9. ESTIMATED ANNUAL MORBIDITY OF LEPTOSPIROSIS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY. ANNUAL
DISEASE INCIDENCE IS REPRESENTED AS AN EXPONENTIAL COLOUR GRADIENT
FROM WHITE (0–3), YELLOW (7–10), ORANGE (20–25) TO RED (OVER 100), IN CASES PER
100,000 POPULATION. CIRCLES AND TRIANGLES INDICATE THE COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN FOR
PUBLISHED AND GREY LITERATURE QUALITY-ASSURED STUDIES, RESPECTIVELY
10. GLOBAL BURDEN OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Impact of
Disease
•DALYs,
QUALYs
Not yet
known
• WHO- LERG unit
• Working to estimate
GBD
DALYs
• 2.90 million-
Per year
103.200 YLDs
(38,800-
188,100)
2.80 Million
YLL (UI 1.16 –
4.6 million)
11. GBD BY GENDER DISTRIBUTION
Males account for
80% of the total
Burden
13. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Leptospirosis. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2015. Stockholm:
2015, 1222 cases
* 626 (51%)
confirmed cases
Report by 29
countries
* Decrease by 35%
Germany (86)
Netherlands (86)
UK (67)
14. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND TREND
Highest
number
summer and
autumn
53% cases
August and
November
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Leptospirosis. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2015. St
2018.
15. NUMBER OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN IRELAND BY
EXPOSURE AND YEAR
Leptospirosis in Ireland 2017
20 cases of Leptospirosis
0.4 incidence rate per 100.000 population
16. ECONOMIC IMPACT
Hospitalization is 7.1 days
Eg. Thailand
Mild or severe case spend 45 or
250 euros
Monthly income 615
Eg. Philippines
Total cost per patient: US473
Minimum monthly income: US
217
17. • GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGES
LEADS TO EXTREME
WEATHER CONDITIONS SUCH
AS RAINFALL AND FLOODING
• FLOODING AND HEAVY
RAINFALLS HAVE BEEN
ASSOCIATE WITH NUMEROUS
OUTBREAKS
OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AROUND
THE WORLD [1].
DIAGRAM: HTTPS://WWW.CLIMATE.GOV/NEWS-
FEATURES/CLIMATE-QA/WHATS-DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-
GLOBAL-WARMING-AND-CLIMATE-CHANGE
18. • RODENTS ARE IMPLICATED OFTEN IN MOST CASES
OF HUMAN SPIROSIS [2]
• INCREASING TEMPERATURES EXPAND
THE HABITATS OF RODENTS RESERVOIRS
OF LEPTOSPIROSIS [3]
DIAGRAM:
HTTPS://STOCK.ADOBE.COM/DK/SEARCH?K=PEST&FILTERS%5BCONTENT_TYPE%3APHOTO%5D=1&FILTERS%5BCONTENT_TYPE%3AILLUSTRATION%5D=1&FI
LTERS%5BCONTENT_TYPE%3AZIP_VECTOR%5D=1&FILTERS%5BCONTENT_TYPE%3AVIDEO%5D=1&FILTERS%5BCONTENT_TYPE%3ATEMPLATE%5D=1&FILTE
RS%5BCONTENT_TYPE%3A3D%5D=1&FILTERS%5BINCLUDE_STOCK_ENTERPRISE%5D=0&FILTERS%5BIS_EDITORIAL%5D=0&SAFE_SEARCH=1&CA=0&LOAD_
TYPE=FIND_SIMILAR&SIMILAR_CONTENT_ID=119789889&FIND_SIMILAR_BY=CONTENT&ASSET_ID=202307119
20. IRELAND UNDER RODENT ATTACK
ACCORDING TO THE DUBLIN CITY
COUNCIL IN 2018,"THE LONG SPELL OF
VERY WARM WEATHER APPARENTLY
HAS INCREASED THEIR BREEDING.
