Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine-Final year project report/thesis

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ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE
SESSION 2013-2017
SUPERVISOR: Engr. Naeem Ullah Anmol
Submitted by:
UMAR AZEEM
13013386-018
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT, GUJRAT, PAKISTAN

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ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE
This project report is submitted to Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree in
Bachelor of Science (BS)
In
Mechanical Technology
Approved By
_______________________ _______________________
Engr. Naeem Ullah Anmol Name
Internal Examiner External Examiner
_______________________ ______________________
Coordinator Dean
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan

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Dedication
WE DEDICATE OUR PROJECT TO OUR RESPECTED PARENTS AND
TEACHERS AS WE ARE HERE BECAUSE OF THEIR PRAYERS.
ALLAH BLESSES THEM.
(AMEEN)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly, I acknowledge the name of almighty ALLAH, the supreme and omniscient
creator who bestowed upon me the enlightenment and courage to complete my work
in the form of this research thesis. I offer my humblest respects to our apostle and
preceptor, PROPHET MUHAMMAD (peace be upon him), who is forever a torch of
guidance and knowledge for humankind as a whole.
I would like to profound gratitude and sincerest appreciation to our parents, faculty
and foremost our respected supervisor Engr. Naeem Ullah Anmol who has guided us
throughout our project and provide us systematic framework of project and in depth
technical guidance which enable us to complete our project in most beneficially
manner. In addition that, we are very thankful to our respected teachers, most notable,
Dr. Sajjad Miran, Engr. Muhammad Usman and Engr. Umar Shareef , Who
utilized there valuable time and support with the technicalities, designed and the
calculation measurements. We feel really proud of having such a supportive and
competent faculty that provide us with all necessary guidelines and relevant technical
regarding our project.
September, 2017

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ABSTRACT
Indentation hardness tests such as Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers are frequently used
methods for determining hardness. The basic concept utilized in all of these tests is
that a set force is applied to an indenter in order to determine the resistance of the
material to penetration. If the material is hard, a relatively small or shallow
indentation will result, whereas if the material is soft, a fairly large or deep
indentation will result.
The project is to develop a Rockwell Hardness Testing machine. This study consists
of three stages first is the design concept, second one is fabrication process and the
last one is the assembly process of the Rockwell Hardness Testing that will capable to
run similarly as the real industries conventional Rockwell Hardness Testing. For the
design concepts, two to three injection molding mechanism is designed, compared
and choose the best design that can match the requirement. After the design has been
decided, fabrication process will take place. Assembly processes need to be done to
complete the machine. It consist of assemble the all unit of Rockwell Hardness
Testing. And finally we proceed the calibration and testing of the Rockwell Hardness
Testing

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment
Abstract
CHAPTER 1
1. Introduction............................................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................1
1.2. Project methodology...............................................................................................3
1.3. Objectives of project...............................................................................................3
1.4. Applications............................................................................................................3
1.4.
CHAPTER 2
2. Working principle and Calculation......................................................................4
2.1 Basic machine and Lever principle..........................................................................4
2.2 Weight designing & calculation for 60 kg Load.....................................................7
2.3 Weight designing & calculation for 160 kg Load...................................................8
2.4 Weight designing & calculation for 260 kg Load...................................................9
2.5 Weight designing & calculation for 410 kg Load..................................................10
2.6 Weight designing & calculation for 560 kg Load..................................................11
2.7
CHAPTER 3
3. Components there description & CAD Designs................................................12
3.1 Machine body.........................................................................................................12
3.2 Elevating lead Screw..............................................................................................14
3.3 Elevating wheel......................................................................................................15
3.4 Dial Gauge.............................................................................................................16
3.5 Fulcrum Top plate..................................................................................................17
3.6 Indenter holder......................................................................................................19
3.7 Lever main rod.......................................................................................................21
3.8 Weight hang rod....................................................................................................23
3.9 Weights stand (fix load 60 kg)..............................................................................25
3.10 Weights............................................................................................................27
3.11 Weight lifter and hydraulic damper.................................................................29
3.12 Weight Lifting lever and crank unit.................................................................31
3.13 Indenter............................................................................................................33
CHAPTER 4
4. Fabrication And Assembly................................................................................34
4.1 Market survey and purchasing.............................................................................34
4.2 Painting of body and other parts..........................................................................34
4.3 Fabrication and overhauling of parts in workshop...............................................35
4.4 Assembly of outer body parts..............................................................................36
4.5 Assembly of complete lever unit and gauge........................................................37
4.6 Final Assembly.....................................................................................................38
CHAPTER 5
5. Testing and Evaluations....................................................................................39
5.1 Scales of testing...................................................................................................39
5.2 Testing methods...................................................................................................40

