A Climate Change Country Assessment Report For Ethiopia Submitted To Forum For Environment (On Behalf Of ECSNCC) By Epsilon International R Amp D (Alebachew Adem And Woldeamlak Bewket)

A Climate Change Country Assessment Report for Ethiopia
Submitted to
Forum for Environment
(on behalf of ECSNCC)
By
Epsilon International R&D
(Alebachew Adem and Woldeamlak Bewket)
August 2011
Addis Ababa
International R&D

Climate Change Country Assessment, Ethiopia
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iii
1. Introduction and Setting.............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Country context.................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1. Demography and socio-economics............................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Environmental context.................................................................................................. 2
1.3. Objectives and Methodology............................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2. Methods of data collection and assessment .................................................................. 3
2. Climate variability and change in Ethiopia................................................................................. 5
2.1. Observed trends and projections.......................................................................................... 5
2.1.1. Observed trends and variability .................................................................................... 5
2.2.2. Future climate change over Ethiopia ............................................................................ 6
2.2. Climate change impacts and vulnerabilities ........................................................................ 6
2.3. The need for mainstreaming climate change issues in Ethiopia.......................................... 6
3. National responses to climate change......................................................................................... 8
3.1. Institutional response ........................................................................................................... 8
3.2. CSOs response ................................................................................................................... 10
4. Assessment of climate related national policies and programs ................................................ 11
4.1. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia...................................................................................... 11
4.2. Ethiopia‟s Growth and Transformation Plan..................................................................... 11
4.3. Climate change related plans and programs ...................................................................... 12
4.3.1. National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) ...................................................... 12
4.3.2. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA).................................................. 13
4.3.3. Ethiopia‟s Program of Adaptation to Climate Change (EPACC)............................... 13
4.3.4. Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) ............................................................... 13
5. Selected case studies of climate change related activities by CSOs......................................... 15
5.1. Ethiopian Civil Society Network on Climate Change (ECSNCC).................................... 15
5.1.1. Profile of the Network ................................................................................................ 15
5.1.2. Vision, mission and objectives of the network ........................................................... 15
5.1.3. Core activities of the Network .................................................................................... 15
5.1.4. Successful advocacy efforts of ECSNCC................................................................... 17
5.1.5. Partially successful/ unsuccessful advocacy experiences of ECSNCC ...................... 17
5.2. Sustainable Land Use Forum (SLUF)................................................................................ 18
5.2.1. Organizational profile................................................................................................. 18
5.2.2. Major climate change advocacy and project activities of SLUF ................................ 18
5.2.3. Successful experiences of SLUF ................................................................................ 18
5.3. Ethio-Wetlands and Natural Resources Association (EWNRA)....................................... 19
5.3.2. Major advocacy activities of EWNRA ....................................................................... 20
5.3.3. Successful advocacy experience of EWNRA............................................................. 21
5.4. Population, Health and Environment-Ethiopia (PHE-Ethiopia)........................................ 21

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5.4.2. Major advocacy activities of PHE-Ethiopia ............................................................... 22
5.4.3. Successful advocacy experience of PHE-Ethiopia ..................................................... 22
5.5. Poverty Action Network Ethiopia (PANE)........................................................................ 22
5.5.2. Major advocacy activities of PANE ........................................................................... 23
5.5.3. Major advocacy achievements.................................................................................... 23
5.6. Forum for Environment (FfE)............................................................................................ 24
5.6.2. Successful advocacy experiences of FfE .................................................................... 24
6. Concluding remarks, advocacy priorities and strategies for future engagement by CSOs....... 26
6.1. Concluding remarks........................................................................................................... 26
6.2. Advocacy priorities for future engagement by CSOs........................................................ 27
6.3. Suggested strategies for successful CSO advocacy on climate change............................. 28
References..................................................................................................................................... 29

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Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Forum for Environment (FfE) for giving us the
opportunity to undertake this assignment. We are thankful to many people from the various
governmental and non-governmental offices with whom we had fruitful discussions, and the
many individuals interviewed for kindly sparing considerable time to the study. Notwithstanding
all the good contributions made by many people acknowledged here, the responsibility for any
shortcomings in the report rests with the authors.
Epsilon International R&D
July 2011, Addis Ababa

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1. Introduction and Setting
1.1. Background
Climate change is a major development challenge to Ethiopia. Developing countries are likely
to be affected most, and Ethiopia is one of the most vulnerable countries. Unless adaptation
measures are widely implemented, climate change can set back development efforts and
achievements by years. Recognizing this, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) and civil society
organizations have since recently been making considerable efforts to tackle the climate change
problem. This country assessment report highlights on some of the key climate change related
policies, programs and initiatives by the GOE and CSOs in the country. It is prepared as part of
the project initiated by the Southern Voices.
The „Southern Voices‟ is a program aimed at strengthening climate networks of civil society
organizations in developing countries. The full name is the „Southern Voices Capacity Building
Program‟ and the focus is on building capacity for advocacy, for speaking up to promote pro-
poor climate policies and programs, and benefiting the groups most vulnerable to climate
change. The aim is promote and support the advocacy work of climate networks in the South
with their different geographical and thematic perspectives.
The program is being implemented through a consortium of five Danish and two international
NGOs, with CARE Denmark as the lead agency. It supports the strengthening of Southern civil
society networks through the country offices and other support structures of the consortium
members. Eleven national networks, six regional and three thematic networks are included in
the program. The program promotes fair and pro-poor climate change policies and programs in
developing countries- through Country Assessment Reports on implementation and
development of climate change policies and programs by national governments, regional and
international institutions, including an international synthesis report to be released towards
COP17.
Within the program, there is focus on research, documentation and developing case studies on
the consequences of climate change and coping strategies where the network members work.
These will be important tools for advocacy efforts to help ensure that the interests of poor and
marginalized people are taken into consideration within the negotiations as well as in
development and implementation of climate change policies and programs at the national,
regional and local levels. The present country assessment report for Ethiopia is prepared in line
with this focus.
The main objective of the country assessment study was to assess and provide highlights of
climate change issues in Ethiopia with emphasis on risks and vulnerabilities and national
preparedness and institutional responses. The focus is on key government initiatives and
exemplary cases and experiences by non-governmental and civil society organizations in policy
advocacy and implementation of capacity building and nationally appropriate adaptation and
mitigation projects. Further, the report also documents some lessons and identifies advocacy
priorities and policy recommendations for further interventions by government actors/
institutions and national and international non-governmental organizations.
The assessment report reviews climate change related policies and programs in Ethiopia, with
particular focus on the successes and challenges of each policy or program in terms of reaching
and benefiting the most vulnerable to climate change. The purpose of the country assessment

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was to (i) serve as general evidence base for advocacy works; (ii) provide evidence-base to
prioritize advocacy initiatives and development of policy recommendations; (iii) enable the
network to select and focus on policies and programs and promote advocacy work; and (iv)
feed into an international synthesis report that aims at sharing lessons and experiences with a
view to supporting those who are most vulnerable to climate change. It is hoped that advocacy
networks will find the assessment an important guide to select and focus their attention and
resources on the country climate change related policies and programs which are most relevant
to target or promote in their advocacy work.
1.2. Country Context
1.2.1. Demography and Socio-Economics
With a total area of over 1.1 million square kilometers and a population of 74 million in 2007
(CSA 2007), Ethiopia is the second most-populous country in Africa. The country is one of the
poorest in the world with a per capita annual income of about USD 164, which is only a fifth of
the sub-Saharan African average. Agriculture is the backbone of the national economy
contributing some 44% to the country‟s GDP. About 84% of the national population is rural
deriving livelihoods from agriculture and natural resources. Average population density is 67
persons /km2
and varies significantly across space following altitudinal and agro-ecological
patterns.
In the 2007/08 Human Development Report of UNDP, Ethiopia ranked 170th
out of 177 ranked
countries in the human development index, and 99th
out of 103 developing countries in the
human poverty index (UNDP, 2007/08). Poverty is deep, widespread and unequal among the
poor. About two-thirds of the population earns less than USD 2.0/day and an estimated 55.3%
of the country‟s population lives below a threshold level in basic dimensions of human
development. Five to six million people are chronically food insecure on a permanent basis and
food insecurity affects as many as 10 million Ethiopians (MEDaC, 1999; MoFED, 2006). In
2008 about 12.6 million people were affected by drought and in 2011 about 3.2 million people
are reportedly affected by drought-induced food shortages and food insecurity.
Government reports show substantial reductions in national poverty levels. For instance, the
2005 national poverty head count index is lower than the index for 2000 by 12% while the food
poverty index fell from 42% in 2000 to 38% in 2005 (MoFED, 2006). Global debt relief
initiatives have also substantially reduced the country‟s external debt stock to around USD 3.0
billion. Despite this progress in the reduction of poverty and major improvements in annual
nominal government budget, government financial resources are still meager compared to the
development needs of the country. The amount of foreign aid inflows required indicates the
huge development financial gap the country faces and the general paucity of resources vis-à-vis
its multifaceted challenges and development needs. Foreign aid contributes 26% to the national
budget of the country (CSA, 2007).
1.2.2. Environmental Context
In Ethiopia, as in other African countries, the environment is the foundation of the national
economy and livelihoods of millions of poor people. Ethiopia contains rich species of plants
and animals and some of the species are endemic. The country harbors two of the 34 global
biodiversity hotspots, namely the Eastern Afro-montane and Horn of Africa biodiversity
hotspots. However, the country‟s environmental resources are under threat from
mismanagement, indiscriminate exploitation and climate change related stresses. This suggests
that past and present management efforts are far from being sufficient to achieve sustainable

