1. SHORT SIGHTEDNESS
DIOPTERIC CONDITION IN WHICH INCIDENT PARALLEL RAYS COME TO A
FOCUS ANTERIOR TO THE LIGHT SENSITIVE LAYER OF RETINA WITH
ACCOMODATION AT REST.
MYOPIA
2. Optics of Myopia
Image of distant object - circle of diffusion formed by divergent
beam
parallel rays of light coming from infinity – in front of the retina
Far point - finite point in the front of eye
near object situated at far point is focused without an effort of
accommodation
Nodal point in a myopic eye is further away from the retina
therefore the image formed will be larger than it would be in a
emmetropic eye.
Angle Alpha- negative -> convergent squint
accommodation in uncorrected myopes is not developed normally
3. 1. Axial myopia
Commonest form
Increase in antero-posterior length of the eyeball
2. Curvatural myopia
Increased curvature of cornea, lens or both
3. Positional myopia
Produced by anterior placement of crystalline lens
in eye
4. Index myopia
Increase in the refractive index of crystalline lens
associated with nuclear sclerosis
5. Myopia due to excessive accomodation
Spasm of accomodation
ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
4. 1. Congenital myopia
2. Simple or developmental myopia
3. Pathological or degenerative myopia
4. Acquired myopia which may be
Post traumatic
Post keratitic
Drug induced
Pseudomyopia
Space myopia
Night myopia
Consecutive myopia
CLINICAL CLASSI.FICATION
5. AGE ONSET CLASSI.
CONGENITAL: since birth
YOUTH ONSET: Below 20 yrs. ( Simple Myopia)
EARLY ADULT ONSET: 20-40: Acquired Index
myopia d/t Early NS
LATE ADULT ONSET: 40+ AIM d/t Age NS
6.
7. ◾Since birth
◾Diagnosed by 2-3 years
◾Mostly unilateral-Manifests as anisometropia
◾High degree of error: 8-10 D
◾Child may develop convergent squint in order to
preferentially see clear at its far point (10-12cms)
◾Prematures, Marfan Sy, Homocystinuria
◾Associated with cataract, micropthalmos, aniridia, megalocornea,
congenital separation of retina
CONGENITAL MYOPIA
8. ◾ Developmental myopia- commonest variety
◾ School myopia (school going age 8 -12 years)
◾ Etiology
Axial type:
physiological variation in length of eye ball
precocious neurological growth during childhood
SIMPLE MYOPIA
◾ Curvatural type
Underdevelopment of eye ball
◾ Role of diet in early childhood
◾ Role of genetics – Autosomal Dominant
Prevalence in children
both parents myopic(20%)
One parent myopic(10%)
No parent myopic(5%)
9. SYMPTOMS
Begins bet. 7 to 10 yrs. – about -5D, never exceeds -8D.
POOR VISION FOR DISTANCE: VA beyond Punctum Remotum affected
HALF SHUTTING OF EYES: Stenopaeic vision
ASTHENOPIC: Pts with small degree of myopia- Strain symp.
d/t dissociation between convergence and
accommodation
1. Convergence weakness, Exophoria, Suppression in one
eye
2. Exce Accommodation – Ciliary Spasm
10.
11. ◾Signs
Prominent eyeballs
Anterior chamber - deeper than normal
Pupils- Large, sluggishly reacting
Fundus- normal; temporal myopic crescent may be seen
Magnitude of refractive error
Increasing at rate -0.5+- 0.30/ year.
Does not exceed 6 to 8
◾Diagnosis
Confirmed by performing retinoscopy
12. ◾Degenerative/ progressive myopia
◾Rapidly progressive error which starts in childhood at 5-10 years of
age
◾High myopia in early adult life with degenerative changes
PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA
13. ◾Role of heredity
Heredity linked growth of retina is the determinant in
developmental myopia
Sclera due its distensibility follows retinal growth but
choroid undergoes degeneration due to stretching, which
in turn causes degeneration of retina
Progressive myopia is
Familial
More common in chinese,japanese,arabs and jews
Uncommon among negroes,nubians and sudanese
ETIOLOGY
14. ◾Role of general growth process
Lengthening of the posterior segment of globe
commences only during the period of active growth
and ends with termination of active growth
15. Genetic factors (play major role)
General growth process(minor)
More growth of retina
Stretching of sclera
Increase axial length
Degeneration of choroid
Degeneration of retina
Degeneration of vitreous
16. ◾Defective vision- uncorrectable loss of vision
◾Muscae volitantes
Floating black opacities in front of eyes
Degenerated liquified vitreous
◾Night blindness- In high myopes, d/t degenerative changes
SYMPTOMS
17. ◾Prominent eye balls
Elongation of eye ball mainly affects posterior pole and
surrounding area
◾Cornea-large
◾Anterior chamber -deep
◾Pupils-slightly large ,react sluggishly to light
SIGNS
18. ◾Fundus examination:
Optic disc
large and pale
Temporal edge presents a characteristic myopic
crescent- Atrophy of choroid - sclera visible
Peripapillary crescent encircling the disc may be
present, where choroid and retina is distracted
away from disc margin
Super traction crescent may be present on nasal side
(retina pulled
over disc margin)
19.