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CHAPTER 6
6. Improvement and modifications........................................................................41
6.1 Recommendation for future work.........................................................................41
6.2 Conclusion.............................................................................................................41
6.3 Cost Estimation.....................................................................................................41

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List of Pictures
Figure 1.1- Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine...................................................... 1
Figure 2.1- Basic Lever Principle................................................................................4
Figure 2.2- Class Two Lever Used In Rockwell ........................................................5
Figure 2.3- Lever In Rockwell ...................................................................................6
Figure 2.4- Lever Calculations ...................................................................................6
Figure 2.5- Calculation for 60 kg............................................................................... 7
Figure 2.6- Calculation for 160 kg............................................................................. 8
Figure 2.7- Calculation for 260 kg............................................................................. 9
Figure 2.8- Calculation for 410 kg ............................................................................10
Figure 2.9- Calculation for 560 kg............................................................................ 11
Figure 3.1- Rockwell Main Body and parts ..............................................................12
Figure 3.2- Rockwell Main Body ..............................................................................13
Figure 3.3- Elevating Lead Screw .............................................................................14
Figure 3.4- Elevating wheel .......................................................................................15
Figure 3.5 - Dial gauge ...............................................................................................16
Figure 3.6 - Fulcrum Top Plate ..................................................................................17
Figure 3.7 - Position of Fulcrum Top Plate ................................................................18
Figure 3.8 - Indenter Holder ......................................................................................19
Figure 3.9 - Position of Indenter Holder ....................................................................20
Figure 3.10 - Lever Main Rod.................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.11 - Position of Lever main rod ...................................................................22
Figure 3.12 - Weight hanging Rod ..............................................................................23
Figure 3.13 - Position weight hanging rod .................................................................24
Figure 3.14 - Weight stand .........................................................................................25
Figure 3.15 - Position of weight stand .......................................................................26
Figure 3.16 - Weight stand ..........................................................................................27
Figure 3.17 - Position of weight................................................................................. 28
Figure 3.18 - Weight stand 2.......................................................................................29
Figure 3.19 - Position of weight lifter ........................................................................30
Figure 3.20 - Changing position of weight lifter.........................................................30
Figure 3.21 - Weight lifting crank unit (disassemble) .................................................31
Figure 3.22 - Weight lifting crank unit (Assemble) ................................................... 31
Figure 3.22 - Position of weight lifting crank unit ....................................................32
Figure 3.23 - Indenter.......................................................................................... …..33
Figure 3.24 - Indenter working.................................................................................. 33
Figure 4.1 - Painting machine body.......................................................................... 34
Figure 4.2 - External parts of machine........................................................................ 36
Figure 4.3 - Internal parts of machine ........................................................................37
Figure 5.1 - Testing ....................................................................................................40

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List of Tables
Table 3.1 Description of Rockwell main body......................................................13
Table 3.2 Description of elevating lead screw...................................................... 14
Table 3.3 Description of elevating wheel.............................................................. 15
Table 3.4 Description of dial gauge...................................................................... 16
Table 3.5 Description of fulcrum top plate............................................................17
Table 3.6 Description of indenter holder...............................................................19
Table 3.7 Description of lever main rod................................................................21
Table 3.8 Description of Weights hanging rod......................................................23
Table 3.9 Description of Weights stand................................................................25
Table 3.10 Description of Weights........................................................................27
Table 3.11 Description of Weight lifter and damper.............................................29
Table 3.12 Description of Weight lifting crank unit........................................31
Table 4.1 Final Assembly......................................................................................38
Table 5.1 Rockwell Scale......................................................................................39
Table 6.1 Cost Estimation.....................................................................................41

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1 INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.1- Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine
1.1 Introduction
Hardness can be defined as resistance to penetration, cutting or resistance to Plastic
Deformation and Early in 1722 the testing of hardens of any material consisted of
scratching. Scratch hardness testing consists of penetration of the material surface by
a testing. His scale of testing consisted of a scratching bar, which increased in
hardness from one end to the other.

