As part of UNICEF Innocenti's workshop on social protection in humanitarian settings, Giuseppe Zampaglione of The World Bank presented his views on "Evidence of Social Protection in contexts of Fragility and Forced Displacement". For more on this workshop and to access the seven papers released at the event, visit: https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/1829-evidence-on-social-protection-in-contexts-of-fragility-and-forced-displacement.html

1. Evidence of Social Protection in contexts of
Fragility and Forced Displacement
Giuseppe Zampaglione – The World Bank
Lead SP Specialist – Focal point Fragility/SP
UNICEF – INNOCENTI – FLORENCE – JUNE 7-8, 2018

2. World Bank/SPJ and FCV
Fig.1 - World Bank SPJ Engagement in FCV
Decade Context Social Protection
1980s
• Latin American Debt Crisis
• Civil wars
• Natural disasters
Social funds, and SSNs incorporated into Structural Adjustment Programs
• First Banks Loan for Social Costs of Adjustment: Bolivia Emergency Social Fund (ESF).
• SSNs components used into post-war reconstruction (Africa)
1990s
• Dissolution of the USSR, market & economic
liberalization
• Civil wars & persecutions
• Global financial crises
Expanding the portfolio. First WB SSN operation in ECA
• The Bank aided build SSN systems for the first time to Albania (1992)
• Establishment of Social Protection and Labor Sector (1996)
• SSNs played an important role in post-conflict reconstruction in the Balkans, the
Middle East, Africa, and Central America
• FCV countries receive 13% of total projects with SSNs components and 2% of total
SSN lending
2000s
• Multiple shocks (natural disaster, climate
change, conflict, economic crisis)
Expanding to systems. First time WB lends for CCT
• WB starts support to CCTs in Colombia, Jamaica and Turkey (2001)
• SPL supports 26 of 33 FCV countries through lending, AAA, and TFs
• Safety nets as having both promotion and protection goals
• Integrated platforms, CTs, CfW, school feeding, microfinance, CDD
2010s
• Interlinked shocks (food & fuel crises)
• Unprecedented scale & frequency of shocks
• Forced displacement
ASP, refugees, and deep SPJ Engagement in FCV
• Establishment of Rapid Social Response (RSR) in 2009, to support operations in LICs
and FCV countries
• Ensure program scalability and predictability of SSNs, particularly cash & skills-based
assistance
• Integrate programs into SPJ policies and systems
• Conduct Job diagnostics
• Integrate system component (ID, registration, targeting, payment…)

3. Social Safety Nets in Forced Displacement: Paradigm Shifts
Temporary
Support Resilience
Individual
Programs
Systems
Integrative Adaptive
Protracted
Infrastructure
Direct support
(In kind-based)
Livelihood-
promoting SSNs
(cash-based)))
Assumptions
Development
objective
Implementation
approach
Framework
Projects
From To
3

4. Source: Devictor, Forcibly Displaced, 2.
1

5. •The IDA regional Sub-window aims to
• (i) mitigate the shocks caused by an influx of refugees and create social and economic
development opportunities for refugees and host communities;
• (ii) facilitate sustainable solutions to protracted refugee situations, including through
the sustainable socio-economic inclusion of refugees in the host country and/or their
return to their country of origin;
• (iii) strengthen preparedness to manage increased or potential new refugee flows by
establishing capacity and systems and advance policy and institutional reforms
Emphasis not only on response but on prevention too
5
Purpose of the IDA Regional Sub-window on
Refugees and Host Communities

6. Proposed eligibility Pre-eligibility work underway Stand-by
Country Refugees Country Refugees Country Refugees
Pakistan 1,352,560
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
451,956 Sudan 421,466
Uganda 940,835 Kenya 451,099 Bangladesh 276,207
Ethiopia 791,631 Tanzania 281,498 Yemen 269,783
Chad 391,251 Rwanda 156,065 South Sudan 262,560
Cameroon 375,415 Mauritania 74,148 Nepal 25,249
Niger 166,093 Afghanistan 59,771 Syria 19,809
Cong, Rep. 46,457 Burundi 57,469 Liberia 18,990
Djibouti 17,683 Burkina Faso 32,552 Togo 12,491
Zambia 29,350 CAR 12,115
Somalia 11,574
Papua New
Guinea
9,536
Guinea-Bissau 9,263
Gambia, The 7,940
6

7. • At the moment no major data collection requirements; instead work is largely geared to
identifying, furthering, curating and drawing guidance and enhancing evidence-base
• Interpreting SP as part of a wider package including delivery of HD services, interventions
within urban systems, ECD, etc.
• Need to identify ‘core’ audience
• Complementarity of on-going initiatives (selected):
• 1. Impact evaluation Trust Fund (DFID/World Bank)
• 2. DFID/World Bank Research program on protracted forced displacement (health, education, jobs and
Social protection
• 3. Analytical work supporting project preparation
• 4. UNHCR-WB collaboration
• 5. Early Childhood Development in FCV
• 6. ……
Cross-cutting considerations

8. • Objective: Impact evaluations of policies and programs targeting population groups that
are affected by forced displacement situations.
• Four priority sectors: Labour markets and self-reliance; Social protection and targeting;
Health; Education
• Priority aspects: Gender dimension; institutional perspectives (including law and
regulations); Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and South-
Asia regions.
• Impact evaluation methods: randomized trial evaluations, econometric evaluations
based on existing microdata, evaluations based on established monitoring and evaluation
systems and microeconomic policy simulation
• Management and Financing: Management FCV CCSA (Pverme@worldbank.org);
Financing from DFID; average proposal $300k; two rounds (11 proposals ongoing).
1. Impact evaluation Trust Fund (DFID/World Bank)

