2. SESSION 01
– BLS pearls
– Introduction to PALS
– How to recognize the sick child – a structured approach
3. Basic life support
– BLS refers to care healthcare providers and public safety professionals
provide to patients who are experiencing respiratory or cardiac arrest
Steps of BLS:
1. Ensure safety
2. Assess response
3. Activate EMS
4. C-A-B
5. Defibrillation
6. Continuation or recovery from resuscitation
BLS
11. PRINCIPLES OF PALS
– ALS refers to constellation of interventions needed to support the
vital physiological processes during critical illness ,while we await
for definite therapy
– Taking care of respiratory, circulatory and neurological
insufficiencies is called as ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT
– The format of identifying a sick child involves a structured
approach .
12. HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE SICK CHILD
– A STRUCTURED APPROACH
3 year old Riya, presented with fever and cough
since 2 days and rapid breathing since 1 day.
At presentation RR – 56cpm
Pallor +
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
CASE 01
18. EVALUATE
3 year old Riya,
presented with fever
and cough since 2
days and rapid
breathing since 1
day.
At presentation
Pallor +
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
BREATHING
– Whether the child is not breathing at all ?
– Whether the breathing is too fast or too slow ?
– Are there any audible sounds during
respiration?
– Is breathing regular and smooth or
asynchronous/ jerky / paradoxical ?
– Is there use of accessory muscles : flaring of ala
nasi, head bobbing ?
BREATHING
INITIAL
IMPRESSION
20. EVALUATE
3 year old Riya,
presented with fever
and cough since 2
days and rapid
breathing since 1
day.
At presentation
Pallor +
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
BREATING
– A pale child
– Bruises, ecchymosis or petechial rashes
– Mottling or dusky or blue hue
– Cyanosis
– Evidence of active bleeding
COLOR
INITIAL
IMPRESSION
COLOR
23. IDENTIFY – severity of the
insufficiency and classify the typesIDENTIFY
RESPIRATORY CIRCULATORY NUEROLOGICAL
STABLE
LIFE
THREATENING
SITUATION
CARDIAC
ARREST
DISTRESS
FAILURE
COMPENSATED
HYPOTENSIVE
CORTICAL
BRAINSTEM
24. – 6yr old Sameer, presented with early morning pain abdomen and
vomiting since 2 hours, drooping of eyelids and weekness of all 4
limbs since 1 hour,
At presentation RR – 16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++
Ptosis +
Quadriparesis +
Spo2 – 86% @ RA
CASE 02
25. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
EVALUATE
3 year old Riya,
presented with
fever and cough
since 2 days and
rapid breathing
since 1 day.
At presentation
Pallor +
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
6yr old Sameer,
presented with early
morning pain abdomen
and vomiting since 2
hours, drooping of
eyelids and weakness
of all 4 limbs since 1
hour,
At presentation RR –
16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++, Ptosis +,
Quadriparesis +, Spo2 –
86% @ RA
ASSESSMENT
PENTAGON
AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATIONDISABILITY
EXPOSURE
26. AIRWAY
OPEN
MAINTAINABLE – Some
assistance
NON MAINTAINABLE – Advanced
assistance
EVALUATE
PRIMARY
ASSESSMENT
AIRWAY
3 year old Riya,
presented with fever and
cough since 2 days and
rapid breathing since 1
day.
At presentation
Pallor +
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
6yr old Sameer,
presented with early
morning pain abdomen
and vomiting since 2
hours, drooping of
eyelids and weakness
of all 4 limbs since 1
hour,
At presentation RR –
16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++, Ptosis +,
Quadriparesis +, Spo2 –
86% @ RA
27. BREATHING
Respiratory rate
Work of breathing
Chest wall movements and tidal volume
Auscultation for air entry and adventitious
sounds
Pulse oximetry
EVALUATE
PRIMARY
ASSESSMENT
BREATHING
3 year old Riya,
presented with fever
and cough since 2 days
and rapid breathing
since 1 day.
