Evolution of Microprocessors.pptx

Intel Corporation was founded in 1968 by
• Robert Noyce
• Gorden Moore
• Andrew
• Headquarter was in Santa Clara,
California

Single Crystal
Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafers
Fabricated
microprocessors
DIP Packaged
Chip Quad In line Packaged Chip

Intel 4004
 It was first Intel microprocessor
 It was introduced in year: 1971
 4-bit microprocessor
 It can address 4 KB of memory
 It had 45 instructions
Fabricated on PMOS technology
Number of transistors: 2300
 Could executes 60,000 instructions per second
 Was first programmable device, used in calculators
Intel 4040
It was introduced in year: 1971
4-bit microprocessor
It had 45 instructions

Intel 8008
 Introduced in year: 1972
 8-bit version of 4004
 Can address 16 KB of memory
 Clock speed 500 kHz
 Number of transistors 3500
 48 instructions
 PMOS technology
 Slow
Intel 8080
Introduced in year : 1973
 64KB main memory
Clock speed : 2MHz (2000nanosecond) clock cycle time
10x faster than 8008, made on NMOS technology
Drawback was that it needed three power supply
Small computers (microcomputers) were designed in mid 1970s using 8080as
CPU

Intel 8085
 Introduced in Year: 1975
 8-bit microprocessor upgraded version of 8080
 64KB main memory
1.3 microsecond(1300 nanosecond) clock cycle time
 246 instructions are in this processor
 Intel sold more than 100 million copies of this 8-bit
microprocessor
Uses only one +5V power supply

Intel 8086/8088
Introduced in Year: 1978(for 8086) and 1979 for 8088
 Data bus width of 8086 is 16 bit and 8-bit for 8088
 It could access 1 MB main memory
Number of transistors 29000
400 nanosecond clock cycle time
6 byte instruction cache for 8086 and 4 byte for 8088
Other improvement included more registers and additional
instructions
In 1981 IBM decided to use 8088 in its personal computer

Intel 80186
Introduced in Year: 1982
 16-bit microprocessor upgraded version of 8086
 Can address1 MB of memory
Clock speed : 6 MHz
Number of transistors 55000
Contained special hardware like programmable counters,
interrupt controller etc
80188 was cheaper version of 80186
But was ideal for system that required a minimum of
hardware

Intel 80286
 16-bit microprocessor with memory management & protection
 It can address 16 MB of memory
Clock speed : 8MHz
Few additional instructions to handle extra 15 MB
Number of transistors: 1,34000
Instruction execution time is as little as 250 nanosecond
Can execute 4 millions instructions per second
 introduced “virtual memory concepts”
Widely used in IBM PC

Intel 80386
 Intel’s first practical 32-bit microprocessor
 Can access 4 GB of memory, memory improvement
include page handling in virtual environment
Number of transistors: 2,75,000
Clock speed varies from 16MHz to 33 MHz depending
upon different versions like 80386 DX, 80386 SX, 80386 SL
Includes hardware circuitry for memory management and
memory assignment
Concept of Memory paging was introduced
Best selling microprocessor in history

Intel 80486
 32-bit microprocessor high performance microprocessor
 It can address 4 GB of memory
Incorporates 80387 like floating point coprocessor and
8KB cache was introduced
Number of transistors: 1.2 million
Clock speed varies from 16MHz to 100MHz depending upon
different versions like 80486 DX, 80486 SX, 80486 DX2, 80486 SL
80486 DX4
About half of the instructions executed in one clock instead of 2 on
the 80386
 used in desktop PCs and servers

Pentium
It was originally named as 80586
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus,
Clock speed : 66 MHz
 It could access 4 GB of memory
Double clocked 120 MHz and 133 MHz versions
Fastest version is the 233 MHz, Dual processor
16 KB L1 caches: 8 KB for instruction and 8 KB for data
 256 KB L2 cache
Could execute 110 million instructions per second

Pentium Pro
Introduced in Year: 1995
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address
bus,
 it could access 64 GB of memory
It had 5.5 million transistors
16KB L1 caches (split instruction/data: 8KB each),
 256KB L2 cache, uses three execution engines
Intel launched this processor for the server market

