Human blood, 1.Basic terminologies, 2.Composition of blood, 3.Whole blood constituents, 4.Components, 5.Blood plasma, 6.Example,

1. BLOOD
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Usman tahir

2. Terms Related To Blood
• Blood: is the fluid that carries O2 and other elements to the tissues and CO2
away from the tissues through the heart and vascular system of humans and
other animals.
• Plasma: is the liquid portion that remains after the removal of RBC’s, WBC’s,
Platelets and other cellular components.
• It is the single largest component of blood comprising about 55% containing
water, salts, enzymes, antibodies and other proteins.
• Vascular System: also called the circulatory system is made up of the
vessels (arteries and veins) that carry blood throughout the body, delivering
oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and taking away tissue waste
matter.
• Artery: is a vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the body organs.
• Veins: carry deoxygenated blood from the body back into the heart.
• Capillaries: are tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins that distribute
oxygen rich blood to the body.
• Vasoconstriction: is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from
contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels which increases blood
pressure.
• Vasodilation: refers to the widening of blood vessels. It results from
relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls which decreases
blood pressure.

3. • Cardiac output: is the amount of blood, heart pumps through the
circulatory system in one minute.
• Pulse rate: is a measurement of the heart rate. The heart pushes
blood through the arteries, the arteries expand and contract with the
flow of the blood.
• Heart rate: is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of
contractions of the heart per minute ( bpm = beats per minute )
normally 60-100 bpm. During sleep the average rate is 40-50 bpm.
• Tachycardia: is increased heart rate. ( Above 100 )
• Bradycardia: is decreased heart rate. ( below 60 )
• Blood pressure: is the force applied against the walls of arteries as
the heart pumps blood through the body.
• The pressure depends on following factors;
i. Force with which the heart pumps.
ii. Amount of blood pumped.
iii. Size & Flexibility of arteries.
• Normal range is 120/80 mmHg

4. • When your heart beats, it contracts and pushes blood through the
arteries to the rest of the body. This force creates pressure on the
arteries. This is called Systolic blood pressure.
• A normal Systolic blood pressure is below 120.
• A systolic blood pressure of 120-139 means Prehypertension.
• A systolic blood pressure number of 140 or higher is considered to be
Hypertension or high blood pressure.
• The Diastolic blood pressure number or the bottom number
indicates the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between
beats. This is the time when the heart fills with blood and receives
oxygen.
• A normal diastolic blood pressure number is less than 80.
• A diastolic blood pressure between 80 and 89 indicates
prehypertension.
• A diastolic blood pressure number of 90 or higher is considered to be
hypertension or high blood pressure.

5. Composition Of Blood
• Blood is made up of about 45% solids (cells) and 55% fluids (plasma).
• The plasma is largely water, containing proteins, nutrients, hormones,
antibodies, and dissolved waste products.
• General types of blood cells: (each has many different sub-types)
a) Erythrocytes (RBC’s) are small red disk shaped cells. They contain
Hemoglobin which combines with oxygen in the lungs and is then
transported to the body's cells. The hemoglobin then returns CO2 waste
to the lungs. Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow.
b) Leukocytes (WBC’s) help the body fight bacteria and infection. When a
tissue is damaged or has an infection the number of leukocytes
increases. Leukocytes can be classed as Granulo and Non
Granulocytes.
c) Thrombocytes (platelets) aid the formation of blood clots by releasing
various protein substances. When the body is injured thrombocytes
disintegrate and cause a chemical reaction with the proteins found in
plasma, which eventually create a thread like substance called Fibrin.
The fibrin then "catches" other blood cells which form the clot, preventing
further loss of blood and forms the basis of healing.

6. • Blood is considered to be a connective tissue for two basic reasons:
i. Embryologically, it has the same origin (mesodermal cells) as do the
other connective tissue types.
ii. Blood connects the body systems together bringing the needed oxygen,
nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules, and removing the
wastes.

8. Components Meanings Example
CARDIO- heart Echocardiogram = sound wave image of the heart.
CYTE- cell Thrombocyte = clot forming cell.
HAEM- blood Hematoma = a tumor or swelling filled with blood.
THROMBO- clot Thrombocytopenia = deficiency of thrombocytes in
the blood.
ERYTHRO- red Erythrocyte = red blood cell
LEUKO- white Leukocyte = white blood cell
HYPER- Excessive / high Hyperglycemia = excessive levels of glucose in
blood.
HYPO- Less / below Hypoglycemia = abnormally low glucose blood
levels.
PENIA- deficiency Neutropenia = low levels of neutrophils.
EMIA- condition of blood Anemia = abnormally low levels of red blood cells.