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conservation and use of the country‟s biodiversity, although such sustainable management is
crucial for the country‟s population that relies on this stock of natural resources for the bulk of
its economic activities. Overall, vegetation resources in Ethiopia are mined rather than managed
and their degradation has reached a critical stage.(source)
Ethiopia, due to its geo-physical position and socio-economic context, is prone to several types
of recurrent natural and human-induced disasters. Once known for its wealth of natural
resources and biodiversity, five thousand years of poor land and environmental management
and demographic and settlement expansion have degraded the natural environment of Ethiopia
(Shibru and Kifle, 1998). Although the actual rate of forest destruction and soil erosion are
debatable (for example annual loss of natural forest cover is estimated in the range of 150,000
to 200,000 hectares), but most agree that both are occurring on a massive scale. Soil erosion is
believed to affect 82% of the country; of the total 59.7 million hectares covered by woody
vegetation, the high forest now covers only around 6.8% of the country, down from an initial
estimate of 40% (WBISPP, 2004). The current government instituted the environmental rights
of citizens in its Federal Constitution, ratified a number of international conventions (including
the UNCCD, UNCBD and UNFCCC), enacted a National Environmental Policy in 1997 and
formulated a number of environmentally oriented policies and programs. Unfortunately, most
environmental policy and program documents have hardly been enforced.
1.3. Objectives and Methodology
1.3.1. Objectives
The general objective of the study is to assess „what climate change policies and programs have
been planned, developed and implemented in the country, and what successes or challenges
have been experienced in terms of benefiting those most vulnerable to climate change‟. The
specific objectives are to:
 Map out major climate change related policies, strategies, programs and projects in
the country so as to understand the overall context and general perspective of
climate change issues; and
 Document case studies describing key advocacy activities conducted by civil society
(or other stakeholders) in the country.
1.3.2. Methods of Data Collection and Assessment
The study involved the following activities;
 Collection of all climate change relevant policies, strategies, programs and projects
documents from various institutions (focusing on vulnerable sectors and climate change
related program documents in the country);
 Collection of relevant documents and case study materials on activities conducted by
civil society organizations and other stakeholders in the country; and
 Development of instruments for key informant interviews and conducting interviews to
generate primary data.
The methods employed for the assessment of climate related and environmentally-oriented
national policies and programs and the documentation of the case studies were the following:
 Desk review: brief but critical review of national sectoral and climate related policies,
programs and strategies and reports of governmental and non-governmental institutions
with regard to climate change related issues in Ethiopia.

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 Stakeholder mapping: this involved identification of stakeholders engaged in climate
change related projects and activities and mapping out the specific activities, extent of
engagement, areas of operation and influence.
 Document analysis and in-depth interviews: project documents of non-governmental
and civil society organizations were gathered and reviewed. The documents reviewed
include project proposals, activity plans and reports, and monitoring and evaluation
reports. In addition, in-depth interviews and discussions were held with experts and
officials of the selected organizations.
 Verification: after reviewing the project documents and having discussions with experts
and officials, interviews and discussions with members of other civil society
organizations were conducted in order to cross-check and validate the claims and reports
made by members of the study cases. In addition, interviews and discussions were
carried out with program and field staff of the selected organizations as well as with
relevant government officials and experts.
Six specific cases that we believe could demonstrate good practices related to climate change
advocacy and the implementation of regionally relevant adaptation and mitigation projects were
identified. The detail of the cases selected and/ or projects identified along with the selection
criteria is presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Description of the case studies
No. Name of the CSO Core areas of work Selection criteria
1 ECSNCC (Ethiopian
Civil Society Network
on Climate Change)
Advocacy,
Capacity building,
Research
Most successful national network in
advocating for the mainstreaming of climate
change in national programs and for a just
deal at the UNFCCC negotiations
2 SLUF (Sustainable
Land Use Forum)
Advocacy,
Capacity building,
Sustainable land
management
Soil and water management;
Livelihood enhancement;
Highland environment
3 EWNRA (Ethio-
Wetlands and Natural
Resource Association)
Advocacy (Ramsar
Convention, National
Law on Wetlands),
Wetland
management
Focus on wetlands
4 PHE-Ethiopia
(Population, Health
Environment
Consortium of Ethiopia)
Advocacy,
Capacity Building,
Networking
Most successful in advocating and lobbying
government for an integrated approach
towards population, health and environmental
issues in Ethiopia
5 PANE (Poverty Action
Network in Ethiopia)
Lobbying and
advocacy,
Research,
Capacity building,
Networking
Successfully lobbied for the mainstreaming of
climate change adaptation into the PASDEP
(5-year Plan for Accelerated and Sustained
Development to End Poverty) and MDGs in
Ethiopia
6 FfE (Forum for
Environment)
Advocacy and
lobbying,
Research,
Capacity building,
Networking
Successful advocacy experience in the five
major thematic areas of forestry, protected
areas, urban environment, energy and climate
change

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2. Climate Variability and Change in Ethiopia
Ethiopia has historically suffered from climatic variability and extremes. Rain failures have
contributed to crop failures, deaths of livestock, hunger and famines in the past. Even relatively
small events during the growing season, like too much or too little rain at the wrong times, can
spell disasters. Small farmers and cattle herders, who are already struggling to cope with the
impacts of current climate variability and poverty, will face daunting tasks to adapt to future
climate change.
Over the years, repeated famines and chronic food crisis resulting from frequent droughts,
environmental degradation and decline in food production havocked the country many times
and still remain major challenges to the country (NMA, 2006; Aklilu and Alebachew 2009).
Most of the regions and people throughout the country are living through a period of rapid and
dramatic changes in ecological conditions, land use patterns, and socio-economic conditions.
The pace of change in the pattern of climate and different forms of environmental hazards in the
country often exceeds the capacity of national and local institutions to cope with or mitigate the
effects of such changes. This is especially true in drier, more fragile rural areas where
catastrophic drought, unseasoned floods and famine have become increasingly common
occurrences.
Droughts and floods are very common phenomena in Ethiopia with significant events occurring
every three to five years (World Bank, 2006). According to World Bank (2006), the country has
experienced at least five major national droughts since the 1980s, along with dozens of local
droughts (World Bank, 2009). Over the years, the frequency of droughts and floods has
increased in many areas resulting in loss of lives and livelihoods (Mesfin, 1984; 2001). In
particular, reports point to the increased incidence of meteorological drought episodes, food
shortages and climate-sensitive human and crop diseases in the northern highland and southern
lowland regions of the country (World Bank, 2009; Oxfam International, 2010; Aklilu and
Alebachew, 2009; UN-ISDR, 2010). Climate change is expected to exacerbate the problem of
rainfall variability and associated drought and flood disasters in Ethiopia (NMA, 2006).
2.1. Observed Trends and Projections
2.1.1. Observed Trends and Variability
Both instrumental and proxy records have shown significant variations in the spatial and
temporal patterns of climate in Ethiopia. According to NMA (2006) the country experienced 10
wet years and 11 dry years over 55 years analyzed, demonstrating the strong inter-annual
variability. Between 1951 and 2006, annual minimum temperature in Ethiopia increased by
about 0.37°C every decade. The UNDP Climate Change Profile for Ethiopia (McSweeney et
al., 2008) also shows that the mean annual temperature increased by 1.3°C between 1960 and
2006, at an average rate of 0.28°C per decade. The temperature increase has been most rapid
from July to September (0.32°C per decade). It is reported that the average number of hot days
per year has increased by 73 (an additional 20% of days) and the number of hot nights has
increased by 137 (an additional 37.5% of nights) between 1960 and 2006. The rate of increase
was highest in June, July and August. Over the same period, the average number of cold days
and nights decreased by 21 (5.8% of days) and 41 (11.2% of nights), respectively. These
reductions have mainly occurred in the months of September to November (McSweeney et al.,
2008).