BUILDING WORKS HAVE DISTURBED
NESTS AND THE INCREASE OF FAST
FOOD OUTLETS AND DISCARDED
FOOD WASTE, TOGETHER WITH THE
FACT THAT MANY OF OUR COMPLEXES
ARE LOCATED NEAR TO
CANALS/RIVERS, THE NATURAL
HABITAT OF RODENTS, ARE ALSO
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO THE
RODENT INCREASE." [4]
https://www.virginmediatelevision.ie/xpose/article/real-life/283788/Video-A-
ratobsessed-woman-makes-her-rodents-go-viral-by-dressing-them-up-for-online-
21. • WATERWAYS IRELAND IN MARCH
2019 ISSUED A WARNING TO THE
PUBLIC OF A SPECIE OF RODENT
NEW IN THE COUNTRY [5].
• THE SPECIE, ACCORDING TO THE
WATERWAYS IRELAND, HAS THE
POTENTIAL TO TRANSMIT A
NUMBER OF DISEASE IMPORTANT
TO HUMANS AND ANIMALS.
(Image: Wikipedia/Peleg/Creative Commons)
24. 2. PROVISION OF
SAFE DRINKING
WATER
ACCORDING OF THE WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION, 29% OF THE WORLD
POPULATION LAKE SAFE DRINKING
LACK ASSESS TO SAFE DRINKING
WATER [6].
https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/wateraid-ghana-improves-access-to-
25. 3. VACCINATION
UP-TO-DATE VACCINATIONS OF PETS
AND FARM ANIMALS.
A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE HUMAN
VACCINE YET TO BE DEVELOPED [7].
https://www.ahi.org/about-animal-medicines/vaccines/
26. 4. PROTECTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEM
TO AVOID THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE
NATURAL HABIT OF HOST
RESERVOIRS OF THE
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Diagram: http://in.one.un.org/page/sustainable-development-goals/sdg-
27. 5. EDUCATION AND
HYGIENE
WEARING PROTECTING GLOVES WHEN
DISPOSING ANIMAL'S EXCRETA.
PROPER DISPOSAL OF ANIMALS' EXCRETA
Diagram: https://www.popsci.com/8-nasty-pathogens-your-pet-could-be-carrying
28. CONCLUSIONS
• MORBIDITY NOT CLEAR BECAUSE MAY BE UNDERDIAGNOSED BECAUSE IT MAY BE
CONFUSED WITH OTHER DISEASE.
• THE HIGH COST AND REDUCE INCOME RESULTING FROM LEPTOSPIROSIS IS ONE OF
THE REASONS TO PREVENT AND CONTROL AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE.
• THE NUMBER OF LEPTOSPIROSIS CASES IS HIGHER IN TROPICAL-CLIMATE
COUNTRIES THAN IN TEMPERATE CLIMATE COUNTRIES
29.
30. REFERENCES
• TORGERSON PR, HAGAN JE, COSTA F, CALCAGNO J, KANE M, MARTINEZ-SILVEIRA MS, GORIS MG, STEIN C,
KO AI, ABELA-RIDDER B. GLOBAL BURDEN OF LEPTOSPIROSIS: ESTIMATED IN TERMS OF DISABILITY
ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS. PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES. 2015 OCT 2;9(10):E0004122.
• EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL. LEPTOSPIROSIS. IN: ECDC. ANNUAL
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT FOR 2015. STOCKHOLM: ECDC; 2018.
• HSE HEALTH PROTECTION SURVEILLANCE CENTRE. LEPTOSPIROSIS 2017 ANNUAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
REPORT. DUBLIN: HSE HPSC; 2018
• SAKUNDARNO ADI M. RISK FACTORS FOR LEPTOSPIROSIS AND THE IMPACT OF AN INTERVENTION TO
REDUCE EXPOSURES {THESIS}. CURTIN UNIVERSITY. OCTOBER 2013
• ABELLA-RIDDER B, BERTHERAT E, DURSKI K. GLOBAL BURDEN OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AND CROSS-SECTORAL
INTERVENTION FOR ITS PREVENTION AND CONTROL. PRINCE MAHIDOL AWARD CONFERENCE; BANGKOK,
THAILAND2013
• BORJA MP. BURDEN OF DISEASE STUDY: LEPTOSPIROSIS IN AN URBAN SETTING, METRO MANILA 2012.