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In the late 19th century, more attention was paid to hardness and its measurement.
Johann A. Brinell, a Swedish engineer, introduced the new method for hardness
testing which ic “ball” test. This rapidly became known as Brinell test and used in the
metalworking industry.
Because of the limitations imposed by the Brinell method and increased engineering
requirements, In 1915, Stanley P. Rockwell intensified their efforts toward to use
other indenters principally those made from diamond to accommodate the testing of
fully hardened steels. In 1919, the Rockwell test was introduced. It has become, by
far, the most popular hardness test in use today, mainly because it overcomes the
limitations of the Brinell test.
Rockwell hardness testing is a general method for measuring the bulk hardness of
metallic and polymer materials. Although hardness testing does not give a direct
measurement of any performance properties, hardness of a material correlates directly
with its strength, wear resistance, and other properties. Hardness testing is widely
used for material evaluation because of its simplicity and low cost relative to direct
measurement of many properties Rockwell hardness testing is an indentation testing
method. The indenter is either a conical diamond or a hard steel ball. Different
indenter ball diameters from 1/16 to 1/2 in. are used depending on the test scale.
To start the test, the indenter is set into the top face of the sample under the minor
load. A major load is then applied and held for a set time period. The force on the
indenter is then decreased back to the minor load. The Rockwell hardness number is
calculated from the depth of permanent deformation of the indenter into the sample,
Then the difference in indenter position before and after application of the major load.
The minor and major loads can be applied using dead weights or springs. The indenter
position is measured using an analog dial indicator or an electronic device with digital
readout.The various indenter types combined with a range of test loads of Rockwell
hardness scales that are applicable to a wide variety of materials. Each Rockwell
hardness scale is identified by a letter designation indicative of the indenter type and
the major and minor loads used for the test.

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1.2 Project Methodology
1. Initial Data
2. Review (History)
3. Start of Project
4. Planning of project
5. Market survey
6. Calculations
7. CAD designing
8. Fabrication
9. Testing/Evaluation
10. Documentation
1.3 Objectives of Project
Students will understand the principles and operation of the Rockwell Hardness
Testing machine. and they can performing the experiment of hardness testing in
engineering metrology lab.
1.4 Application
1. In Machining Industry:
Check the hardness of job before doing machining of the job if it is very hard
then they special type of cutting tools.
2. Metrology Labs:
Used for checking the strength and hardness of different products for quality
insurance
3. Heat treatment industries:
Use to check the hardness before and after hardening and annealing processes
and also used to check quality of the metal before and after treatment
processes.
4. Casting industries:
Use to maintain the quality of there product they insure the hardness if there

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2 WORKING PRINCIPLE AND
CALCULATION
2.1 Basic Machine and Lever Principle
The Rockwell hardness test method is a destructive type test. It consists of indenting
in the test material with a diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter
is forced into the test material under applied load and makes a dent inside the
specimen. The movement of the indenter is measure by the dial gauge and then the we
calculate the hardness of material with the reading of dial gauge and applied load
Rockwell Hardness tester work on the principal of lever
Figure 2.1- Basic Lever Principle
In lever we apply less effort (weights of Rockwell) to get multiples of load(Load on
Indenter directly applied on the specimen). And we increase the effort arm and
decrease the load and to get multiples of load which is required on the tip of indenter.
and then the indenter move insert in the testing specimen and make dent on it and the

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indentation which is make on the surface of the specimen was depend on the hardness
of the material which is under test. If the hardness is more than the depth of the dent
was less and if the hardness is less than the depth of the dent is increase and this dent
was measured by the dial gauge which is fixed on the lever and measures the depth of
the dent to check the hardness of the material.
We use the class two type of lever in Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine.
Figure 2.2- Class Two Lever Used In Rockwell
In Class Two lever the fulcrum is on the one end on the main lever bar and the effort
and the load is on another side of the bar and we attain the maximum load in this type
of lever which is utilized to make the dent on the specimen. The force or the effort is
that which is our specified design weights of the rockwell hardness testing machine.
We set different weights according to testing materials and the scale and indenter was
used and on another side near to the fulcrum of machine and the distance from the
fulcrum and indenter was very less to attain the maximum load for the indenter to
penetrate on the specimen for checking the hardness of the material.