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2.2.2. Future Climate Change over Ethiopia
The results of IPCC‟s mid-range emission scenario show that compared to the 1961-1990
average mean annual temperature across Ethiopia will increase by between 0.9 and 1.1°C by the
year 2030 and from 1.7 to 2.1°C by the year 2050. The temperature across the country could
rise by between 0.5 and 3.6C by 2080, whereas precipitation is expected to show some
increase (NMA, 2006). Unlike the temperature trends, it is very difficult to detect long-term
rainfall trends in Ethiopia, due to the high inter-annual and inter-decadal variability. According
to NMA (2006), between 1951 and 2006, no statistically significant trend in mean annual
rainfall was observed in any season. The results of the IPCC‟s mid-range emission scenario
show that compared to the 1961-1990 annual precipitation show a change of between 0.6 and
4.9% and 1.1 to 18.2% for 2030 and 2050, respectively (NM,A, 2006). The percentage change
in seasonal rainfall is expected to be up to about 12% over most parts of the country (ICPAC,
2007).
2.2. Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerabilities
Climate change is fundamentally a sustainable development issue. Key natural resources and
ecological systems (e.g. land resources, water, wetlands and natural habitats), all of which are
vital to sustainable development, are sensitive to changes in climate including the magnitude
and rate of climate change as well as to changes in climate variability. Economic activities such
as crop farming, livestock herding, energy production and water supply that depend on these
natural resources are, therefore, also sensitive to climate variations. Thus climate change
represents an additional stress on the natural resource base of Ethiopia which is already affected
by increasing resource demands, unsustainable management practices and environmental
degradation. These stresses will interact in different ways across the different regions but can be
expected to reduce the ability of some environmental systems to provide, on a sustained basis,
goods and services needed for successful economic and social development including adequate
food and feed, good health, water and energy supplies, employment opportunities and social
advancement.
Since climate change has strong linkages to poverty and social inequality, its impacts will be
felt in different ways and severities by different communities and social groups in Ethiopia. It is
well recognized that the most vulnerable and marginalized communities and groups are those
who will experience the greatest impacts (IPCC, 2007), and are in the greatest need of support
and adaptation strategies. At the same time, it is the vulnerable and marginalized who lack or
have the least access to information, technology or opportunity to adapt to current climate
variability and sufficiently prepare for future changes in the climate system. Particularly,
climate change poses a significant challenge to the reduction of poverty and social inequality
for the rural poor, especially women, the marginalized, the disabled and those living with
HIV/AIDS, who will suffer disproportionately from its multifaceted and growing impacts.
2.3. The Need for Mainstreaming Climate Change Issues in Ethiopia
There are a number of reasons why Ethiopia should be concerned about climate change. The
country‟s vital natural resources namely water, forest, rangeland, agricultural land, biodiversity,
energy, etc are very much the reflection of the historical climate. Socioeconomic activities such
as agriculture (both crop production and livestock herding) and agro-forestry which are the
main sources of livelihood to rural majority and backbone of the country‟s economy are
sensitive to climate variations. Recurrent drought, unseasoned flooding and livestock and crop
diseases are also the main challenges in the country. Evidences that could be associated with
climate change have already started appearing in Ethiopia in the last 50 years (NMA, 2006).

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Available studies clearly indicate that the projected changes in climate and its variability would
have serious implications on natural resources, economy and welfare. Recent vulnerability
mapping reports also confirmed Ethiopia‟s high vulnerability to climate change with the least
capacity to respond (McSweeney et al., 2008). The same study argues that climate change is
will be a major challenge against the country‟s efforts towards achieving food security and
environmental sustainability.
As climate variability and change is already impacting Ethiopia‟s socioeconomic sectors and
environmental resources, addressing the issue would be vital if Ethiopia is to break out of the
poverty trap and achieve its national ambition to become a middle income country by 2025.
Hence, addressing current and future climate vulnerabilities in development planning and
programming should be an immediate priority to Ethiopia. Being prepared to adapt to climate
change is important, even as the world strives to reduce the factors that cause it. Development-
as-usual, without consideration of climate risks and opportunities, will lead to maladaptive
practices weakening national resilience to climate change.

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3. National Responses to Climate Change
3.1. Institutional Response
Climate change represents a significant threat to Ethiopia. Drought-induced food, water and
energy insecurity are already recurrent problems. These punish the worse-off and most
vulnerable. Also, climate change poses a serious threat to the alleviation of poverty and the
attainment of the five-year Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2014/15) of Ethiopia and
the MDGs. In terms of policy, unlike the case of developed countries which are compelled to
mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions, the practical measure expected from Ethiopia is to
adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change through the development of responsive and
nationally appropriate policy and practical adaptation and mitigation measures while lobbying
for international solidarity, equity and climate justice. Accordingly, Ethiopia has ratified the
UNFCCC (1994) and its related instrument, the Kyoto Protocol (2005), and submitted its initial
national communications (in 2001) and National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) (in
2007) to the UNFCCC. The country has also submitted its Nationally Appropriate Mitigation
Action (NAMA) plan to the UNFCCC by the end of January 2010. The country has completed
the preparation of a new work program for action „Ethiopian Program of Adaptation to Climate
Change‟ (EPACC), which replaces the project-based NAPA, and is in the process of developing
an overarching framework and national strategy called „Climate Resilient Green Economy‟
(CRGE).
The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has promulgated a new five year (2010/11-2014/15)
development plan, known widely as Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) which directly
addresses climate change and environment issues in a separate section. The GTP stipulates the
country‟s ambition to build a climate resilient green economy by 2030. Other than the GTP, the
various national policies, initiatives and sectoral programs now in place also address climate
change, albeit indirectly. Such policy and program initiatives include the Environmental Policy,
Energy Policy and the Biofuels Strategy, Agriculture and Rural Development Strategy, Water
Resources Management Policy, Strategy and Program, Health Policy, National Policy on
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness, National Policy on Biodiversity Conservation, the
Pastoral Policy, and the recently introduced National Development Plan for Ethiopian Women,
Children and Youth. Some of these policies have been amended from their initial versions
while others are still in their original forms despite new realities on the ground.
Table 1. Climate Change Related Policies and Programs of Ethiopia
Policy /strategy Climate change relevant components in the policy/strategy
Environmental Policy
(1997)
 Provide overall guidance in the conservation and sustainable
utilization of Ethiopia‟s environmental resources
 Promote environment monitoring programs
 Foster use of hydro, geothermal, solar and wind energy so as to
minimize emission of greenhouse gases
 Provide coordination and leadership support in the
conservation and management of environmental resources
 Consider climate change as a cross-cutting and important
environmental, social and development challenges that needs
to be tackled
EPACC (Ethiopian
Program of
 Adequately captured the growing threat of climate change in
Ethiopia and clearly spells out the need to mainstream climate

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Adaptation to Climate
Change)
change in all spheres of development policy making and
planning at all phases and stages of the planning and
implementation process.
 The program clearly states the urgency of taking practical
adaptation and mitigation actions in the various social and
economic sectors.
 However, the role of non-state actors in the planning, design
and implementation of activities mentioned in the work
program is not clearly spelled out.
Ethiopian NAMA  Paid special attention to unleashing the huge potential of the
country‟s water, land, wind and geothermal energy resources
for the purpose of generating electricity for road and rail
transport and household consumption, and managing urban
wastes.
 Failed to include important mitigation actions in land use
planning, energy efficiency, fiscal incentives and traffic
management regulatory policy measures.
CRGE (Climate
Resilient Green
Economy) strategy
 Recommend the use of low carbon solutions to leapfrog other
economic sectors while realizing the ambitions set out in the
country‟s Growth and Transformation Plan
 Present an overarching framework to marshal a coherent
response to climate change, to generate both innovative
thinking and a course of actions to meet the challenges
associated with the transfer of climate-friendly technologies
and finance for the construction of a climate resilient green
economy in Ethiopia
GTP (Growth and
Transformation Plan)
 Climate change is recognized as a huge threat and opportunity
for Ethiopia;
 Both climate change adaptation and mitigation issues
considered;
 Stipulates the country‟s ambition to build a climate resilient
green economy by 2030.
RDPS (Agricultural
and Rural
Development Policy
Strategies)
 Sustainable Land Management Program (SLMP) as a tool to
reduce rural vulnerabilities and building ecosystem resilience
 Environmental rehabilitation
 Watershed development for environmental adaptation
 Harnessing the multiple benefits of water resources
 Integrated disaster risk monitoring and early warning
 Use of improved agricultural inputs and modern technologies
Energy policy &
Biofuels Strategy
 Support energy diversification and the development of modern
(renewable) energy sources
 Hydro-power generation
 Recommend biofuel development as important strategy for
energy security and climate change mitigation
 However, the focus is on hydro- and bio-energy sources
Water Policy  The water sector policy instruments do not factor climate
change as a major variable affecting the amount, distribution
and quality of water resources. But, they suggest as important;
- Water harvesting and management measures

