It is very important to everyone that they should be aware about poison and its pre - hospital treatments. thank you

1. - Insp. Vijay Kumar
NDRF ACADEMY
Nagpur

2. OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this lesson you will
be able to know about:
 Poison and its general Signs and symptoms and Pre
hospital treatment.
 Four specific signs and symptoms of Ingested, Inhaled,
Absorbed and Injected poison and their Pre hospital
treatment.
 Pre hospital treatment of Bee stings and Snake

3. • A poison, is any substance that is harmful to our body.
• Any substance can be poisonous if too much is taken.
Poison

4. POISON CAN ENTER IN BODY BY FOUR WAYS:

5. General Signs & Symptoms Of Poisoning

7. An ingested poison is that which is introduced into
the digestive tract by means of the mouth.
INGESTED POISON

8. Signs And Symptoms Of Ingested
Poisons
 Diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
 Burns, swelling around the mouth
 Excessive salivation or foaming from the
mouth
 Abnormal breathing

9. PHT FOR INGESTED POISONS
Give the patient one or two glasses of water to
dilute the poison.
Induced vomiting is contra-indicated in poisoning
with hydrocarbons, strong acids and alkalis.
As per local protocol, give the patient activated
charcoal – 2 or 3 spoonful's in eight ounces of water.
(1 ounce = 28.35
grams)

10. PHT for Ingested Poisons
Bring the suspected source; container, labels,
or other evidence of the poison to the
hospital.
Treat for shock.
Continually monitor the patient.
Transport the patient.

11. “Though it is important to give care immediately, do
not enter the scene unless you are sure, it is safe”
INHALED POISON

12.  Fever
Signs And Symptoms Of Inhaled
Poisons
 Nausea/vomiti
ng
 Cough
 Joint

13.  Headache
Signs And Symptoms Of Inhaled
Poisons
 Chest pain
 Shortness of
breath

14. Pre Hospital Treatment For Inhaled Poison:-
Use universal precaution and secure the
scene
Maintain open airway. Administer oxygen if
needed as per local protocol.
Perform initial assessment.

15. Do not perform mouth to mouth ventilation. Use the BVM.
Perform physical exam.
Transport the patient.
Pre Hospital Treatment For Inhaled poison:-

16. ABSORBED POISON
An absorbed poison is one that enters the body through
contact with the skin.
Examples:- Natural sources as poison ivy, poison oak,
poison sumac

17. ABSORBED POISON
Man-made sources include corrosives, insecticides,
herbicides and cleaning agents.
HERBICIDES INSECTICIDES

18. Sign and Symptoms For Absorbed poison:-
 History of exposures
 Liquid or residue on the skin
 Poisons related to skin involvement.
 Itching or irritation
 Rash or blisters

19. Pre Hospital Treatment For Absorbed Poison:-
Use universal precaution and secure the
scene.
Remove patient’s clothing
Blot the poison from the skin with a dry cloth. If the
poison is a dry powder, brush it off.
Flood the affected area with copious amounts of water
until EMS arrives.

20. Pre Hospital Treatment For Absorbed Poison:-
Maintain open airway. Administer oxygen if
needed as per local protocol.
Perform initial assessment.
Transport the patient.

21. INJECTED POISON
 An injected poison enters the body through a break in the
skin.
 The break can be caused by a needle (drugs), an insect bite
or sting.

22. Sign and Symptoms For Injected poison:-
 Needle tracks
 Pain, swelling, or redness at the injection
site
 History of bites or stings

23. Pre-hospital treatment for injected
poisons
Use universal precautions and secure the scene.
1. Maintain open airway.
2. Administer oxygen, if needed. Be alert for possible vomiting.
3. Protect yourself and the patient from repeated injections. Cut off patient’s
clothing to protect from possible repeated insect stings or bites.

24. BEE STINGS
 Remove the stinger together with the poison sac.
 Use a plastic card and scrape the skin’s surface to keep the
sac from breaking inside the patient’s skin.
 Place a bag of ice or cold pack on the sting.

25. BEE STINGS
 Bring all containers, or other evidence of poisoning to
the hospital.
 Conduct a physical exam.
 Treat for shock.
 Continually monitor the patient during transport.

26. SNAKE BITES
 A snake bite can be life-threatening if the snake is venomous.
 If a person is bitten by a snake, it's important that he or she
remains calm, immobilises the bite area and removes jewellery
or tight clothing.
 Death can occur quickly if the patient has an allergic reaction to
the venom.
“Treat all snake bites as
poisonous”

27. Sign And Symptoms Of Poisonous Snake Bites
04
Nausea and vomiting
Seizures
Puncture wound
Pain
Snake
Bites
01
02
03

28. 0
08
Blood oozing from the bite
mark
Burning sensation around the
bite mark
Decreased level of
consciousness
Discoloration
05
06
07
Snake
Bites
09 Swelling

29. PRE-HOSPITAL TREATMENT FOR SNAKE
BITES
1. Use universal precautions and secure the scene.
2. Move the patient to a safe place.
3. Calm the patient and try to place him/her in a comfortable position.
4. Locate the bite marks and stabilize.
5. Remove rings, bracelets and any restrictive garments from the affected extremity.
6. Do not apply tourniquets, do not make incisions around the bite marks, and do not
suction the venom from the wound.

30. 7. Treat for shock and provide basic life support as needed.
8. Do not give the patient any food or drink.
9. If possible, capture the snake or click a photograph for species
identification.
10. Administer oxygen per local protocol.
11. Continually monitor the patient during transport.