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Lever Mechanism In Rockwell Machine.
Figure 2.3- Lever In Rockwell
(A) LOAD ARM (B) EFORT ARM (C) FULCRUM PLATE
(D) LOAD ON INDENTOR (E) EFORT (WEIGHTS)
Figure 2.4- Lever Calculations
Formula:
Effort × Effort Arm = Load × Load Arm
X × 15 = (Y) × .5

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2.2 Weight designing & calculation for 60 kg Load
Figure 2.5- Calculation for 60 kg
Formula:
X × 15 = 60 × .5
X × 15 = 30
X = 30/15
X = 2 KG
We need 2 KG weight load in our Rockwell hardness testing machine to attain the
load of 60 kg for indentation on the specimen on the tip of the indenter.

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Formula:
X × 15 = 160 × .5
X × 15 = 80
X = 80/15
X = 5.33 KG
We need 5.33 KG weight load in our Rockwell hardness testing machine to attain the

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Formula:
X × 15 = 260 × .5
X × 15 = 130
X = 130/15
X = 8.66 KG
We need 8.66 KG weight load in our Rockwell hardness testing machine to attain the

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Formula:
X × 15 = 410 × .5
X × 15 = 205
X = 205/15
X = 13.66 KG
We need 13.66 KG weight load in our Rockwell hardness testing machine to attain
the load of 260 kg for indentation on the specimen on the tip of the indenter.

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Formula:
X × 15 = 560 × .5
X × 15 = 280
X = 280/15
X = 18.66 KG
We need 18.66 KG weight load in our Rockwell hardness testing machine to attain
the load of 260 kg for indentation on the specimen on the tip of the indenter.

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3 COMPONENTS THERE
DESCRIPTION & CAD DESIGNS
3.1 Machine Body
Figure 3.1- Rockwell Main Body and parts
A. Main Body
B. Weights adjusting door
C. Dial Gauge cover
D. Indenter Holder
E. Anvil
F. Elevating Lead Screw
G. Elevating Wheel

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Figure 3.2- Rockwell Main Body
Scale Inches
Length 21
Width 6
Height 25
Diameter --
Mass 80 kg
Material Cast Iron
Table 3.1 Description of Rockwell main body
The main part of body and all the parts are fitted inside the body or the machine On its
bottom the hydraulic lifter and elevating screw is fit. The lever mechanism is fitted on
he top of the body under the dial gauge .Load weights are hanged inside the center of
the body with a hanger of the lever

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3.2 Elevating Lead Screw
Figure 3.3- Elevating Lead Screw
Scale Inches
Threads Type External
Pitch 0.18
Height 12
Diameter 2
Mass 6 kg
Material Mild steel
Table 3.2 Description of elevating lead screw
The lead screw and the base plate was fit on it we place specimen on base plate Its
working is same like screw jack We attach the specimen with indenter by the
movement of elevating screw.

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3.3 Elevating Lead Screw
Figure 3.4- Elevating wheel
Scale Inches
Threads Type Internal
Pitch 0.18
Height 2
Diameter(inner/outer) 2/3
Mass 2 kg
Material Mild steel
Table 3.3 Description of elevating wheel
The main part of body and all the parts are fitted inside the body or the machine On its
bottom the hydraulic lifter and elevating screw is fit. The lever mechanism is fitted on
he top of the body under the dail gauge .Load weights are hanged inside the center of
the body with a hanger of the lever

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3.4 Dial Guage
1.Main Body
2.C-scale
3.adjustable dial
4.Fix dial
5.Measuring knob
6.Long pointer
7.Short pointer
Figure 3.5 - Dial gauge
Scale mm
Reading 1/100th
part of mm
Width --
Height --
Diameter --
Mass 0.5 kg
Material Stainless steel
Table 3.4 Description of dial gauge
The dial gauge was fixed on the top of the lever rod and use to measure the depth of
the indentation inside the specimen and measure the movement of the lever rod. and
we take our hardness reading from this gauge

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3.5 Fulcrum Top Plat
Figure 3.6 – Fulcrum Top Plate
Scale Inches
Length 3
Width 3
Height 0.5
Diameter --
Mass 0.5 kg
Material Mild steel
Table 3.5 Description of fulcrum top plate

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Figure 3.7 – Position of Fulcrum Top Plate
The Fulcrum top plat was fixed on the top Left of the lever rod and its knob is the
main fulcrum and hold the lever also provide the free movement to the lever rod and
there are 2 holes on it for the lubrication of the machine.

