3. DISORDERS OF EYE
OUTER FIBROUS TUNIC
• SCLERA:- WHITE, OPAQUE, FIBROUS LAYER THAT COVERS THE POSTERIOR FIVE SIXTH OF
THE EYEBALL, CONTINUE WITH THE CORNEA
• FUNCTION:- SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
• CORNEA:- TRANSPARENT AVASCULAR, CONVEX COVERING OF THE ANTERIOR ONE SIXTH
OF THE EYEBALL, CONTINUE WITH THE SCLERA ABOUT 0.5MM THICK NUMEROUS NERVE
FIBRES
• FUNCTION:- WINDOW OF THE EYE WHERE LIGHT RAYS ENTER, AND REFRACTS LIGHT RAYS.
MIDDLE VASCULAR TUNIC (UVEA)
• IRIS:- THIN PIGMENTED, DOUGHNUTS SHAPED DIAPHRAGM WITH A CENTRAL APERTURE
CALLED PUPIL
• FUNCTION:- REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT ENTERS THE EYE BY CHANGING THE
SIZE OF THE PUPIL.
• CHOROID:- HIGHLY VASCULAR, DARK PIGMENTED LAYER BETWEEN THE SCLERA AND
RETINA AND FIRMLY ATTACHED TO THE RETINA AND FIRMLY ATTACHED ANTERIORLY TO
4. CON…
• FUNCTION:- DARK PIGMENT ABSORB EXCESS LIGHT RAYS; BLOOD VESSELS NOURISH
INTERIOR OF EYES.
• CILIARY BODY:- CIRCULAR STRUCTURE THAT IS CONTINUE WITH THE CHOROID AND
SURROUNDS THE LENS; CONTAINS CILIARY PROCESS AND CILIARY MUSCLE, SUSPENSORY
LIGAMENT ATTACH CILIARY BODY TO THE LENS.
• FUNCTION:- CILIARY PROCESS PRODUCE AND SECRETE AQUEOUS HUMOR CILIARY MUISCLES
REGULATE THE SHAPE OF THE LENS BY INCREASING OR DECREASING TENSION IN THE
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS, SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT ALSO SUPPORT THE LENS.
INNER NERVOUS TUNIC (RETINA)
• PIGMENTED EPITHELIUM:- SINGLE LAYER OF DARK CELLS FIRMLY ATTATCHED TO THE
CHOROID
• FUNCTION:- ABSORB EXCESS LIGHT.
• PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS:- RODS AND CONS, RODS ARE MORE NUMEROUS IN THE PERIPHERY
OF THE RETINA, CONS ARE MORE LOCALIZED NEAR THE CENTER OF THE RETINA
5. CON…
• BIPOLAR NEURON AND GANGLION CELL:- NUMEROUS LAYER OF NEURAL TISSUE BETWEEN
THE PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS AND THE INTERIOR OF THE EYE.
• FUNCTION:- TRANSMIT IMPULSES CREATED BY THE RODS AND CONS
• OPTIC DISC:- THE OPTIC DISC ALSO KNOWN AS THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD, FORMS A
SLIGHTLY RAISED SPOT ON THE NASAL SIDE OF THE RETINA.
• FUNCTION:- THE OPTIC DISC OR OPTIC NERVE HEAD IS THE POINT OF EXIT FOR GANGLION
CELLS AXONS LEAVING THE EYE.
10. ETIOLOGY
• GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
• AN ELONGATED OR SHORTENED EYEBALL
• NEARSIGHTED (MYOPIA) CAN SEE NEAR OBJECT AND CANNOT FOCUS CLEARLY ON FAR
OBJECTS
• FARSIGHTED
• DIPLOPIA
• POOR VISUAL STIMULATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• BLURRED VISION
• DIFFICULTY READING
• CROSSING OF THE EYE IN CHILDREN
• SITTING CLOSE TO THE TELEVISION
11. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• SNELLEN TEST
• TITMUS TEST
MANAGEMENT
• MOST VISUAL PROBLEM CAN BE TREATED BY THE USE OF CORRECTIVE LENSES OR
REFRACTIVE SURGERY.
• PURIFIED BOTULINUM BY BLOCKING ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE FROM NERVE ENDINGS IN
THE MUSCLE THAT IS CONTRACTING EXCESSIVELY
REFRACTIVE SURGERY
RADIAL KERATOTOMY:- THIS PROCEDURE IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE CORRECTION OF
MYOPIA
• THE CORNEA IS ANESTHETIZED TOPICALLY AND UNDER A MICROSCOPE 8- 16 RADIAL
INCISION ARE MADE INTO CORNEAL SURFACE TO FLATTEN IT.
• THIS PERMIT IMAGES TO FALL ON THE RETINA INSTEAD OF IN FRONT OF IT.
12. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• ENCOURAGING THE CONSISTENT USE OF CORRECTIVE LENSES AS PRESCRIBED
• FAMILARIZE THE CHILD WITH COMMON SOUND AND SMELLS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• TO PREVENT INJURIES RECOMMEND THE USE OF SCATTERPROOF EYEGLASSES WITH FLEXIBLE
FRAME
• PROMOTING A POSITIVE SENSE OF SELF ESTEEM.
15. ETIOLOGY
• MICROBES
• ORBITAL INFECTIONS
• BACTERIAL INFECTION
• VIRAL INFECTION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• REDNESS OF THE EYE CAUSED BY DILATION OF THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
• EYELIDS AND CONJUNCTIVA EDEMA
• EXCESSIVE TEARING OR EXUDATE
• GRITTY FEELING IN THE EYE AND ITCHING
• PHOTOPHOBIA
• FLUCTUATING BLURRING AND CLOUDY VISION
19. CON…
PREVENTING INFECTION
• PERFORM OR TEACH PROPER CLEANSING OF DRAINAGE
• USE WARM WATER/ SALINE AND A DISPOSABLE APPLICATOR
• USE A SEPARATE APPLICATOR FOR EACH EYE
• WIPE FROM INNER TO OUTER CANTHUS TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OF THE OTHER EYE
MINIMIZING PAIN
• APPLY WARM COMPRESSION TO AFFECTED AREAS
• SUGGEST DARKENED ROOM AND SUNGLASSES FOR PATIENTS WITH PHOTOPHOBIA
• ADMINISTER ANALGESIC AS PRESCRIBED
• ADMINISTER LUBRICATING EYE DROPS AS NEEDED
• MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION.