31. In the 1890s Albert Calmette, was living in Vietnam when a flood
forced enter into a village near Saigon, and monocled cobras
comes out to their places, they bite at least 40 people and killed
four.
Anti venom
Albert Calmette was a French scientist of the Pasteur
Institute working at its Indochine branch in 1895.
The first antivenom for snakes (called an anti-ophidic serum) was
developed by Albert Calmette against the Indian Cobra (Naja Naja)
in 1896.

32. Highly Venomous snakes in India are King
Cobra, Indian Cobra, Russell’s Viper, Saw Scaled
Viper, Malabar pit viper and Krait.
Anti venom
By 1896 Calmette had discovered the process of
injecting horses with venom until they produced
antibodies, taking the serum out of their blood and
injecting it into snake-bitten humans as Antivenom..
Making antivenom is a painstaking, resource-intensive,
time-consuming process.

33. How to Differentiate Between Poisonous Snakes and Non
Poisonous Snakes
 Look at the head. Most venomous snakes usually have
triangular shaped heads.

34.  Observe the colors. Mostly venomous snakes have bright
colours..

35.  Many people will try to judge if a snake is venomous by
looking into its eyes. Some of the most venomous snakes in
the world have Elliptical pupil and non venomous have round
pupil.

36.  Look for a Pit between the snake's eyes and nostrils. A
venomous snake normally has a heat-sensitive pit there to
locate warm-blooded prey. Non-venomous snakes lack such
pits.

37.  See if there is a rattle. A snake with a rattle on its tail must
be a rattlesnake, which is venomous and make a warning
noise.

38.  Notice the underside scales on the tip of the tail
(behind the anus). Most venomous snakes have one row
of scales there while non venomous snakes usually have
two rows.

39.  Watch water snakes swim. Only venomous water snakes
swim with their entire bodies visible on the water.

40.  Examine the bite marks in case of a snake attack. Two
close-set puncture marks would indicate that the snake
has fangs and is venomous. By contrast, a ragged bite
mark means the snake lacks fangs which is a
characteristic only of non venomous snakes

41. STEPS FOR MAKING ANTIVENOM
Step 1: Milking The Venom

42. Step 2: Cooling Down and
Labeling

43. Step 3: Choosing an Animal for Immunization

44. Step 4: Immunizing

45. Step 5: Purifying

46. Step 6: Human Use

47. ALCOHOL
ABUSE
 Alcohol is a drug with wide social acceptance when ingested everyday.
 Abuse of this drug leads to alcoholism and serious chronic intoxication with
great physical and mental decay.
 A patient under the influence of alcohol can be dangerous to him/herself
and to others.

48.  Smell of alcohol on the breath and/or clothes.
 Staggering(walk or move unsteadly, as if about to
fall)
 Slurred speech
 Nausea and vomiting
 Redness of the face
 Altered behaviour
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ALCOHOL
ABUSE

49.  Use universal precautions and secure the scene. Persons with
alcohol poisoning can hurt others or themselves.
 Verify whether it is strictly a case of alcohol abuse.
 Monitor vital signs and stay alert for breathing problems.
 Be alert for vomiting and take steps to prevent aspiration.
PRE HOSPITAL TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL ABUSE

50.  Protect the patient from injury without using restrictive means.
 Give oxygen per local protocol.
 Transport the patient.

51. DRUG ABUSE
Stimulants: These stimulate the central nervous system, causing the
user to become excited.
This group of drugs includes amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine, asthmatic
drugs.

52. Any of a class of a drugs that act as depressants of the central nervous
system and are used as sedatives or hypnotics. Organic compound
having powerful effect; overdose can be fatal.
As diazepam, bromazepam, methaqualone and anti convulsants.
DEPRESSANT

53. Their use produces an intense state of relaxation.
ANALGESIC
NARCOTICS
 Some are easily obtainable, such as codeine found in cough syrups.
Morphine, heroin belong to this group of drugs.
 These drugs reduce body temperature, slow the pulse and
breathing, relax the muscles, and cause pupil dilation, drowsiness,
and sluggishness.

54.  These drugs alter personality and distort perception.
HALLUCINOGENS
 Patients often imagine hearing unusual sounds and seeing strange
colours.
 Persons using hallucinogens can become aggressive and pose a threat
to you, others, and themselves.
 Marijuana also has some hallucinogenic properties

55. VOLATILE CHEMICALS
 The vapours of certain chemical substances cause excitement,
euphoria or the sensation of flying.
 In general these chemicals are solvents, cleaning fluids, glues and
gasoline.
 The effects are temporary loss of reality, loss of the sense of smell,
accelerated pulse and breathing.

56. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Excitability
 Drowsiness and slow reflexes
 Reduced pulse and breathing
 Accelerated pulse and breathing
 Relaxed muscles
 Constricted or dilated pupils
 Aggressive behaviour
 Euphoria

57.  Use universal precautions and secure the scene. When speaking with
the patient, be tactful and ask directly if he/she is taking any
“Medication”.
 Provide Basic Life Support.
 Induce vomiting if the patient is conscious and if the overdose was
taken orally within the last 30 minutes.
 If the patient is hyperactive, apply restraints to prevent self-injury and
injury to others.
PRE HOSPITAL TREATMENT OF DRUG ABUSE

58.  Speak with the patient to win his/her trust and to monitor
level of consciousness.
 Monitor the patient’s breathing carefully because
sedatives can cause slow breathing and lead to possible
respiratory arrest.
 Comfort the patient and provide emotional support.
 Watch for allergic reactions.

59.  Keep all evidence of drug abuse.
 Call your local poison control centre, if available.
 Administer oxygen per need.
 Transport the patient.

62. EVALUATION

63. THANK YOU