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3.6 Indenter Holder
Figure 3.8 – Indenter Holder
Scale Inches
Length --
Width --
Height 4
Diameter 1, 0.74, 0.5
Mass 0.5 kg
Material Mild steel
Table 3.6 Description of indenter holder

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Figure 3.9 – Position of Indenter Holder
The Indenter holder is fitted under the fulcrum top plat and takes all the load from the
lever and transfer it to the indenter and the indenter was fixed on its bottom and its
movement is linear.

21
3.7 Lever Main Rod
Figure 3.10 – Lever Main Rod
Scale Inches
Length 16
Width 1
Height 1
Diameter --
Mass 1 kg
Material Mild steel
Table 3.7 Description of lever main rod

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Figure 3.11 – Position of Lever main rod
The Main Rod is the Most Important and calculated designed part of the machine it
can convert the effort into multiple increase of load which is applies into the indenter
for the indentation of the specimen

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3.8 Lever weight hanging rod
Figure 3.12 – Weight hanging Rod
Scale Inches
Length --
Width --
Height 7
Diameter 0.2
Mass 0.1 KG
Material Aluminium Alloy
Table 3.8 Description of Weights hanging rod

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Figure 3.13 – Position weight hanging rod
The Weight hanging rod make the link between the lever and the weights and also
convert the direction of the force into 90 degree it id light weight alloy and very
strong to attain all load and lights to don’t effect on the readings

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3.9 Weight Stand (Fixed load 60 KG)
Figure 3.14 – Weight stand
Scale Inches
Length --
Width --
Height 6
Diameter 2,4
Mass 2 KG
Material Mild steel
Table 3.9 Description of Weights stand

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Figure 3.15 – Position of weight stand
The Weight stand has dual function one is stand for weights and second its own
weight is used to make indent its weight is 2 kg and effect the 60 kg on the indenter
due the lever.

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3.10 Weights
Scale Inches
Length --
Width --
Height 4
Diameter 4
Mass 18.66 KG
Material Mild steel
Table 3.10 Description of Weights

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Figure 3.17 – Position of weight
The Weights are the one of the specially designed and calculated mass parts which are
the cause of the load applied on the indenter and there are 4 main weights which total
weight is 18.66 kg and can give load on the indenter of the 560kg

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3.11 Weights lifter and damper
Scale Inches
Length --
Width --
Height 8
Diameter 0.75. 4
Mass 4 KG
Material Stainless steel and hydraulic oil
Table 3.11 Description of Weight lifter and damper

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Figure 3.19 – Position of weight lifter
Figure 3.20 – Changing position of weight lifter
The Weights lifter and hydraulic damper also has dual function one is to lifting up the
load and then all load was released from the lever and indenter and second function is
when we apply load then its damper allow the load apply to the specimen due to the
safety of the indenter tip because it load was applied suddenly then this will cause of
the breakage of the diamond tip

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3.12 Weights lifting crank unit
Figure 3.21 – Weight lifting crank unit (disassemble)
Figure 3.22 – Weight lifting crank unit (Assemble)
Scale Inches
Length 13.5
Width --
Height --
Diameter 1, 1.2,1.5
Mass 1.5 KG
Material Mild steel
Table 3.12 Description of Weight lifting crank unit

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Figure 3.22 – Position of weight lifting crank unit
The load on the indenter was control by this crank unit and it will convert the rotary
force into the linear force and lift up the whole weight and keep system free and the
apply all the load on indenter by releasing load from the damper unit

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3.13 Indenter
Figure 3.23 – Indenter
1. The indenter is made up of high carbon steel and have the tip of industrial
diamond
2. The total load of weights are act on its tip to make dent inside the specimen
Figure 3.24 – Indenter working
1. In A there is no load applies in indenter and we set dial gauge at zero
2. In B & C the Load was applied and the dent was produced inside the specimen
3. In hard material the depth of dent was less but in soft it was increase