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- Flood management
- Promotion of equitable water for multiple uses
Women‟s Policy
(1993)
 Recognize the critical role and contribution of Ethiopian
women to poverty reduction and sustainable development
 Fail to address the gender dimensions of climate change
Health Policy (1994)  Focus on health promotion and disease prevention, curative
and rehabilitative services, public health emergency
preparedness
 Prioritize the prevention of environmental pollution with
hazardous chemical wastes and the development of
environmental health
 Focus containing and controlling malaria
 Climate change not considered as a major public health threat
Source: Epsilon International (2011)
These and other national policies are geared towards accelerating growth and transformation so
as to lift the country out of the cycle of poverty and meeting the national vision of seeing a
middle income Ethiopia. In light of this national interest, climate change provides both a
challenge and an opportunity to reconfigure the country‟s development strategies so as to
realize sustainable development.
3.2. Civil Sociality Organizations (CSOs) response
A number of civil society organizations have been actively engaged in climate change research,
advocacy, lobbying and project implementation activities. Ethiopian CSOs have been doing
commendable work in pushing the climate agenda nationally and lobbying for equity and
climate justice at the international level. In 2009, more than 60 environmental and development
CSOs/NGOs have formed a network, the ECSNCC (the Ethiopian Civil Society Network on
Climate Change), which is now proactively engaged in international negotiations (as
observers), the generation of research based knowledge, raising of public awareness, building
of local capacity and supporting adaptation efforts by vulnerable communities and regional and
national government bodies. The ECSNCC has successfully lobbied for the mainstreaming of
climate change in the national development policies and programs of Ethiopia. The Network
has also successfully lobbied for the revision of some policies, the development of climate
change adaptation and mitigation programs and a separate climate change policy for Ethiopia.
In addition, the CSO/NGO sector assists vulnerable groups by mobilizing communities,
resources, technologies and expertise. Some NGOs also share their field-level experience and
help build the capacity of state actors.

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4. Assessment of Climate Related National Policies and Programs
4.1. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) issued the country‟s first ever Environmental Policy in
1997. The aim was to rectify the economic and social costs of environmental damage from
widespread mismanagement of environmental resources, and to provide overall guidance in the
conservation and sustainable utilization of the country‟s environmental resources. The policy
covers a wide range of resource sectors: soil, forest, woodlands, biodiversity, water, energy,
minerals, urban environment, environmental health, industrial pollution, atmospheric pollution,
and cultural and natural heritage. It also encompasses other cross-sectoral issues such as
population and the environment, community participation and the environment, tenure and
access rights to land.
From the perspective of climate change, the policy has considered in its sectoral environmental
policy components atmospheric pollution and climate change as an important environmental,
social and development challenge that need to be tackled. The policies consider the
vulnerability of the country to climate variability and aim to promote a climate monitoring
program, take appropriate mitigation measures, develop the energy sector, actively participating
in protecting the ozone layer, and to maximize the standing biomass in the country through a
combination of reforestation, agro-forestry, rehabilitation of degraded areas, re-vegetation,
control of free range grazing (in the highlands) and seeking financial support for offsetting
carbon dioxide emissions from such activities.
Despite mentioning of the vulnerability of the country and the need for national action aimed at
the management of climate risks and mobilization of financial support from the international
community, there is no mention of the need for full integration of climate change adaptation
and nationally appropriate mitigation measures in the environmental policy. This deficiency is
largely because of the fact that the policy was crafted much before climate change has become
high on the political agenda.
It was envisaged that the environmental policy would be reviewed every five years for the
purpose of improving and updating the policy in light of emerging environmental threats and on
the basis of feedback from implementation. Although Ethiopian Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) has produced the first State of the Environment Report (SOE), it has
limitations since it does not contain adequate information on the impact of implementation of
the environmental policy on the environment. This is not surprising since the mechanisms for
monitoring, evaluation and review envisaged in the policy document have not yet been put in
place. Although the reporting mechanisms from community up to federal level have been laid
down in the policy, in practice there is no well-established reporting practice, which enables the
documentation of progress against the policy. It should be noted that it is very important for the
environmental policy to fully appreciate the multifaceted implications of climate change and
provide sufficient space for climate change issues when revising the policy.
4.2. Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation Plan
The Government of Ethiopia has recently launched a new five-year development plan, known
as Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). The GTP, as a medium term strategic framework
for the period (2010/11-2014/15), is aimed at achieving a rapid economic development
consecutively, aggressively promoting agricultural investments, boosting industrial growth,

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expanding access to social service provisions, ensuring its equity as well as quality and meeting
the MDGs. The plan aims to “ensure food security at the family, regional and national levels”,
by doubling domestic agricultural production. As with the previous development programs the
provision of improved technology to smallholder farmers and commercialization of small scale
farming is the basis of the growth plan. The plan clearly states its objectives and the respective
targets clearly. It is very comprehensive though some questions are raised on how much can
realistically be achieved with available resources.
The GTP recognizes climate change as a threat as well as an opportunity for Ethiopia, and has
thus considered climate change adaptation and mitigation issues. In its subsection about
environment and climate change (subsection 8.9), the plan recognizes the role that
environmental management plays in sustainable development and clearly declares the
government‟s commitment to building a „green economy‟ and ongoing implementation of
environmental policies and laws of the country. In order to build a climate-resilient and
facilitate the move towards a carbon-neutral economy, the plan declares that Ethiopia will
pursue both appropriate climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
The plan recognizes that Ethiopia annually loses two to six per cent of its annual production due
to climate change. Unless appropriate adaptation measures are in place, the impact will be
manifested more in the loss of agricultural production, inundation and drying up of water
resources and loss of biodiversity. In addition to adaptation measures, the plan recommends the
preparation of action plans, laws and standards, raising and enhancing public awareness,
scaling-up of best practices, certification, standardization and accreditation of experts and
organizations working on environmental issues and climate change mitigation, embarking on
aggressive economic expansion and development measures in the areas of renewable energy
resources, building climate change mitigation capacity and implementation of environmental
management practices.
In general, the GTP presents an opportunity to build a climate-resilient green economy through
unleashing the potential for agriculture, harnessing the multiple benefits of water resources,
massively expanding access to modern energy and combining climate change adaptation and
parallel approaches. Its focuses on Ethiopia‟s green growth path and continued effort in
contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gases through appropriate mitigation actions in
all major sectors of the economy while lobbying for international solidarity for a fair and
ambitious outcome in the international climate change negotiations.
4.3. Climate change related plans and programs
4.3.1. National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)
As a Party to the UNFCCC, Ethiopia is obliged by several articles of the convention to address
climate change through the preparation of a national adaptation document and the integration of
climate change into its sectoral development policies and plans. Pursuant to this, the country
prepared its NAPA in 2007. The NAPA represented the first step in coordinating adaptation
activities across government sectors, but was not intended to be a long-term strategy in itself.
Ethiopia‟s NAPA projects are currently „on hold‟ whilst international adaptation funding
mechanisms are under negotiation. Besides, there were concerns about the participation of all
relevant stakeholders in the preparation of the NAPA document (e.g. Women‟s Affairs Office
and Ministry of Health not represented).

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4.3.2. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)
NAMAs are voluntary emission reduction measures undertaken by developing country parties
and reported to the UNFCCC. In accordance with the requirements of the Copenhagen Accord,
Ethiopia prepared and submitted its NAMA in January 2010. The Ethiopian NAMA is
comprised of various sectors and concrete projects (in the energy, transport, forestry,
agriculture and urban waste management sectors) and has been registered by the Secretariat of
the UNFCCC in line with the Copenhagen Accord. There are two important concerns. First, the
limited experience in the country so far in the production of biofuels show that there is real
danger of energy crops displacing food crops and forest resources. If care is not taken, land use
change from forests and woodlands to energy crops will rather lead to more carbon emissions
than sequestration. Second, as compared to NAMAs prepared by other countries, the Ethiopian
NAMA has failed to include important mitigation actions in land use planning, energy
efficiency, fiscal incentives and traffic management regulatory policy measures.
4.3.3. Ethiopia’s Program of Adaptation to Climate Change (EPACC)
More recently, a separate work program for action on adaptation to climate change has been
developed by the Federal Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia. The program
document interlinks climate change adaptation strongly with the economic and physical
survival of the country and identifies key climate change adaptation measures and strategic
priorities and intervention areas to address the adverse effects of climate change. The main
objective of EPACC is to create the foundation for a carbon-neutral and climate-resilient path
towards sustainable development in the country. The program states that most of the solutions
to climate change will be implemented by inhabitants and farmers at local and district levels,
thus the role of the federal institutions will be to initiate, facilitate and monitor activities with
the exception of some cases that need the intervention of the concerned federal organs.
EPACC identifies twenty climate change risks and the institutions responsible for countering
and mitigating each of the identified risks. The climate risks identified are broadly in the areas
of human, animal and crop diseases, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, decline in
agricultural production, dwindling water supply, social inequality, urban waste accumulation,
and displacement due to environmental stress and insecurity. It identifies adaptation strategies
and options in the various socioeconomic sectors including cloud seeding, crop and livestock
insurance mechanisms, grain storage, societal reorganization, renewable energy, gender
equality, factoring disability, climate change adaptation education, capacity building, research
and development, and enhancing institutional capacity and the political momentum.
The work program is both comprehensive and prescriptive. It has adequately captured the
growing threat of climate change in Ethiopia and clearly spells out the need to mainstream
climate change in all spheres of development policy making and planning at all phases and
stages of the planning and implementation process. The program clearly states the urgency of
taking practical adaptation and mitigation actions in the various social and economic sectors.
However, the program is compiled from contributions made by different ministries, implying
that climate change adaptation issue is being addressed in a less coherent manner. Also, the role
of non-state actors in the planning, design and implementation of activities mentioned in the
work program is not clearly spelt out.
4.3.4. Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE)
Although international climate negotiations have made little progress since the largely failed
talks of Copenhagen in 2009, especially developing countries have started the race towards
low-carbon development. Low-Carbon Development Plans (LCDPs) have been developed that
describe goals and measures of the respective country‟s climate change efforts and lay

