
Furniture Design.
Furniture Refers To Movable Objects Intended To Support Various Human Activities
Such As Seating, Reclining, Sleeping, Eating Etc. Furniture Is Also Used To Hold
Objects At A Convenient Height For Work Or To Store Things.
History of furniture:
People Have Been Using Natural Objects Such As Tree Trunk And Rocks As
Furniture Since The Beginning Of Human Civilization. Research Shows That From
Around 30,000 Years Ago People Began Constructing And Carving Their Own
Furniture Using Wood, Stone, Ivory And Animals’ Bone. The First Surviving Extract
Furniture Is In The Homes Of Scotland, Which Includes Cupboards, Dresses And
Beds All Constructed From Stones.
Complex Construction Techniques Such As Joinery Began In The Early Dynastic
Period Of Ancient Egypt. This Era Saw Constructed Wooden Pieces, Including
Stools And Tables. The Evolution Of Furniture Design Continued In Ancient Greece
And Ancient Rome Where Multipurpose Couches Were Used For Relaxing, Eating
And Sleeping.
Furniture Design Expanded During The Italian Renaissance Of The Fourteenth And
Fifteenth Century. The Seventeenth Century Was Cauterized By Opulent, Often
Gilded Baroque Designs. The Nineteenth Century Is Usually Defined By Revival
Style. The First Three Quarters Of 20th Century Are Often Seen As The March
Towards Modernism. One Unique Outgrowth Of Past- Modern Furniture Design Is A
Return To Natural Shapes And Textures.
Furniture Design: Part Of Product Design

14. Timeline Of Furniture
Ancient Egyptian
Furniture
3000-2000BC
Medieval
Furniture
500-1450AD
Jacobean
Furniture
1567-1625AD
Rococo
Furniture
1725-1775AD
Art Nouveau
Furniture
1890-1914AD
Art Deco
Furniture
1925-1940AD
Contemporary
Furniture
1980- Present
Modern
Furniture
1930-1945AD
Bauhaus
Furniture
1919-1933AD
Revival
Furniture
1800-1900AD
Colonial
Furniture
1500-1754AD
Renaissance
Furniture
1350-1550AD
Ancient Greek
Furniture
2000-300AD
Following Is The Timeline Of Furniture Showcasing The Different Types Of
Furniture's Used During Different Time Periods Along With Their Duration Of
Use. From All The Different Styles Of Furniture I Have Taken Contemporary
Style For Designing My Furniture (1980- Present).

15. Contemporary Furniture (1980- Present)

16. Furniture Design Being A Part Of Product Design Is Further Divided Into Designing Of
Furniture As Per Their Location Of Use Like Office Furniture, School Furniture,
Residential Furniture Etc.
A School Furniture Consists Of A Classroom, Reception Area, Fee Counter, Library,
Labs, Staff Room, Play Area, Principal’s Office Etc. Each Area Has Its On Personality
And Requires Furniture Accordingly. For Designing Furniture For School, Certain
Points Are Required To Be Considered Which Are As Follows:
• In School Children, There Is A Conflict Between Their Natural Tendency To
Unrestricted Physical Movement And Need To Maintain A Seated Position For A
Longer Period Of Time.
• Headache, Knee Pain, Back Pain And Attention Deficit Are Among The Most
Common Adverse Effects Of Prolonged Sitting. In Order To Reduce These
Negative Effects Education Programs In Schools Contains Many Forms Of
Physical Activation For Students.
• Innovation Solutions For School Furniture Should Arise In Multidisciplinary Teams
Composed Of Orthopedic Doctors, Rehabilitation Experts, Teachers,
Psychologists, Constructors, Technologists, Environmentalists And Of Course
Designers.
• The Backrest Of Chair Should Stiffly Support The Back At The Height Of The
Lumbar Region, Below The Shoulder Blades.
• The Height Of The Front Edge Of The Table Must Correspond To The Height Of
The Bottom Surface Of The Bend Forearm In A Position When The Arm Is Placed
Vertically.
• A Clear Space Between The Back Part Of The Calf And Front Edge Of The Seat
Must Be Taken Into Consideration.
• The Foot Must Rest On Floor. The Seat And Table Height Should Be Adjusted To
The Thickness Of The Shoe Sole, Around 2 Cm.
School Furniture