Pentium II
Introduced in Year: 1997
 It was designed for servers
32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus, MMX
 64 GB main memory
Clock speed was 400 MHz to 500 MHz
Could execute 233 million instructions per second
32-bit split instruction /data L1 caches(16 KB each)
Module integrated 512KB L2 cache(133 MHz)
L2 cache and processor were on same circuit
A version of P2 called Xenon; specifically designed for high –end
applications

Pentium III
Year: 1999
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
Clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz
Number of transistors: 9.5 million
Dual Independent Bus(simultaneous L2 and system memory access)
On-chip 256 KB L2 Cache
P3 was available in clock frequency of up to 1 GHZ

Pentium IV
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
Clock speed : 1.4 to 1.9 GHz and the latest at 3.20GHz and 3.46 GHz
(Hyper threading)
Number of transistors: 42 million
1MB/512 KB/256 KB L2 Cache
Used in desktops, laptops and in entry level servers
 Specialized for streaming video and DVD applications

Intel Dual Core
It was introduced in year 2006
It is 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessor
Having two cores
 both the cores have their own internal buses and L1
cache, but external bus and L2 cache are shared.

Intel Dual Core
It is a 64-bit microprocessor
Clock speed : 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz
64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache
Different versions are
• Intel Core 2 Duo
• Intel Core 2 Quad
• Intel Core 2 Extreme

Intel Core i7
It has 4 physical cores
Clock speed : 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz
64 KB of L1 cache per core and 256 KB of L2 cache and
 8MB of L3 cache

Intel Core i5
 8MB of L3 cache

Intel Core i3
 4MB of L3 cache

Micropr
ocessor
Year of
Invention
Word
Length
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
4004 1971 4-bit 1 KB 16 750
KHz
First
Microprocessor,
2300 transistors
8085 1976 8-bit 64 KB 40 3-6
MHz
Popular 8-bit
Microprocessor,
6500 transistors
Comparison of Microprocessors
8086 1978 16-
bit
1MB 40 5-8
MHz
Widely used in
PC/XT, 29000
transistors

80186 1982 16-
bit
1MB 68 6 MHz Widely used in
PC/AT
80286 1983 16-
bit
16M
B
real,
4 GB
virtu
al
68 8 MHz Widely used in
PC/AT
80386 1986 32-
bit
4GB
real,
64TB
virtu
al
132
14X
14
PGA
20-33
MHz
Contains MMU
on chip
80486 1989 32-
bit
4GB
real,
64TB
virtu
al
168
17X
17
PGA
25-100
MHz
Contains MMU,
cache and FPU,
1.2 million
transistors

Microprocessor Year of
Invention
Word
Length
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
Pentium 1993 32-
bit
4GB
real,32-
bit
address,
64-bit
data bus
237
PGA
60-
200
Contains 2
ALUs,2
Caches
Pentium Pro 1995 32-
bit
64GB
real, 36-
bit
address
bus
387
PGA
150-
200
MHz
It is a data
flow
processor.
It contains
second
level cache
also,3.3 V

Invention
Word
Length
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
Pentium II 1997 32-
bit
64GB 240 400-
500
MHz
All
features
Pentium
pro plus
MMX
technology
,3.3 V, 7.5
million
transistors
Pentium III 1999 32-
bit
64GB 370
PGA
600-
1.3
MHz
Improved
version of
Pentium
II; 70 new
SIMD
instruction
s

Inventio
n
Word
Lengt
h
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
Pentium IV 2000 32-
bit
64GB 423
PGA
600-
1.3
GHz
Improved
version of
Pentium
III
Itanium 2001 64-
bit
64
address
lines
423
PGA
733
MHz-
1.3
GHz
64-bit
EPIC
Processor
PGA - Pin Grid Array
MMX - Multi Media extensions
EPIC - Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
SIMD - Single Instruction Multiple Data
ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit
MMU - Memory Management Unit
FPU - Floating Point Unit

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