AVAILABLE FROM: HTTP://CPH.UPM.EDU.PH/LEPCON%20WEB/GROUPB.HTM.
• COSTA F, HAGAN J, CALCAGNO J, KANE M, TORGERSON P, MARTINEZ-SILVEIRA M ET AL. GLOBAL
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF LEPTOSPIROSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL
DISEASES. 2015;9(9):E0003898.
31. REFERENCES
• COLLEEN L. LAU, LEE D. SMYTHE, SCOTT B. CRAIG, PHILIP WEINSTEIN, CLIMATE CHANGE, FLOODING, URBANISATION AND
LEPTOSPIROSIS: FUELLING THE FIRE?, TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, VOLUME 104, ISSUE 10,
OCTOBER 2010, PAGES 631–638, HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.TRSTMH.2010.07.002
• "LEPTOSPIROSIS." WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. N. P., 2019. [INTERNET]. ACCESSED 4 APR. 2019.
• GUERRA MA. LEPTOSPIROSIS: PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. BIOLOGICALS. 2013 SEP 1;41(5):295-7.
• DUFFY, S. DUBLIN CITY COUNCIL BLAMES 'RODENT INFESTATION' ON WARM WEATHER RAT BREEDING. [ONLINE] THEJOURNAL.IE. 2019. AVAILABLE
AT: HTTPS://WWW.THEJOURNAL.IE/DUBLIN-RAT-INFESTATION-4279417-OCT2018/ [ACCESSED 4 APR. 2019].
• WATERWAYSIRELAND.ORG. WATERWAYS IRELAND | NEWS CENTRE | MARINE NOTICES | MARINE NOTICE ARTICLE. MARCH 2019. [ONLINE]
AVAILABLE AT: HTTPS://WWW.WATERWAYSIRELAND.ORG/NEWS-CENTRE/MARINE-NOTICES/905/MARINE-NOTICE-24-OF-2019---ALL-
NAVIGATION--PARTICULARLY-ROYAL-CANAL---INVASIVE-SPECIES-ALERT---
COYPU?FBCLID=IWAR3HGNTMQTUG8Q918KXS6BSQ88KXC_TN82XC67-SXE8-XMGUT2VQJW8FO8K [ACCESSED 4 APR. 2019].
• DIVISION, U. — SDG INDICATORS. [ONLINE] UNSTATS.UN.ORG. 2018 AVAILABLE AT: HTTPS://UNSTATS.UN.ORG/SDGS/REPORT/2018 [ACCESSED 4
APR. 2019].
• LOAN HK, VAN CUONG N, TAKHAMPUNYA R, KIET BT, CAMPBELL J, THEM LN, BRYANT JE, TIPPAYACHAI B, VAN HOANG N, MORAND S, HIEN VB.
HOW IMPORTANT ARE RATS AS VECTORS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN THE MEKONG DELTA OF VIETNAM?. VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES.
2015 JAN 1;15(1):56-64.
Editor's Notes
How long is the incubation period?
The incubation period is usually 5–14 days, with a range of 2–30 days.
Human transmission through cuts and abrasions in the skin, through
intact mucous membranes (nose, mouth, eyes) and perhaps through waterlogged skin.
They may occasionally enter the human body via the inhalation of droplets of urine or
via drinking-water
microscopic agglutination test (MAT)?
The MAT is a test which determines agglutinating antibodies in the serum of a patient
by mixing it in various dilutions with live or killed, formalized leptospires IgM and IgG(1)
The number of human cases worldwide is not known precisely. According to currently
available reports, incidences range from approximately 0.1–1 per 100 000 per year in
temperate climates to 10–100 per 100 000 in the humid tropics. During outbreaks and
in high-exposure risk groups, disease incidence may reach over 100 per 100000
Case-fatality rates in different parts of the world have been reported to range from <5%
to 30%.
Other prevention measures include: the reduction of certain animal reservoir populations, e.g. rats
– the separation of animal reservoirs from human habitations by means of fences
and screens;
– the immunization of dogs and livestock;
– the removal of rubbish and keeping areas around human habitations clean;
– encouraging people not to leave food around, especially in recreational areas
where rats may be present.(1)
