Microprocessor

1. Comparison of Intel Microprocessor
8086, 386, 486, Pentium II
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2. Computer technology has made incredible progress in the past
half century. In 1945, there were no stored-program computers.
Today, a few thousand dollars will purchase a personal computer
that has more performance, more main memory, and more disk
storage than a computer bought in 1965 for $1 million. During the
first 25 years of electronic computers, both forces made a major
contribution; but beginning in about 1970, computer designers
became largely dependent upon integrated circuit technology.
The late 1970s saw the emergence of the microprocessor.
What is a microprocessor ?
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3. It is a 16-bit microprocessor chip available in speeds of
8MHz, 10MHz, and 12MHz.
It can address 1 Mb of data with only 16-bit address.
This is accomplished by segmenting memory into
separate 64K groups of data. Hardware and
instructions integral to the 8086 control each 64K
group.
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4. Memory Structure
Data storage in 8086 memory
Paragraphs
Program Segmentation and Segment Registers
Hardware Registers
Flags
Input/Output (I/O) Structure
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5. It is an entry-level 32-bit microprocessor designed for single-
user applications and operating systems such as MS-DOS and
Windows.
Base Architecture the Intel 386 consists of three major
components:
 a central processing unit (CPU)
 a memory management unit
-- segmentation unit
-- the paging mechanism
the Intel has two modes of operation: Real Address Mode
(Real Mode), and Protected Virtual Address Mode (Protected
Mode).
 a bus interface
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6. 6

7. 7

8. Instruction Set
The instruction set is divided into nine categories of
operations
Addressing Modes
The Intel 386 provides a total of 11 addressing modes
for instructions to specify operands
Memory organization
I/O Space
Real Mode Architecture
Protected Mode Architecture
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9. The Intel 486 CPU offers the highest performance for DOS,
OS/2, Windows, and UNIX system V/Intel 386 applications. Its
100% binary compatible with the Intel 386 CPU.
 Architectural Overview
 Real Mode Architecture.
 Protected Mode Architecture
 On-Chip Cache
Intel 486
microprocessor
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10. The Pentium II processor features and benefits can enhance
user’s computing experience:
Introduction, Product Highlights, Dynamic Execution
Technology, Intel MMX Technology, Testing and Performance
Monitoring Features.
 Introduction
 Product Highlights
 Testing and Performance Monitoring Features
Pentium II Microprocessor
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11. The Intel 8086 It is a 16-bit architecture, with all
internal registers 16 bits wide.
The Intel 80386 were included a 32-bit data bus
structure and the ability to address up to 4GB of
memory.
The Intel 80486 was a 32-bit data bus structure,
and the ability to address up to 64GB of memory.
The Pentium II processor was a 7.5 million-
transistor, it incorporates the Pentium pro and the
Intel MMX technology, which is designed specifically
to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently.
Summary
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12.  --http://www.tasc.com/products/horizonmaster/HTML/irm/in/intel/init/html/intel486.htm
 --http://www.tasc.com/products/horizonmaster/HTML/irm/in/intel/init/html/intel386.htm
 --http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/d7/resource/intro/tsld012.htm
 --http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/d7/resource/intro/tsld013.htm
 --http://developer.intel.com/design/processor/future/roadmap.htm
 --http://developer.intel.com/design/processor/future/overview.htm
 --http://intel.com/pentiumii/xeon/home.htm
 --http://intel.com/PentiumIII/Xeon/home.htm
 David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy, "Computer Architecture a
Quantitative Approach,“ 2nd edition, pp. 1-3, pp. D1- D14.
 "Intel Microprocessor: Volume I", 1994, Pg 1-1---1-66, Pg 3-1---3-30.
 "Intel Microprocessor: Volume II", 1994, Pg 2-2, Pg 2-2---2-85.
 Robert S. Lai, "Writing MS-DOS Device Drivers", 2nd edition, The Waite
Group, pp. 461- 474.
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