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4 FABRICATION & ASSEMBLY
In fabrication process fabricate the all required parts which attached with the
Rockwell hardness testing. Before fabrication market survey is must so that we
can get material for machine and can take estimation of material cost. After survey
the market got the material from there within suitable cost. After getting the
material fabricate the part of machine
4.1- Market survey
In market survey we observed the different material for machine and different cost of
material but we needed suit able material and also their cost according to our project
requirement .For this purpose we visited different markets in Gujranwala, Lahore and
Karachi. After visiting we purchase mostly parts from Daroghawala Lahore and the
dial gauge from sher shah market Karachi. Our required material was purchased but
not ready to install it required some machining and some parts are not available in
market so we make them in workshop then at the end we paint and assemble our
machine under the guidance of our project supervisor Engr. Naeem Ullah Anmol in
mechanical workshop of UOG
4.2- Painting of body and parts
Figure 4.1 – Painting machine body

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4.3- Fabrication and overhauling of parts in workshop
1. Lathe operation
2. Drilling operation
3. Adjustment of dial gauge
1. Lathe operation
A lath is a machine tool which rotates the work piece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with
tools that are applied to the work piece to create an object which has symmetry about
an axis of rotation and we fabricate the following parts of our machine in lathe in
workshop
1. Elevating lead screw
2. Load Weights
3. Load weights Lifer
4. Crank unit of machine
2. Drilling operation
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular
cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint.
The bit is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to
thousands of revolutions per minute. We make some holes in parts for fitting purpose
and 2 holes on fulcrum top plate for lubrication of lever.

36
4.4- Assembly of outer parts
Figure 4.2 – External parts of machine
A. Open Window
B. Dial Gauge Cover
C. Anvil
D. Elevating wheel
E. Elevating screw
F. Crank lever
G. Fixed window
H. Machine Body
After painting all the parts and fixing the complete lever unit we assemble the
whole external parts of the machine with fasteners on the workshop of the UOG

37
4.5- Assembly of complete lever unit and gauge
Figure 4.3 – Internal parts of machine
A. Indenter Holder
B. Fulcrum top plat
C. Dial Gauge
D. Lever Rod
E. Hanging Rod
F. Weights
G. Weights Stand
H. Crank Rod
I. Crank Rod holder
J. Crank rod lever
K. Moveable plunger of Damper/Lifter
L. Damper/Lifter

38
4.6- Final assembly:
Table 4.1 Final Assembly
MACHINE
BODY
INDENTER
HOLDER
DAMPER
FUCLRUM
PLATE
CRANK
UNIT
LEVER
ROD
CRANK
LEVER
ELEVATING
WHEEL
HANGING
ROD
ELEVATING
SCREW
WEIGHTS

39
5 TESTING AND EVALUATIONS
After assembling our whole unit when we ran it for testing, it started well at the start
but we observe that our project is not calibrated so we take some metals and test them
in Chenab College of technology, Gujrat and then we calibrate our machine according
with these specimens which are tested in Chenab College.
5.1- Scales of testing
Table 5.1 Rockwell Scale

40
5.2- Testing methods
Figure 5.1 – Testing
Formula
indentation depth caused by major load
HRB= 130 - ------------------------------------------------
0.002
Indentation depth caused by major load
HRC= 100 - --------------------------------------------------
0.002
To start the test, the indenter is “set” into the sample at a prescribed minor load. A
major load is then applied and held for a set time period. The force on the indenter is
then decreased back to the minor load. The Rockwell hardness number is calculated
from the depth of permanent deformation of the indenter into the sample, i.e. the
difference in indenter position before and after application of the major load. The
minor and major loads can be applied using dead weights or springs. The indenter
position is measured using an analog dial indicator or an electronic device with digital
readout.The various indenter types combined with a range of test loads form a matrix
of Rockwell hardness scales that are applicable to a wide variety of materials. Each
Rockwell hardness scale is identified by a letter designation indicative of the indenter
type and the major and minor loads used for the test. The Rockwell hardness number
is expressed as a combination of the measured numerical hardness value and the scale
letter preceded by the letters, HR. For example, a hardness value of 80 on the
Rockwell A scale is reported as 80 HRA.

41
6 IMPROVEMENTS AND
MODIFICATIONS
6.1- Recommendation for future work
In future we can attach the electron device and microscop device with this machine to
get the Vicker and brinel tests also from this
6.2- Conclution
1. This project has given us a chance to learnt about the machine and its depth
study
2. We are able to assemble and disassemble the complete machine
3. Able to diagnose the faults and remove them
4. Product is made faster along with accuracy
6.3 Cost Estimation
Table 6.1 Cost Estimation

Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine-Final year project report/thesis

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