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foundations for overall sustainable development planning. One year later, the Cancún talks have
reanimated the UN climate negotiations process to some degree. In fact aggregate climate
change mitigation commitments are still far apart from a level of ambition that effectively
creates a realistic chance of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2°C or possibly even
lower. However, with the Cancún Agreements, developing nations are for the first time
officially encouraged to develop low-carbon development strategies or plans. Yet, many
developing countries seem to have already begun this process. In this regard, Ethiopia is among
the developing countries that are in the early stages of developing a new national strategic
framework for a smooth transition to a climate resilient green economy by 2030.
The strategic aim of the Ethiopian government is to use low carbon solutions to leapfrog other
economic sectors while realizing the ambitions set out in its five year national Growth and
Transformation Plan. The Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has been
mandated to co-ordinate the country‟s national response to climate change. Through its two
national climate change programs (EPACC and NAMA), EPA has made a strong start. The next
step is to broaden and deepen this response. Each ministry and the regional governments are
expected to play major role in marshalling a coherent response to climate change.
A climate resilient green economy is a long-term ambition of Ethiopia. The mission statement
developed to facilitate the development of the Ethiopian CRGE strategy sets out a five step
roadmap for moving towards a climate resilient low carbon economy. The roadmap identified
the need for more work on Ethiopia‟s climate change institutions, monitoring and finance
systems and sectoral and regional action plans. When combined, the work is expected to enable
the EPA to draft a CRGE Strategy which will identify a clear path to the goal of a climate
resilient green economy by 2030.

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5. Selected case studies of climate change related activities by CSOs
5.1. Ethiopian Civil Society Network on Climate Change (ECSNCC)
5.1.1. Profile of the Network
The ECSNCC is a loose network of Ethiopian Civil Society Organizations working on climate
change. It was first conceived during a 2007 Green Forum meeting which held the first national
conference on climate change. The Forum has stirred the establishment of a civil society
coalition on climate change. On behalf of eight European agencies (E8) Dan Church Aid, an
international NGO, hosted a one day experience and information sharing meeting with
Ethiopian partner CSOs in the beginning of November 2008 with the outcome of the
establishment of an advocacy working group which founded the National Climate Change
Network of Civil Society Organizations. The network was launched on January 2009. The
Forum for Environment (FfE) serves as secretariat of the Network. The Network has six
founding members (FfE, Action for Development, Dan Church Aid, Poverty Action Network
Ethiopia, SOS Sahel Ethiopia and Sustainable Land Use Forum). Currently, the Network has
more than 60 member civil society organizations.
5.1.2. Vision, mission and objectives of the network
Vision: To see an environment where men and women of Ethiopia are equally best enabled to
cope with immediate and future impacts of climate change.
Mission: The network has the following missions:
 Raise awareness on climate change;
 Support capacity building initiatives on climate change;
 Support action oriented research and dissemination activities designed to influence
public attitudes and policies;
 Establish a platform, which will synergize civil society‟s efforts in combating climate
change; and
 Facilitate consultations among stakeholders on climate change issues.
Objectives: The objectives of the network are to:
 Facilitate local and national awareness campaigns on climate change issues;
 Foster dialogue at the national, regional and global levels by networking with other like-
minded organizations;
 Promote the formation of climate change activists and environmental clubs at schools
and other institutions;
 Enhance the capacity of member organizations in planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of climate change adaptation and mitigation projects and programs;
 Contribute to climate change knowledge development and dissemination through action
research and experience sharing; and
 Mobilize resources to implement its activities.
5.1.3. Core activities of the Network
As an umbrella organization, the ECSNCC has been mandated and thus actively engaged in the
following four core activities: (i) awareness raising and familiarization, (ii) networking,
advocacy, lobbying, negotiation (NALN), (iii) Research, publications and documentation
(RPD), and (iv) capacity building. The Network‟s performance in each of the core activities is
discussed briefly hereunder.

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Awareness raising and familiarization: At the national level, the Network carries out different
activities aimed at raising awareness of politicians, civil servants and the general public about
climate change and environmental risks. For instance, the activities performed in 2010 in this
regard are:
 A consultation meeting for Network members focusing on three newly emerging
climate change related program documents, namely NAMA, EPACC and CRGE;
 Training for Ethiopian journalists with the aim of enhancing the role of the media in
national climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts;
 Debriefing workshop on the outcomes of the Bonn II climate change talks for members
of the Network and the general public;
 Training on climate change adaptation for school teachers and students;
 Awareness creation workshop about the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the
Ethiopian context involving ECSNCC members, the private sector, banks, governmental
institutions;
 Debriefing sessions on the outcomes of the 16th
Conference of Parties held in Cancun,
Mexico involving representatives of a range of stakeholders;
 Workshop organized on climate change and the Ethiopian five year Growth and
Transformation Plan; and
 Outreach programs (dissemination of climate change information through regular
popular radio programs).
Networking, advocacy, lobbying, negotiation (NALN) at national and international levels:
ECSNCC has championed climate change agenda in the country representing the civil society.
ECSNCC has from time to time been stepping up its international engagement. The Network
has participated in about four UNFCCC-sponsored „regular‟ international meetings and in other
four pertinent international meetings elsewhere totaling some eight climate change related
international conferences or forums annually on average. Some of these were high-level
meetings where ECSNCC was given the opportunity of taking part in government-led missions
representing the civil society in Ethiopia, which is suggestive of the good working relationship
it has established with the Government.
ECSNCC is an active member of two major international networks, namely Pan African
Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA) based in Nairobi, Kenya, and the Climate Action Network
(CAN) based in Washington, USA, with its East African branch located in Kampala, Uganda.
ECSNCC is currently co-chairing the Finance Working Group of CAN together with a
representative of an American CSO (Siera Club). In addition, ECSNCC has some working
relationships with other likeminded international CSOs such as Climate Justice Network and
Third World Network.
At national level, the Network has been playing pivotal roles in advancing the climate agenda.
The efforts it has exerted so far include:
 bringing together and representing environmental CSOs operating in the country and
enabling them to air their collective views, voices and concerns around climate change
and related issues;
 the initiation of climate-change agenda as a topical cross-cutting national agenda in the
country;
 partaking in the development process of some government-led climate change related
programs (e.g., the Ethiopian NAMA), which is an encouraging trend;

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 voicing on the need for filling critical policy gaps in the country, notably land use policy
and climate change policy;
 training and enhancing the skills of potential climate change negotiators drawn from
different major governmental institutions (including Ministries of Agriculture, Health,
Finance and Economic Development, Industry, Communications, Water and Energy,
Mines, Environmental Protection Authority and National Meteorological Agency); and
 Sensitizing and familiarizing parliamentarians with the ever-growing global impact of
climate change in general and its harmful effects in Ethiopia in particular.
At the international level, ECSNCC has also been actively engaged in international campaigns
such as “America Take the Lead” in which two million petition cards were signed, collected
and delivered to the White House and the count down to Copenhagen campaign where 32,000
petition cards were signed, collected and handed over to the Ethiopian lead negotiator and the
Executive secretary of the UNFCCC. In addition, the Network has conducted tree planting
campaigns on international days such as Africa Environment Day.
Research, publications and documentation (RPD): the Network has commissioned research on
few selected thematic areas (such as Urban Climate Change, Assessment of National Policies
from a Climate Change Perspective, the Land Use Policy of Ethiopia) and started publishing
Policy Briefs to inform policy makers about outstanding climate change issues. It is also issuing
a monthly Climate Bulletin targeting different readership.
Capacity building: The Network has so far:
 Organized training sessions on topical climate change issues with a view to enhancing
members‟ general knowledge and negotiation/advocacy skills;
 Facilitated the participation of its active members in international climate forums;
 Solicited resources for working groups of the Network to implement small climate-
related projects in accordance with their thematic areas and under the coordination of
the respective lead agencies of the working groups.
5.1.4. Successful advocacy efforts of ECSNCC
ECSNCC has established a good and strong working relationship with the Federal Environment
Protection Authority of Ethiopia (EPA). It has proactively engaged the EPA during the
UNFCCC negotiations and has been working closely with it in adaptation research, capacity
building, debriefing, and climate campaign activities. Due to this working relationship,
ECSNCC has been able to develop a regional climate change vulnerability assessment report
and adaptation plan which is now endorsed and owned by the EPA. Such collaboration and
contribution from a CSO is the first of its kind in Ethiopia. In addition, members of the
Network have been able to access funds from the EPA to design and implement climate change
adaptation projects, which is a huge success.
5.1.5. Partially successful/ unsuccessful advocacy experiences of ECSNCC
Although ECSNCC‟s campaigns on “America Take the Lead” and the national campaign on
“Countdown to Copenhagen” were very successful in popularizing the climate agenda, the
UNFCC negotiations and raising climate change awareness in the country and also giving
international recognition to the Ethiopian CSOs, it recorded minimal results in the international
climate negotiations. It is widely recognized that the 2009 UNFCC negotiation in Copenhagen
was a failure and that the United States of America is not playing the leadership role in the
UNFCCC negotiations, which is expected from such a highly industrialized country. Obviously,
in the UNFCCC negotiations there are a number of factors at play to influence the negotiation
process. Hence, some of the major factors were definitely beyond the control of the ECSNCC.