17. • The Part Of The Shank Near The Knee Cannot Put Pressure On The Front Edge
Of The Seat.
• Distance Between The Lower Surface Of The Table And The Thigh Must Be
Ensured.
Dimensional Requirements For School Furniture:
• Diversity In Design Should, Therefore, Take Into Account And Promote Solutions
That Not Only Improve The Figure, But Also Ensure Freedom And Mobility Of
Both Children And Furniture.
• Differences In Height Of Polish Children (Boys And Girls) Aged From 7 To 12
Years (Elementary School) Amount To 30 Cm On Average, While In Children
Between 13 To 15 Years (Middle School Youth) Only 12 Cm.
• The Younger The Child, The Less The Developed Bone Structure And It Is More
Important To Adopt The Correct Posture During School Activities.
Requirements For Safety:
• The Fulfilment Of Ergonomics Requirements By School Furniture Still Does Not
Entitle Them To Be Placed In A Classroom. It Is Important That The Product Meets
The Expected Usable Requirements, Which The Specifics Of Schoolrooms And
The Nature Of The Pupil Environment Are Presented With.
• During The Design Process, It Needs To Be Make Sure That The Surfaces Of The
Worktops Of Tables Are Finished With Materials Of High Resistance To High
Temperatures, Abrasions, Scratches, Impacts And Discolouration, And Also That
They Do Not Give Off Light Reflections And Enable Easy Maintenance Of
Compiling And Storing Furniture In Heaps Even In Small Places.
• It Is Important To Eliminate The Possibility Of Injury To A Child By Rounding The
Edges And Corners, Adequately Placing Fittings And Elements, As Well As
Carefully Selecting Materials.

19. Case Study
You Are Supposed To Design A Furniture For Play School For Children Of 2.5-
4 Years. Your Furniture Must Be Developed And Designed Based On A
Concept Or A Theme. Colour Scheme Must Be Used As Per The Mood Taken
And Material Application Along With Joints In Furniture Must Be Specified.

20. Design Process
Design Means To Create. Before Designing Anything We Are Required To
Follow A Design Process, Which Goes Like:
Define
Collect
Brainstorm
& Analyse
Development
Implement
Evaluation
As The Case Study Is Based On Designing A Chair For School Children
Of Play Group Of 2.5-4 Years, First I Have Studied Their Behaviour, Their
Likes, Dislikes, Habits, What Attracts Them And What Surroundings Make
Them Feel Happy. While Designing There Are Certain Points Which I
Have Kept In Mind Like Their Anthropometrics And Ergonomics.
After Doing A Through Study Of The Above Stated Points I Have
Developed A Check List Related To Their Behaviour While
Brainstorming, Which You Will Be Seeing In Upcoming Pages.

21. For Developing A School Furniture For Children Of 2.5-4 Years I Have
Researched About Various Types Of School Furniture Which Are Very
Popular And Are In Trend. I Also Searched About Various Colours Which
Are More Liked By The Children And I Found That All The Bright And
Cheerful Colours Like Red, Blue, Yellow, Etc. Are Mostly Liked By Children
And What Surrounding Make Them Comfortable And How They Behave In
A Particular Surrounding. I Have Also Studied About The Various Shapes
And Forms Used In Children Furniture And Also The Materials Used.
Accordingly I Have Designed A Chair For Kids.
Research Board

22. After Studying Certain Aspects I Took
Inspiration From A Cartoon Character “Mickey
Mouse” Which Is The Most Liked Cartoon
Character Amongst Kids. Mickey’s Bright Red
And Yellow Colour Will Accelerate Their
Learning Process. Designing A Furniture
Inspired From A Cartoon Character And Using
It In A Classroom Will Make Their Learning
Process More Interesting And Fun.
Along With Mickey Mouse I Have Also
Designed a Chair Inspired From Another
Cartoon Character “Minnie Mouse”.
Concept Board

23. Material Board
• Fevicol
• Plywood
• Wooden Rod
• Nails
• Plastic Paint
• Primer
• High Density Foam

30. Final Design
12”
9”
2”
10”
9”9”
11”
10”
10”
2”
12”
Isometric View
8”
R= 2”
8”
30mm
Top View
Left ViewRight View Front View

31. Sketch Of Design

32. Drawing showing Detail of Every Part of Design
Backrest
Seat base
Seat
12”
9”
Isometric View
8”
R= 2”
8”
30mm
Top View

33. Detailed View
Isometric view
Seat Is Being Constructed Using
Wooden Base.
On Wooden Base High Density
Foam Is Being Used Which Has
Being Covered By Red Polyester
Fabric With White Circles Randomly
Printed.
Height Of The Seat Is Taken At 12”
With Size 12” X 12” And Thickness 2”.
The Backrest Is In The Shape Of
Mickey Mouse’s Ears. It Is
Constructed Using 30mm Plywood
Which Is Painted Black Using Plastic
Paint.
Legs Are Being Constructed Using
Wooden Rods Of 1 8/16” Diameter.
All Four Legs Are Grouped Together
Using “X” Shaped Connector Which
Is Nailed To The Bottom Of The Seat.
The Legs Are Supported Using “H”
Connectors.
In Joining Backrest To Seat Mortise
And Tenon Joints Are Being Used
Along With Fevicol For Stiffness.
Plywood base
19mm
High Density Foam
2”X12”X12”
Polyester
Fabric 20”X20”
Staple 3/8”
Radius= 2”

34. Orthographic Projection
Top View Front View Back View
Left View Right View Isometric View

35. Composition

36. Composition

37. Composition

38. Composition

39. Milli Jain, 2nd Year Commercial
Design Diploma NSQF Level-6
(NSDC)
Dezyne E’cole College,
www.dezyneecole.com
Thank you