At presentation
Pallor +
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
6yr old Sameer,
presented with early
morning pain
abdomen and
vomiting since 2
hours, drooping of
eyelids and weakness
of all 4 limbs since 1
hour,
At presentation RR –
16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++, Ptosis +,
Quadriparesis +, Spo2
– 86% @ RA
31. INTERVENE
TYPE EXAMPLE ER INTERVENTIONS
Medical Upper airway
obstruction
Viral croup Humidified oxygen, nebulised
budesonide or injectable steroid
Mechanical Upper airway
obstruction
Foreign body
Diphtheria
Black slap/ chest thrust – infant
Heimlich Manoeuvre - Children
ADS & Tracheostomy
Lower airway obstruction Acute severe asthma
Bronchiolitis
Inhaled short acting beta agonist
Lung parenchymal disease Bacterial Pneumonia Antibiotics
Disordered control of breathing Seizures / Coma Anticonvulsants
Bag-mask ventilation
Advanced airway management
32. CIRCULATION
Heart rate and rhythm
Central and peripheral pulses
Capillary refill time
Skin color and temperature
Blood pressure
Urine output
EVALUATE
PRIMARY
ASSESSMENT
3 year old Riya,
presented with fever
and cough since 2 days
and rapid breathing
since 1 day.
At presentation
Pallor +
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
6yr old Sameer,
presented with early
morning pain
abdomen and
vomiting since 2
hours, drooping of
eyelids and weakness
of all 4 limbs since 1
hour,
At presentation RR –
16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++, Ptosis +,
Quadriparesis +, Spo2
– 86% @ RA
CIRCULATION
33. Hypotension cut off
AGE FORMULA
Term neonate < 60mmHg
Upto 1 year < 70 mmHg
1-10 year 70 + age (years) * 2
10 years < 90
EVALUATE
PRIMARY
ASSESSMENT
CIRCULATION
Compensated shock will have normal BP with poor perfusion
Hypotension is a late sign : Shock will be decompensated once
hypotension sets in
Fall of systolic pressure of >10mmhg is worrisome even if
hypotension is absent
Recognized and must be intervened in the compensated stage
37. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
EVALUATE
3 year old Riya,
presented with
fever and cough
since 2 days and
rapid breathing
since 1 day.
At presentation
Pallor +
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
6yr old Sameer,
presented with early
morning pain abdomen
and vomiting since 2
hours, drooping of
eyelids and weekness
of all 4 limbs since 1
hour,
At presentation RR –
16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++, Ptosis +,
Quadriparesis +, Spo2 –
86% @ RA
ASSESSMENT
PENTAGON
AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATIONDISABILITY
EXPOSURE
43. IDENTIFY – severity of the
insufficiency and classify the typesIDENTIFY
RESPIRATORY CIRCULATORY NUEROLOGICAL
STABLE
LIFE
THREATENING
SITUATION
CARDIAC
ARREST
DISTRESS
FAILURE
COMPENSATED
HYPOTENSIVE
CORTICAL
BRAINSTEM
44. At the end of INITIAL IMPRESSION
3 year old Riya,
presented with fever
and cough since 2 days
and rapid breathing
since 1 day.
At presentation
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
6yr old Sameer,
presented with early
morning pain
abdomen and
vomiting since 2
hours, drooping of
eyelids and weakness
of all 4 limbs since 1
hour,
At presentation RR –
16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++, Ptosis +,
Quadriparesis +, Spo2
– 86% @ RA
SEVERITY Respiratory distress Compensated Shock
Respiratory Failure Hypotensive shock
TYPE UAO Hypovolemic Shock
LAO Distributive Shock
Lung parenchymal disease Cardiogenic shock
Disordered control of breathing Obstructive shock
APPEARENCE
BREATHING
PEDIATRIC
ASSESMENT
TRAINGLE
COLOR
APPEARENCE
BREATHING
PEDIATRIC
ASSESMENT
TRAINGLE
COLOR
45. AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATIONDISABILITY
EXPOSURE
3 year old Riya,
presented with fever
and cough since 2 days
and rapid breathing
since 1 day.
At presentation
RR – 56cpm
recession ++
Spo2 – 86% @RA
6yr old Sameer,
presented with early
morning pain
abdomen and
vomiting since 2
hours, drooping of
eyelids and weakness
of all 4 limbs since 1
hour,
At presentation RR –
16cpm, shallow
Secretions ++, Ptosis +,
Quadriparesis +, Spo2
– 86% @ RA
SEVERITY Respiratory distress Compensated Shock
Respiratory Failure Hypotensive shock
TYPE UAO Hypovolemic Shock
LAO Distributive Shock
Lung parenchymal disease Cardiogenic shock
Disordered control of breathing Obstructive shock
At the end of PRIMARY ASSEMENET
AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATIONDISABILITY
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT
PENTAGON
AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATIONDISABILITY
EXPOSURE
CIRCULATION DISABILITY
Cortical
Brainstem
Cardiogenic shock
Obstructive shock
Primary
Secondary