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As there are many Parties (190) to the UNFCCC, there are many and sometimes conflicting
interests and agendas in the negotiation process. In fact, advocacy is a long-term endeavor and
the ECSNCC as a very young Network has only been two and half years old.
5.2. Sustainable Land Use Forum (SLUF)
5.2.1. Organizational profile
Sustainable Land Use Forum (SLUF) is a not-for-profit non-governmental organization
established with the overall aim of promoting improved natural resources management and
sustainable land use practices that contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable management
of natural resources in Ethiopia. SLUF is a membership organization where membership is
open to all organizations engaged in natural resource protection and sustainable land
management. Currently its members are 21 consisting of three international and 18 local NGOs.
Since its establishment, SLUF has been planning and implementing various programs/ projects
aimed at the sustainable management of natural resources. Recently, the organization has been
actively engaged in advancing the climate change agenda in Ethiopia, through capacity
building, awareness raising and lobbying, and the planning and implementation of various
adaptation and mitigation programs/ projects. In addition, SLUF is engaged in capacity building
through the organization of training of trainers (ToT) program on subjects related to sustainable
resources management and community-based climate change adaptation; experience sharing
visits; documentation and dissemination of information on best sustainable land management
(SLM) practices through research and publications, workshops/ seminars, newsletters and
advocacy and networking.
5.2.2. Major climate change advocacy and project activities of SLUF
SLUF is currently implementing 18 one year climate change adaptation projects, 11 with the
support of Swedish Sida, and seven with support from the African Adaptation Program. The
projects have the purpose of enhancing community resilience and protecting natural resources
and infrastructures including hydro-electric power dams from damages caused by climate
change induced hazards. These projects are implemented in partnership with member and other
CSO organizations. SLUF‟s partners are responsible for direct implementation of these projects
at the grassroots level, while SLUF as an umbrella organization builds and enhances their
capacity and advocates for enhancing policy support both at local, regional and federal
government levels. As a capacity building and advocacy organization, in the past three years
SLUF has also been actively involved in international climate change advocacy efforts.
Networking with like-mined local and regional organizations, SLUF has successfully lobbied
for a „One Common African Position‟ and an effective, fair and just climate deal at the
UNFCCC climate talks.
5.2.3. Successful experiences of SLUF
Promotion of agro-forestry practices with multiple benefits of addressing livelihood and
environmental conservation issues such as introduction of vetiver grass, highland fruits, enset
(false banana) and bamboo are found to be effective and are being scaled up both at regional
and federal levels. The reason for success is effectiveness of technologies in addressing the
problems of land degradation and infrastructure damage in Ethiopia, which are aggravated by
climate change. The full engagement or participation of local communities in program
implementation has also been an important factor. The organization has used the experience of
its project implementing member organizations as show case/ model cases to advocate and
successfully lobby for the development of pro-poor and agro-ecologically suitable and efficient

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sustainable land use and natural resource management practices based on biological
conservation measures. According to SLUF, the organization has successes in most of its
advocacy and project implementation efforts. The organization‟s only problem is the lack of
climate finance to broaden and up-scale its climate change advocacy and project
implementation experiences.
5.3. Ethio-Wetlands and Natural Resources Association (EWNRA)
Insufficient attention has been given to date to wetlands and their management in Ethiopia. The
most recent major initiative on wetland issues has been undertaken by the Ethiopian Wetlands
Research Program (EWRP) in southwest Ethiopia, particularly in Illubabor Zone, Oromia
Regional State. The EWRP was a three years European Union funded project. EWNRA was
formed in 2000 at the termination of the EWRP in order to take the lessons from that program
and apply them both in the southwest and more widely in the country. The prime objective for
which EWNRA was established is to raise awareness and understanding of wetlands, wetlands-
associated natural resources and other natural resources in the country. It also seeks to explore,
through research and development projects, how these resources can be used sustainably to
reduce poverty and improve environmental conditions and natural resource management in
order to meet the needs of the community, maintain the integrity of the environment, and get
better prepared for changes in the climate system.
The overall aim of EWNRA is to develop wetlands management, research and training capacity
within Ethiopia, thereby facilitating the wise use of wetlands and developing awareness and
skills for the sustainable management and conservation of wetlands and their resources.
Specifically this involves:
 Assessing the benefits of wetlands and associated natural resources to communities;
 Investigating human impact on wetlands and associated natural resources;
 Investigating sustainable wetland management techniques and institutions based on
local and external knowledge systems;
 Identifying major threats to wetland sustainability;
 Preparing extension materials and undertaking training to disseminate the skills for
sustainable wetland management; and
 Contributing to wetland policy development debates at local and national levels.
EWRP's work has clearly shown that wetlands are vital natural resources that contribute a wide
range of benefits to many communities in Illubabor Zone. These include „hungry season‟ food
supplies, domestic water and materials for income diversification. The actual value of these
resources is shown to be considerable when economic valuation is undertaken. EWRP research
has shown, however, that many wetlands have been severely degraded and destroyed as a result
of mismanagement. Clearly there is a need for better management of wetlands to ensure that
their economic benefits can be sustained along with their environmental functioning for current
and future generations. This requires a number of activities including;
 raising awareness on the importance of wetlands and their contributions to poverty
reduction and food security;
 developing sustainable use regimes based on the use of indigenous knowledge and
scientific studies;
 building of local institutional capacity to manage wetlands and their catchments; and

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 supporting the development of appropriate policies towards wetlands and related natural
resources at the community level and in the various government organizations.
5.3.2. Major advocacy activities of EWNRA
EWNRA‟s climate change advocacy approach is evidence-based advocacy through convincing
decision makers at different levels by showing the relevance of implementing environmentally
friendly activities both for climate change adaptation and mitigation. EWNRA has been
undertaking this work in collaboration with like-minded stakeholders from Ethiopia and abroad.
Partners of EWNRA include CBOs/ NGOs, research and education organizations, media,
networks and grassroots community champions. So far, EWNRA has been actively engaged in
the following major advocacy activities:
Ratification of the Ramsar Convention on wetlands: It has repeatedly been mentioned that
wetlands are key natural ecosystems that contribute significantly both for climate change
adaptation and mitigation; however, Ethiopian wetland resources have long been degraded and
their status undermined in various ways, particularly in policy making and planning processes.
Globally 159 countries have ratified the convention on wetlands, but Ethiopia is not yet
included in that list. Thus, EWNRA has been and is still coordinating the advocacy process for
the ratification of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands by the Ethiopian government. In this
process the organization is also persuading the Federal EPA for the preparation of wetland
policy and institutional arrangements. Currently wetland proclamation is submitted to the
Parliament by Federal EPA and it is waiting for decisions. To facilitate this process EWNRA
has conducted several lobbying, convened national and regional awareness creation and
consultative workshops including contribution to the wetland proclamation, dispatched policy
briefs, brochures, posters and explanations in radio and television programs, and by distributing
proceedings.
EWNRA is implementing several integrated climate change adaptation projects at community
level to improve resilience of communities and generate evidences on the importance of
environmentally friendly projects for adaptation to climate change and enhance environmental
resilience. In this regard, integrated wetland-watershed management projects of Metu and
Fogera areas are good examples. The organization is sensitizing, through field visits of best
adaptation practices, different stakeholders including among others decision makers, the media
governmental and NGOs and the donor community. This activity is expected top meet dual
purposes, on one hand it brings about change of mind set of the visitors and on the other hand
transfers technology and practices into wider users.
The organization is also working on trainings, which are aimed at increasing the number of
environmental/ wetland professionals, introducing climate change issues (adaptation,
mitigation, climate politics), and has conducted and is conducting trainings of various types and
scope nationally and locally. As an input for local environmental endeavor in Kafa Zone in
southwestern Ethiopia, EWNRA has developed wetland management strategy for the Zone; and
three management plans for three selected wetlands. The organization has approached and
sensitized local decision makers and technical staff on the importance of using natural resources
in a visionary way for sustainable development and counteracting environmental problems.
Forestry and environmental partnership
In addition to its practical work on forest conservation and enhancing forest-based adaptation of
local communities in the southwest Ethiopia through its Wild Coffee Conservation and Non-
Timber Forest Products- Participatory Forest Management (NTFP-PFM) projects in