9. • 11- Syrian Refugees in Turkey Employment Support: The IE will evaluate the effectiveness of the employment support
programs and public sector interventions on the employment outcomes for Syrian refugees.
• 18 - Iraq Food Assistance Program: The Iraq Public Distribution System (PDS) is in-kind food subsidy program for poor
households. The IE will evaluate the impact of PDS on mitigating welfare loss due to forced displacement and
systematic differences in receiving PDS services between displaced and non-displaced households using linear
probability or Logit models and surveys to 12,000 households.
• 14 - Lebanon’s Poverty Targeting Program: The IE will fund the evaluation of the graduation models of 600 households
receiving food vouchers, to additionally receive an asset transfer, technical skills, life-skills coaching and financial
literacy.
• 23 - Afghan Graduation Program: The IE will analyze the impacts of “Targeting the Ultra Poor“ programs on IDPs and
refugees, with the addition of financial services (i.e. microloans and savings programs) and behavioral cognitive therapy
(BCT) for graduates of the program.
• 28 – Ethiopia Employment Promotion and Protection: The IE will assess whether the ongoing WB/DFID Ethiopia
Economic Opportunities Hybrid (PforR) employment programming will impact refugee integration into the formal labor
force, comparing program participants with non-participants.
• 30-Bangladesh Social Protection: The IE will evaluate the effectiveness of UNHCR and BRAC protection programs using
RCT framework, investigating the impact of the psychological well-being and safety of vulnerable groups, and the
creation of social cohesion between host communities and FD households.
1. EXAMPLES Impact evaluation Trust Fund (DFID/World Bank)

10. 2. DFID/WB Research program on protracted forced
displacement – RFP preliminary info
• Gaps in knowledge and proven practice for the successful integration of displaced
populations into their host communities.
• RFP designed to facilitate the systematic creation and curation of knowledge on
key practices in the provision of social protection in displacement contexts.
• This RFP will address the alignment of social protection and humanitarian
assistance systems, how well they work to protect the welfare of the displaced
and host communities and promote the inclusion of forced displaced into Social
protection systems and into host communities.
• This RFP is one of four supported by a DFID-financed program managed by the
World Bank’s Fragility, Conflict and Violence Group and implemented under the
Human Development Vice Presidency. The other RFPs focus on Health,
Education, and Jobs respectively.
• RFP is intended to yield operationally-focussed evidence and tools, and not
merely analytical papers.

11. 2. Topic 1 - Understanding the situation and needs of the
displaced and those in host communities
• Building on existing socioeconomic databases (from UNHCR, WFP,
UNICEF, IOM, and other sources), this exercise will collect primary
data and conduct qualitative research from three to four case study
sites, in countries that have significant forced displacement/refugees
issues and/or are listed among the priority countries to be supported
by the IDA18 Sub-window on Refugees.
• This will include measures of economic and psychosocial well-being,
and how refugees and host communities interact with social
assistance, both humanitarian and national social protection systems.

12. 2. Topic 2 - Social assistance and the integration of displaced
populations and host communities
• Partly building on the data collection exercise in Topic 1, this
component focuses on three questions:
• How have humanitarian assistance and social safety net / social protection
systems been structured and implemented to provide services to vulnerable
populations,
• what has been the impact of these programs on the integration of displaced
people into their host communities, and
• what are the prospects of a full, equitable and long-term inclusion of forced
displaced into national systems.

13. 3. Analytics supporting Project preparation - Chad
• Chad: $60m Refugee/host communities Project – Board 9/12/2018
• Principles: Government ownership and systems: convergence
humanitarian and developmental agenda; refugees are a resources.
• Specific approaches to the East, South and Lake Chad region
• Rehabilitate infrastructures in camps and host communities
• Access to cash transfers and income opportunities
• Strengthen Government response
• Background analytical work needed to prepare operations

14. 3. Analytics supporting Project preparation - Chad
Full set of field and desk research activities including
• Institutional assessment,
• Work on targeting,
• Economic analysis,
• Background work on social and environmental safeguards,
• Social and economic dynamics of inclusion.

15. 3. Analytics supporting Project preparation - Chad
Social and economic dynamics of inclusion.
• A qualitative study was undertaken to support project preparation.
The objectives of the qualitative study were
• 1) to understand how different groups and individuals conceptualize and
experience forced displacement in the three areas targeted by the project;
• 2) to identify key opportunities and major constraints to social and economic
inclusion of refugee populations into local communities, including access to
social services and support/assistance, as well as economic opportunities,
land and other productive resources; and
• 3) to understand how the gender dimension plays into both perceptions and
experiences and opportunities and constraints.

17. Some important questions
• How will Refugees be integrated into HD systems? Technical and legal
aspects Long term sustainability beyond life of the project.
• How will the (operational) coordination with WFP, UNHCR other UN
agencies and NGOs practically work out, in camps and among
refugees especially. (targeting, level/type of benefits)

18. Framework
Pros Cons
Replace what other agencies are doing
(crowding out)
Complement (1) what other agencies are
doing (additional benefits to same
beneficiaires)
Complement (2) what other agencies are
doing (targeting refugees they don’t
target)
Sequence. First year humanitarian
support; after then WB Project/building
resilience support.
Geography. Areas are clearly defined and
assigned to exclusively one agency