The document discusses the history and development of self-driving cars. It describes how early concepts from the 1500s evolved through experiments using radio signals and cameras in the 1900s. Major companies like Tesla, Waymo, and Google are now successfully creating fully autonomous vehicles using sensors like lidar, radar, cameras and ultrasonic sensors along with advanced algorithms. The benefits of autonomous vehicles include improved safety, mobility, and reduced traffic and emissions, but challenges remain around jobs, regulations, costs and cybersecurity. India is also working on autonomous car projects but faces hurdles around infrastructure, mapping, and manufacturing support.
2. So what is Self Driving or
Autonomous car ??
In simple words :
A vehicle that could deliver from one
destination to other without the intervene
or assistance of human self
3. Back in history of driverless car
• In 1500 Leonardo daVinci first developed a self propelling cart
• In GM’s 1939 exhibit , Norman Bel Geddes created the first self driving car which was
a EV guided by radio controlled electromagnetic fields generated with magnetized
metal spikes embedded in the roadways
• In 1958 General Motors had made the concept into reality.The car’s front end was
embedded with sensors called pick-up coils that could detect the current flowing
through wire embedded in the road , thus current could be used to manipulate to tell
the vehicle to move steering left or right
• In 1977 the Japanese improved this idea using a camera system that relayed the data
to the computer to process image of the road and obtained a speed of 20 mph
• Improvement came a decade later from Germans in form ofVaMoRs a vehicle
outfitted with cameras that cold drive safely at 56 mph
• At present many companies have successfully made driverless car a reality .
Companies likeTesla ,Waymo , Pony.ai ,Volvo ,Voyage even Google are engaged in
making of a self driving car
4. How does a Autonomous car works???
• Autonomous cars rely on sensors, actuators, complex
algorithms, machine learning systems, and powerful processors
to execute software.
• Autonomous cars create and maintain a map of their
surroundings based on a variety of sensors situated in different
parts of the vehicle.
• Radar sensors monitor the position of nearby vehicles.Video
cameras detect traffic lights, read road signs, track other
vehicles, and look for pedestrians. Lidar (light detection and
ranging) sensors bounce pulses of light off the car’s surroundings
to measure distances, detect road edges, and identify lane
markings. Ultrasonic sensors in the wheels detect curbs and
other vehicles when parking.
• Sophisticated software then processes all this sensory input,
plots a path, and sends instructions to the car’s actuators, which
control acceleration, braking, and steering.
• Hard-coded rules, obstacle avoidance algorithms, predictive
modeling, and object recognition help the software follow traffic
rules and navigate obstacles.
5. Components of a Autonomous Car
Lidar System / Cruise Automated
System
Laser Range Finder
Ultrasonic Sensors
GPS Receiver
Aerial for GEO Location
A Central Computer system
Radar
Cameras 360 degrees wide
Position Sensors
Orientation Sensors
Digital Maps
6. LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
• It is designed for obstacle detection and navigation of
autonomous ground vehicles
• Vertical and horizontal setup of the system is possible
• Visual image acquisition with fully integrated NIKON
DSLR camera
• Mobile data acquisition with 3D mode ofVZ scanner with
a continuous rotation
• 360 degree static scanning
• Used in Google Inc for surrounding detection of vehicles
Cruise Systems
7. Laser Range Finder
• It is a rotating camera that lies on the top roof of the
vehicle
• It creates 3D images of objects helping the car to see the
hazards along the way
• This device calculates how far an object is from the
moving vehicle based on the time it takes for the laser
beams to hit the object and return back
• Can calculate distance and create images for objects in
an impressive range of 200m
Ultrasonic Sensors
8. GPS Receiver
• GPS or Global Positioning System is a space based
navigation that provides location and time
• It works anywhere on the earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more satellites
• GPS keeps the vehicles on its intended route with an
accuracy of 35 cm
Aerial for precise Geo-Location
• An Aerial on the rear of the car receives the information
about the precise location of the car
• The cars GPS integral navigation unit works with sensors
to help the car localize itself
• The GPS data is compared with sensor map data from
same data
• As the vehicle moves the internal map is updated with
new position info by sensors
9. The Central Computer System
• The central computer receives information
from all the sensors present
• It analyses the data received and regulates the
vehicle behavior
• Thereby it manipulates various systems like
that of steering , acceleration and braking
• Using suitable algorithms and coding with
considerations of obstacles detected along the
way a predefined route is created for the
journey to the destination
• Automotive chips by NVIDIA are used for
processing of data
10. More into AutonomousVehicles
For
• Large market and future consumer demand
• Improves transportation efficiency
• Fewer accidents due to human error
• Decrease in traffic congestion
• Increase in Highway capacity
• Improved mobility for elderly, children and
disabled
• Lower fuel consumption also increase in
lifespan of vehicle
• Time of travel can be used for other tasks
Against
• Losing Jobs of many
• Government restrictions and regulations
• Infrastructure Modification (Urban and Rural)
• Vehicle to vehicle communication
• High cost and price affordability
• Algorithmic concerns and wireless privacy
concerns
• Threat of a hacking and misguided system
• The GPS is not available for all areas
11. India and Global trends in AutonomousVehicles
• In 2012 Bengaluru Engineers driven for test to build India’s first
driverless car –Tata Nano Autonomous (Dr. Roshy John)
• AuRo is an ambitious startup started by IITians who are working
on launching of IndianAutonomous car
• IIT Kharagpur , IIT Kanpur and IIT Bombay are jointly involved in
the Autonomous GroundVehicle (AGV) project and testing their
technology on Mahindra’s E2O electric cars
• So far AV could help in the traffic management and control in
India but with it’s drawbacks too
• “Self Driving Cars will not be allowed in India ” – this statement
was given by Union Minister of RoadTransport and Highways
• Unemployment and job losses due to driverless car is the major
cause of government restrictions
• Also India lacks in 3D mapping and GPS system thus driving
route is at stake
• Lack of interest by manufacturing industries
• Thus to summarize it all there is much time required for India to
be in global race ofAutonom0us CARS