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collaboration with Huddersfield University of UK, EWNRA has lobbied and contributed its
share for forest policy development in Ethiopia in partnership with the Forest Alliance network.
5.3.3. Successful advocacy experience of EWNRA
EWNRA has successes in its advocacy efforts for the ratification of the Ramsar Convention on
Wetland Resources, and the development of a draft Wetland National Policy. The achievements
registered so far are thanks to EWNRA‟s focus on grassroots community participation and the
active involvement of local governments in the planning and development of projects and
advocacy issues on wetland resources, rural food security and climate change adaptation.
However, at the national level decisions for the ratification of the Ramsar Convention on
Wetlands, wetland policy and institutional arrangement issues have taken long time. This is
mainly due to the low attention given in the past to wetland issues by the Federal
Environmental Protection Authority of the country.
5.4. Population, Health and Environment-Ethiopia (PHE-Ethiopia)
Population, Health and Environment (PHE) projects acknowledge and address the complex
connections between humans, their health, and their environment. PHE operates with the
assumption that people, their health, and the environment are interrelated and interdependent;
changes in the number, state, and/ or distribution of any of the above affects the others. Thus,
human needs, their livelihood and a healthy environment are linked by chains of cause and
effect.
The key objective of PHE projects is to simultaneously improve access to health services while
also helping communities manage their natural resources in ways that improve their health and
livelihoods and conserve the critical ecosystems they depend upon. The underlying philosophy
is fundamentally one of integration and multi-sectoral partnerships. This approach can be
applied to achieve a range of development goals beyond family planning and conservation.
Program areas using the PHE approach have included disaster mitigation, gender
mainstreaming, HIV/AIDS programming, food security promotion, security and governance,
social entrepreneurship, environmental health promotion, and economic development.
PHE Ethiopia is a national consortium of different organizations working on population, health
and environment issues. The consortium seeks to enhance and promote the integration of
population, health and environment at various levels for sustainable development. PHE-
Ethiopia aims to:
 generate active cooperation with national, regional and international partners and
research centers, and provide important sources of solidarity and cooperation for
national level developmental efforts and lessons;
 help narrow the communication gap between population, health, gender and
environmental organizations and activities;
 serve as a powerful learning forum, because of the interchange with organizations
working on PHE issues;
 develop coordination and collaboration between organizations and to strengthen access
to information and resources; and
 increase visibility and success of developmental initiatives and campaigns.

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5.4.2. Major advocacy activities of PHE-Ethiopia
One of the mandates of the Consortium is undertaking an advocacy activity on PHE related
issues. Climate change adaptation is one component of this broad task. The major advocacy
activities being carried out by PHE are focused on the following general issues:
 Addressing population, health and environmental issues in an integrated manner;
 Integrated watershed management approach to rural development and transformation;
 Promotion of indigenous community based agro-forestry systems;
 Protected areas management;
 Rift valley lakes (Lakes Abijata & Hawassa) managemnt; and
 Biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation/ mitigation.
5.4.3. Successful advocacy experience of PHE-Ethiopia
PHE-Ethiopia has carried out successful evidence-based advocacy and lobbying on the role of
integrated watershed management in the Ghibe-Omo river basin, particularly the Gilgel Ghibe I
dam focusing on sustainable watershed management for energy security.
PHE-Ethiopia has lobbied for and promoted the traditional community based agro-forestry
system of Wenago in Gedeo Zone in the Southern Regional State of Ethiopia, both as a strategy
for environmental conservation and climate change adaptation. PHE-Ethiopia has campaigned
for the protection and sustainable utilization of Rift valley lakes of Ethiopia (particularly
Abijata and Hawassa Lakes). PHE-Ethiopia‟s successful experience in its advocacy and
lobbying activities can be attributed to the following factors:
 Involving key ministries, Parliamentarians, Regional, Zonal, local decision makers and
community members in joint experience sharing, discussions and consensus building
about a particular problem;
 disseminating research-based evidences to key stakeholders;
 Creating wider opportunities to public media sources;
 Organizational commitment and dedication to the PHE approach;
 Good networking and working relationships with key stakeholders; and
 Strong linkage among institutions, such as higher learning institutions and the Ethiopian
Electric Power Corporation, the Ministry of Water and Energy and the Federal
Environmental Protection Authority.
Despite the impressive achievements over the past few years in the areas of PHE, lack of
awareness about Planned Parenthood, public health concerns and environmental economics
have constrained efforts by PHE on the popularization and effective implementation of
integrated approaches towards population, public health and climate change concerns.
5.5. Poverty Action Network Ethiopia (PANE)
Ethiopia has a broad and diverse civil society sector, working in many different areas.
However, a common theme in all these organizations is the aim of reducing poverty. In light of
this civil society organizations are keen to engage with the government on the policies that
could reduce poverty. Many organizations saw the launch of the Sustainable Development and
Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP) process, Ethiopia‟s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP), by the government as an opportunity to feed into policy processes. In order to facilitate
this participation, the NGOs‟ PRSP taskforce was established in 2001. This task force produced
the „NGO‟s perspective on PRSP for Ethiopia‟ which outlined civil society‟s perspectives on

23
the necessary policies for poverty reduction and was shared with the government during the
consultation process.
Following the strategic planning workshops in 2004, aimed at strengthening CSOs engagement
in the SDPRP, decision was taken to transform the taskforce into a strong and specialized
network in order to facilitate the proactive and continuous involvement of civil society in the
design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of poverty reduction programs and
strategies for bringing sustainable development in Ethiopia. Consequently, Poverty Action
Network Ethiopia (PANE) was established in March 2004 and legally registered with the
Ministry of Justice in January 2005. It was re-registered as a consortium of Ethiopian Resident
and Foreign Charities working on poverty issues in Ethiopia. Currently, PANE has more than
50 Ethiopian Resident and Foreign charity organizations as its members.
5.5.2. Major advocacy activities of PANE
PANE has published a research report on “the impact of climate change on the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) and the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End
Poverty implementation in Ethiopia” in 2009. The document was acknowledged by relevant
ministries such as the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD), the
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) and has been used as an input for
the development of the five-year national Growth and Transformation Plan of Ethiopia. PANE
believes that the policy recommendations proposed in the document were seriously taken by the
government and the issue of climate change was given more attention in the newly launched
national development and transformation plan because of the input from the report.
5.5.3. Major advocacy achievements
PANE‟s major achievements so far, among others, include:
 regional familiarization and awareness raising workshops on the PRSP/ PASDEP, the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the role of CSOs in all regions and
districts in Ethiopia;
 introducing and conducting Citizen Report Card surveys in Ethiopia to assess the nature
of poverty and the impacts of public service delivery;
 providing response into the PRSP/ PASDEP Annual Progress Reviews representing the
Ethiopian CSOs;
 providing input into the development of the PRSP, SDPRP and PASDEP from civil
society perspectives;
 translating and distributing the popular version of PASDEP document in more than five
local languages to the wider public throughout the country;
 Establishing Regional Chapters in all Regions and upgrade the six Regional Chapters to
Regional Branch offices;
 sensitizing and building the capacity of CSO members and Regional Chapters in
facilitation skills, constituency building, monitoring and evaluation, applied budget
works;
 networking and strengthening CSO networks such as founding members of the
Ethiopian Civil Society Network on Climate Change, creating Non-State Actors
Coalition;
 conducting an assessment on the impact of climate change on PASDEP and MDGs in
Ethiopia which mainly focused on mainstreaming climate change issues into the
PASDEP and distribute the documents to Federal ministries, agencies, Regional
governments, CSOs, donors;