20.
21. Degenerative changes in retina and choroid
Common in progressive myopia
Characterized by white atrophic patches at macula with a little
heaping of pigment around them
22.
23. • FOSTER-FUCH’S SPOT:
• Dark red circular patch
due to sub- retinal
neo vascularization
and choroidal
haemorrhage
• Present at macula
• CYSTOID
DEGENERATION –
at periphery
• Advanced cases: Total
Total retinal
atrophy in central area
24. ◾Posterior staphyloma
Due to ectasia of sclera at posterior pole
It may be apparent as an excavation with vessels bending backward
over margins
33. o PSEUDOMYOPIA/ARTIFICIAL – Spasm of Accommodation
o SPACE- Distance fixation
o NIGHT/TWILIGHT- photopic to scotopic- shorter
wavelengths
o DRUG INDUCED- Cholinergic – Pilocarpine, Echothiophate,
DIPFP
o Steroid
o Sulphonamides
34. MYOPIA OF PREMATURITY
TRUE MOP: WITHOUT ROP
MYOPIA OF ROP: Following T/t of ROP
Abnormal dev of Ant. Seg.
Corneal curvature
Shallow Ant. Chamber
Shorter axial lenth relative to their D value
Due to:
1. Mechanical Restrcition of ocular growth
Cryo treated eyes> Laser > I/vitr Anti-VEGF inj.
35.
36. ◾Optical treatment of myopia
Concave lenses
Basic rule – minimum acceptance providing maximum
vision
◾Modes of prescribing concave lens-
1. Spectacles
2. Contact lens
TREATMENT OF MYOPIA
37. ◾Contact lenses are used in
case of high myopia as they
avoid peripheral distortion
and minification produced
by strong concave spectacle
lens
38.
39. ◾Radial keratotomy
Making deep radial incisions in peripheral part of
cornea leaving the central a 4mm optical zone
These incisions on healing ; flatten the central
cornea thereby reducing its refractive power
Correct low to moderate myopia(2-6D)
DISADVANTAGES:
Cornea is weakened – globe rupture in sports
persons
Uneven healing – irregular astigmatism
Patient may feel glare at night
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
MYOPIA
40.
41. ◾Photo refractive
keratectomy (PRK)
A central optical zone of
anterior corneal stroma is
photoablated using
excimer laser (193nm uv
flash) to
cause flattening of central
cornea
Correction for -2 to - 6D
of myopia
43. ◾Refractory surgery of choice for myopia of upto -12D
LASER ASSISTED IN-SITU
KERATOMILEUSIS(LASIK)
44. Flap of 130-160 micron thickness of
anterior corneal tissue is raised
Midstromal tissue is ablated
directly with an excimer laser beam
ultimately flattening the cornea
45.
46. 1. Patients >20 years
2. Stable refraction for at least 12 months
3. Motivated patient
4. Absence of corneal pathology
◾Absolute contraindication for LASIK
Presence of ectasia
Corneal thickness <450mm
PATIENT SELECTION
CRITERIA
47. ◾Customised(C)-LASIK:
Based on wave front
technology
Corrects spherical,
cylindrical and other
aberations present in
eye
Gives vision beyond
6/6 i.e.,6/5 or 6/4
ADVANCES IN LASIK
48. ◾Epi-(E) LASIK:
Only epithelial sheet is
separated with Epiedge
Epikeratome
Devoid of complications
related to corneal
stromal flap
49.
50. ◾Minimal or no postoperative pain
◾Recovery of vision is very early as compared to PRK
◾No risk of perforation during surgery and rupture of globe
due to trauma like RK
◾No residual haze unlike PRK where subepithelial
scarring may occur
◾LASIK is effective in correcting myopia of -12D
ADVANTAGES OF LASIK
51. Expensive
Requires greater surgical skill than RK and PRK
Flap related complications
Intraoperative flap amputation
Wrinkling of flap on repositioning
Postoperative flap dislocation/subluxation
Epithelization of flap – bed interface
Irregular astigmatism
DISADVANTAGES
52.
53.
54. ◾Intraocular contact lens implantation for correction of
myopia of >12D
◾Special type of IOL is implanted in anterior chamber or
posterior chamber anterior to natural crystalline lens
PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENS
55. ◾Into the peripheral cornea at approximately 2/3rd
stromal depth
◾Flattening of central cornea, decreasing myopia
◾Advantage: reversible procedure
INTRACORNEAL RING (ICR)
IMPLANTATION
56. ◾A non-surgical reversible method of molding the cornea with
overnight wear unique rigid gas permeable contact lenses
◾Myopia correction upto -5D
◾Used in patients below 18 years of age
ORTHOKERATOLOGY
57. ◾General measures :
Balanced diet rich in vitamins and proteins
Early management of associated debilitating disease
◾Low vision aids
indicated in patients with progressive myopia with
advanced degenerative changes
◾Prophylaxis
Genetic counselling