X Ray Diffraction

1. Vijay Prakash
Textile designer
Textile chemistry
Government central textile
technology institute Kanpur
GATE AIR 111 (2021)
IMO 2ND RANK
Reliance intern
SUTLEJ Inter

2. X RayDiffraction
• Machine Specification : PROTO Manufacturing AXRD powder diffraction system
• Model No: AXRD-B
• Principle : Bragg’s Law
• Theory :
 Monochromatic radiation required for X-ray diffraction.
 Energy :100eV to 100keV
 Wavelength: .01 to 10 nm
 Used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal , % crystallinity and % amorphous.
 Bragg’s Equation : n λ=2dsinθ
• Main components:
 X Ray Source
 Sample holder
• X Ray Detector

3. Applications:
• ⦿ It gives information about only crystallinity of a fiber.
• ⦿ It gives information about internal structure of the fiber.
• ⦿ It gives information about the shape of scattering particles.
• ⦿ It gives information about the distribution of spacing between the particles.

4. Drying Rate Tester
MACHINE SPECIFICATION :
Model - RF4008HP
Type - Heated Plate
TESTING PRINCIPLE :
Based on the principle of a wetted fabric treated against the heat source with air flow, the heated plate will evaporate the water in the fabric to
maintain the temperature with it ( i.e, level the temperature) and determine whether the textile has become completely dry.
MACHINE PARTS :
• Metal plate
• Fan
• Water cup
• I.R. Temperature sensor
• Air velocity sensor
• Metal plate

5. Differential scanning calorimetry [DSC]
 INTRODUCTION:
• Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was developed by E.S. Watson M.J. One ill in 1960, and introduced commercially at the Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy in 1963.
• This technique is used to study what happens to polymers/samples upon heating.
• It is used to study thermal transitions of a polymer/sample (the changes that take place on heating) Need to know about the calorimeter.
• It is one who measures the heat in or out of the sample. and differential calorimeter is one who measures.
• The heat of the sample relative to the reference. and the differential scanning calorimeter does all of the above functions and heats the sample with the linear
temperature.
• Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment in DSC.
 PRINCIPLE:
• It is a technique in which the energy necessary to establish a zero-temperature difference between the sample & reference material is measured as a function of
temperature.
• Here, sample & reference material are heated by separate heaters in such a way that their temp is kept equal while these temp. are increased or decreased linearly.
• During heating two types of reactions can be take place one is the endothermic and the other is the exothermic.
 APPLICATIONS
• Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most frequently used thermal analysis technique alongside TGA, TMA and DMA.
• DSC is used to measure enthalpy changes due to changes in the physical and chemical properties of a material as a function of temperature or time. The method
allows you to identify and characterize materials. Differential scanning calorimetry is fast, very sensitive and easy to use.

6.  What can DSC measure?
 Glass transitions
 Melting and boiling points
 Crystallisation time and temperature
 Percent crystallinity
 Heats of fusion and reactions
 Specific heat capacity
 Oxidative/thermal stability
 Reaction kinetics
 Purity

7. Textile Ultraviolet Prevention Performance Tester
• Machine Specification- BSEN 50081-1 and BSEN 50082-1