24
 conducting various research works as a basis for policy dialogue on food aid, budget
works, disability, gender, climate change, etc.;
 introducing various budget works and tracking initiatives in Ethiopia;
 coordinating and mobilizing member CSOs towards the global stand up speak out
campaign (UNMC-GCAP/PCAP);
 representing the CSOs in the National Steering Committee for the Social Accountability
component of the PBS since the beginning;
 chairing the Cotonou Task Force and hosting its Secretariat; the GCAP/PCAP; the
MDGs National Steering Committee; the National Task Force on enabling environment
for Civil Society Organizations in Ethiopia; and
 building the capacity of member CSOs and other partners to facilitate their active
engagements in poverty reduction and sustainable development in the country.
5.6. Forum for Environment (FfE)
Forum for Environment (FfE) is a non-governmental and non-profit-making environmental
communication and advocacy group established in 1997 to serve as a platform for advocacy and
communication among people and institutions concerned with the Ethiopian environment. It
deals with environmental issues with a special focus on five major thematic areas, namely,
forests, protected areas, urban environment, energy and climate change. FfE is also involved in
a number of cross-cutting activities, which, among others, include awareness raising through
public engagements, research and publications, mobilizing the public through establishing and
strengthening local groups, capacity building, policy level debates and discussions, and
incentive and acknowledgement schemes.
5.6.2. Successful advocacy experiences of FfE
FfE has been proactively engaged with the Ethiopian government and has been at the forefront
of environmental and climate change campaigns and lobbying at the national and international
fronts. The Forum has produced and widely disseminated various advocacy materials, manuals
and reports, research and policy briefs, and organized many awareness raising, sensitization,
popularization and capacity building training and workshop programs throughout the different
parts of Ethiopia. Among the many public meetings, advocacy workshops and lobbying efforts
FfE has carried out through the years, the following are a few selected examples;
 training of potential climate change negotiators (from government and CSOs);
 promotion of Clean Fuels and Vehicles in Ethiopia;
 noise pollution;
 promotion of Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM);
 awareness raising activities on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), renewable
energy sources, alarm bell on national parks;
 debriefing meetings on UNFCCC climate summits and negotiations;
 meeting with and lobbying Parliamentarians;
 public meetings on forest types in Ethiopia; and
 green award program for environmental heroes and heroines.
In 2010 only, FfE has the following achievements to its name;
 Development of a strategic document on Integrated Solid Waste Management for Bahir
Dar City which is the first of its kind and will be used as a model for other regional
towns. The document has been handed over to Bahir Dar City Administration.

25
 Development of a national biogas promotional strategy in collaboration with the
National Biogas Coordination Office and SNV.
 Management plan for Babille Elephant sanctuary.
 Development of Climate Change Adaptation Program for Afar Regional State in
collaboration with Federal EPA.
 Launching of a new Green Tax Initiative.
 Director of FfE has been elected as member of the International Environmental
Governance (IEG) Advisory Group. The advisory group was created by UNEP in
October 2010 to serve as the principal mechanism through which to collect, complete
and communicate ideas to the contemporary intergovernmental discussion on
international environmental governance reform.

26
6. Concluding remarks, advocacy priorities and strategies for future
engagement by CSOs
6.1. Concluding remarks
Ethiopia has a broad and diverse civil society sector, working in different areas. However, there
are only a few CSOs that are directly involved in environmental advocacy and in advancing the
climate agenda nationally and at the international level. Throughout its long history, Ethiopia
has struggled with climate variability and associated disasters. Droughts, food shortages and
famines, epidemics and floods have affected the country at different times. Some of these have
been associated with rainfall variability. Rain failures have contributed to crop failure, death of
livestock, hunger and even famine in the past. Even relatively small events during the growing
season like too much or too little rain at the wrong times can spell disasters. Small farmers and
pastoralists, who are already struggling to cope with the impacts of current climate variability
and poverty, are likely to face daunting tasks to cope with climate variability and adapting to
future climate change.
Climate change is already impacting populations, livelihoods and ecosystems in Ethiopia. The
potential for natural environmental hazards and future climate change to undermine the
country‟s economic development and social progress is great and growing. The pace of change
in the pattern of climate and different forms of environmental hazards in the country often
exceeds the capacity of local institutions to adapt to or mitigate the effects of such changes. On
the other hand, the negative impacts associated with climate change are also compounded by
multiple stressors (poverty, environmental degradation, land shortage, etc) which drive
vulnerability further. Some of the challenges of climate change such as local and regional food
insecurity and environmental degradation are high on the agenda of Ethiopia‟s development
goals. It is widely recognized that failure to respond to the challenges posed by climate change
would impede national efforts aimed at alleviating poverty, and achieving economic growth and
transformation.
Unlike the case of developed nations that are compelled to cut their carbon emissions, the
practical measure expected from Ethiopia is to cope with the threat of climate change through
the development of pro-poor adaptation measures and nationally appropriate mitigation actions
while lobbying for international solidarity and climate justice. Adaptation to climatic variability
may not be new for the Ethiopian lowland pastoralists and highland farmers as there has always
been variability in the climate system. The challenge, however, is to respond to both a rapid and
strong change in the current climate system. Hence, external support is crucial so as to reduce
vulnerabilities to climate change risks and enhance the local resilience of communities,
economies, and ecosystems to climate change. In this regard, CSOs can play important roles for
the development of pro-poor and inclusive climate change policies and programs and the
transfer of resources and appropriate technologies to vulnerable communities.
Ethiopian CSOs have played a major role in advocating for the development of pro-poor
national economic and social development policies and strategies in Ethiopia. Although limited
in number and size, environmental advocacy CSOs have recently began to proactively engage
with the government and even began to collaborate with the Federal Environmental Protection
Authority (the focal point for the UNFCCC in Ethiopia) in the development of climate change
assessment reports, regional adaptation plans and some CSOs even got funds from the EPA for
the implementation of appropriate mitigation actions for hydrological and infrastructural
projects.

27
Among Ethiopian CSOs that are actively engaged in environmental literacy and climate change
advocacy, we have reviewed the experiences of some of the key CSOs which have achieved
good results in their advocacy and lobbying efforts. Among these CSOs, the Ethiopian Civil
Society Network on Climate Change, as an umbrella organization and a loose network of 60
CSOs working on environmental and climate change issues, has since its formation in 2009
recorded remarkable achievements in promoting the climate agenda both at country and
international levels. The Forum for Environment has done commendable job in advocating for
the development of the forestry sector, protected areas, sound pollution law, energy efficiency
and urban environmental management. Similarly, Sustainable Land Use Forum has promoted
sustainable land management strategies and biological soil and water conservation and climate
change adaptation and mitigation technologies. Ethio-Wetlands and Natural Resources
Association has successfully lobbied for the ratification of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
and the development of a National Law on Wetlands. Population, Health and Environment-
Ethiopia Consortium has consistently lobbied for an integrated approach towards the
population, environment and health challenges facing Ethiopia. Poverty Action Network
Ethiopia has successfully lobbied for the mainstreaming of climate change issues in the
Ethiopian Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) and the
MDGs in Ethiopia.
6.2. Advocacy priorities for future engagement by CSOs
In the past three or more years, Ethiopian CSOs have engaged the Ethiopian government and
successfully lobbied for the development of pro-poor and inclusive national climate change
policies and programs in the country. In 2009, more than 60 CSOs working on climate change
related issues formed the Ethiopian Civil Society Network on Climate Change. The Network
has effectively coordinated and galvanized activities and energies of the individual member
CSOs to influence climate change policy making and programming in the country. Through the
Network, Ethiopian CSOs were able to join hands with likeminded organizations (like the
African Climate Justice Alliance and the Climate Action Network) and consistently lobby for a
fair and just climate deal at the UNFCC negotiations.
From the brief questionnaire surveys and discussions with the CSOs whose advocacy
experience is documented in this report, this assessment has identified the following advocacy
issues as priorities for future engagement with the Government of Ethiopia and the international
community (UNFCCC negotiation process). These are:
 On the need for a comprehensive climate change policy for Ethiopia
 Environmental and Strategic Impact Assessment of large-scale investments
 Climate finance governance at national and international level
 Urban climate change, and its impacts, adaptation and mitigation options
 Land use planning and sustainable land management (SLM)
 National law on Ethiopian wetland resources
 Integrating population, health and environment issues
 On how best to address climate change and rural and urban poverty issues
 Energy security in a climate constrained world
 Fair and just climate deal
 Adequate, sustainable and accessible adaptation funds
 Transfer of resources and appropriate technologies for a low carbon development path

28
6.3. Suggested strategies for successful CSO advocacy on climate change
In Ethiopia, successful advocacy strategy is contingent on an organization‟s positive
relationship with the government. This positive relationship can be developed gradually through
a long-term trust building exercise involving various activities which show the credibility and
devotion of the CSO for its cause. This can be achieved through evidence-based, transparent
and accountable advocacy engagement involving grass root organizations, marginalized and
poor community members, known personalities, and through consistent engagement concerning
an issue. These will ensure the space for an organization to engage the Government
meaningfully and achieve results.
In order to succeed and bring about change in advocacy and lobbying practices, the following
advocacy strategies are suggested by the CSOs covered by this assessment study:
 strengthening CSOs collaboration and collective engagement in advocacy exercises
about pro-poor and inclusive climate change policy making and programming;
 strengthening partnership with the Federal government, the Regional States and
development partners;
 identifying and prioritizing advocacy issues according to the needs and priorities of
most vulnerable and affected communities in Ethiopia;
 integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and practices concerning climate change
adaptation in policy making and project implementation;
 evidence-based advocacy; i.e. basing and relying on advocacy issues which are strongly
supported by hard facts and evidences on the ground;
 supporting advocacy efforts with model show cases on the ground;
 presenting options and alternatives to politicians and decision makers;
 efforts should not be limited to high level politicians or decision makers at the top; and
 climate change adaptation and mitigation advocacy can benefit more from grassroots
advocacy as the foundation for adaptation is at the grassroots.

29
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